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LTSPLTSP [Linux Terminal[Linux TerminalServer Project]Server Project]
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LTSPLTSP
y LTSP stands for Linux Terminal Server Project.
y LTSP is an package for Linux that allows you toconnect lots of low-powered thin client terminals to
a Linux server. Applications typically run on theserver, and accept input and display their output onthe thin client display.
y Last version released LTSP-4.2
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LTSP conceptLTSP concept
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What is needed?What is needed?
y A powerful server.
y A few low-power clients. PCs orworkstations.
y Network equipment.
y The server software (the client software iscontained in the server)
y The server is running his own operatingsystem (Fedora, for example).
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What are the benefits of LTSP?What are the benefits of LTSP?
y Save money
Software licenses.
Powerful clients.
y Save time
You do not need to configure each workstation,only the boot configuration, because all theconfiguration is in the server.
If you have a PC, you have to set up updates,firewalls, install new applications ...
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y Open source LTSP provides documentation, you can learnabout Linux configuration and networking whileyou are implementing LTSP.
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What are the withdrawals ofWhat are the withdrawals of
LTSP?LTSP?
y Your server OS must be Linux.
Mostly all distributions are supported.
y Your client OS is going to be Linux.
y You have to setup the server
Linux configuration could be confusing.
y Only Linux applications can run. But you could use a Windows emulator (WINE).
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y
Linux environment Not everybody knows how to work in a Linuxenvironment.
Less friendly environment than windows.
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Server requirements exampleServer requirements example
y Disk space
Besides the OS you need about 100 MB for the LTSPsoftware.
User data.
x Example: 25 users, 5 GB per user => 125 GB
y RAM
4GB of RAM, 50 workstations.
y Processors Pentium 4, 2.4 GHZ, 50 workstations.
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y Ethernet NIC
Linux compatibility.
y Other hardware attached to the server
Printers, CD/DVDs writers.
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Client hardwareClient hardware
y Low-powered computers. Low processor capabilities, low RAM, low harddisk or even without hard disk.
A 90MHz Pentium with 16MB RAM is a goodone.
It is possible to start a computer without harddisk.
y
Workstations. LTSP.org provides a list of tested workstations.
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Workstation exampleWorkstation example
y LTSP Term 140
y 200 MHz processor
y 64 MB ram
y 1280x1024 at 16 bitcolour video resolution
y Requires LTSP v4.1
y Boots via PXE
y Price $224.95
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Other solutionsOther solutions
y Traditional Windows PC
PCs are too expensive.
Expensive to maintain. 35 workstations would require atleast 1 full-time system administrator.
License management problems.
Proprietary solution depending on vendor.
Future software upgrades mean upgrading ALL desktops.
y Windows Based Terminal
Based on Microsoft Windows Proprietary solution depending on vendor
Expensive Per-User licensing
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InstallationInstallation
y There are three phases to building an LTSPserver:
Installing the LTSP utilities Installing the LTSP client packages
Configuring the services needed by
LTSP
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Installing the LTSP utilitiesInstalling the LTSP utilities
y Includes utilities for installing and managing theLTSP client packages, and for configuring theservices on the LTSP server.
y The last version is LTSP 4-2.y Availability in several formats
tgz, rpm, devy About 40KB.y You can download the rpm version from
http://ltsp.mirrors.tds.net/pub/ltsp/utils/ltsp-utils-0.25-0.noarch.rpm
y Other formats can be found in:
http://www.ltsp.org/download/y Install the package:
rpm -ivh ltsp-utils-0.25-0.noarch.rpm
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Installing the LTSP client packagesInstalling the LTSP client packages
y Run the ltspadmin command in a shell.y You will see the administration window.
y Choose "Install/Update" option to install the packages.
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Installing the LTSP client packagesInstalling the LTSP client packages
y
The LTSP Installer configuration window will appear.
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Installing the LTSP client packagesInstalling the LTSP client packages
y The options that you have are: Select the source of the packages.
x If your computer is connected to Internet typehttp://ltsp.mirrors.tds.net/pub/ltsp/ltsp-4.2/
x Else you have to download the files and save them in a file. For
the LTSP 4-1 version and below you can download the ISO fileand burn it into a CD.
Directory of the client tree.x Accept the default value
Http proxy URL.x If your connections go through one, specify the URL.
Otherwise accept the default options FTP proxy.
x The same than before.
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Installing the LTSP client packagesInstalling the LTSP client packages
y
Press a to select all components and q to installthem.
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Configuring the services needed by LTSPConfiguring the services needed by LTSP
y LTSP relys on 4 services:
DHCP [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol]:used to lease IPs to clients.
TFTP [Trivial Transfer File Protocol]: to transferfiles to clients, like the client software.
NFS [Network File System]: used to mountremote directories.
XDMC
P [XD
isplay Manager Controller Protocol]:used to implement graphical login displays.
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Configuring the services needed by LTSPConfiguring the services needed by LTSPy Type ltspcfg.
y That are the options you have to configure:
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Configuring the services needed by LTSPConfiguring the services needed by LTSP
y Runlevel Select runlevel 5 to indicate that your system is in
graphical mode in a network.
y Interface selection Select the current NIC
y DHCP It will create a default dhcpd.conf file and run the service.
y TFTP Enable the service
y Portmapper Used by RPC services, such as NFS
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Configuring the services needed by LTSPConfiguring the services needed by LTSP
y NFS It will create the default configuration file and start the
service.y XDMCP
Allow graphical logins in the client. Enable it.y Create /etc/hosts entries
Some services like NFS need to be able to map the IP of aworkstation to a host name. Create the entries.
y Create /etc/host.allow entries This file provides security. Create it.
y Create the /etc/exports file This file is used by NFS to determine which directories are
allowed to be mounted by remote machines. Create it.
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Configuring the services needed by LTSPConfiguring the services needed by LTSPy Create the lts.conf file
The configuration of each workstation is in this file.y Type ltspcfg and s to check the configuration.
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Workstation specific configurationWorkstation specific configuration
y For your specific network there are 3 files youneed to edit. /etc/dhcpd.conf
x For the DHCP service.
/etc/hosts
x For the name/IP address mapping.
/opt/ltsp/i386/etc/lts.conf
x Specific configuration of the workstation.
y
The explanation of how to edit /etc/dhcpd.conf and/etc/hosts goes beyond this paper.
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Workstation specific configurationWorkstation specific configuration
y
The file /opt/ltsp/i386/etc/lts.conf includes a defaultconfiguration for the clients.
[Default]SERVER = 192.168.0.254XSERVER = autoX_MOUSE_PROTOCOL = "PS/2"X_MOUSE_DEVICE = "/dev/psaux"X_MOUSE_RESOLUTION = 400X_MOUSE_BUTTONS = 3USE_XFS = NLOCAL_APPS = N
RUNLEVEL = 5
y Use the default values but SERVER , specify your server IP
address.
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Booting workstationsBooting workstations
y Set up the workstations to boot up. Hard disk
CD
Floppy disk Network Interface Card
y Technologies PXE [Pre-boot eXecution Environment]
Etherboot
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Booting technologiesBooting technologies
y PXE [Pre-boot eXecution Environment] Allows you to boot a computer without hard diskor floppy disk or CD.
It boots from network.
x You need a NIC.
It is a feature available in most NICs.
You have to enable PXE in the BIOS setup
This is the process:
x Send DHCP requests.x Get IP.
x Get the boot file.
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Booting technologiesBooting technologies
y Etherboot A boot image is required for starting the bootprocess.
You create a boot image in a CD or floppy disk.
x Set up the BIOS to boot from CD/floppy disk.x http://www.Rom-O-Matic.net/
You also can create the boot image in the NIC
x The boot program is written in an EPROM memory.
x
The EPROM is inserted in a socket in the NIC.x Set up the BIOS to boot from a LAN.
x http://www.Rom-O-Matic.net/
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ConclusionConclusion
y Remote execution of process is an interesting concept with alot of applications in the real life.
y You can save money in hardware and in licenses.
y Other solutions are either inefficient or more expensive.
y The LTSP software provides an administrator tool forinstalling/monitoring the software.
y Computers without hard disk can be booted from a serverusing either PXE or Etherboot.
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