Lubrication and Lubrication and BearingsBearings

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What is FrictionWhat is Friction

Friction - resistance to movement between Friction - resistance to movement between two objectstwo objects

The amount of friction depends on the The amount of friction depends on the following; 1. Material following; 1. Material

2. Surface finish2. Surface finish 3. Amount of pressure holding the two 3. Amount of pressure holding the two

together 4. How fast they movetogether 4. How fast they move

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friction generates heatfriction generates heatRub your hands together they get hotRub your hands together they get hot

dry friction - both parts clean and dry friction - both parts clean and free of other materialsfree of other materials

wet friction - parts have another wet friction - parts have another material placed between them such material placed between them such as oilas oil

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What is FrictionWhat is Friction

What is a BearingWhat is a Bearing

A Bearing is a device used to A Bearing is a device used to support and guide a rotating, support and guide a rotating, Oscillating, or sliding shaft or Oscillating, or sliding shaft or wheel.wheel.

A bearing is designed to;A bearing is designed to; 1. Reduce friction1. Reduce friction 2. Support a load2. Support a load 3. Guide moving parts3. Guide moving parts

Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction

friction - sliding friction - sliding friction - two smooth friction - two smooth surfaces sliding surfaces sliding against each other against each other

half speed bearing - half speed bearing - turbos turbos

anti friction - rolling anti friction - rolling friction - uses balls friction - uses balls or rollers or small or rollers or small needles between the needles between the moving partsmoving parts

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction Ball bearingBall bearing

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction Roller BearingRoller Bearing

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction Tapered Roller BearingTapered Roller Bearing

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction Types of Roller BearingsTypes of Roller Bearings

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction

needleneedle

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Bearing Bearing constructionconstruction

Thrust Needle & BallThrust Needle & Ball

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Bearing LoadBearing Load

If the wrong type of bearing is If the wrong type of bearing is used it may not be able to carry used it may not be able to carry the load that is applied to it. The the load that is applied to it. The load is dependent on both weight load is dependent on both weight and direction.and direction.

There are Three types of loads.There are Three types of loads.

Bearing Load (Radial)Bearing Load (Radial)

The load is at right angles to the shaft.The load is at right angles to the shaft.

Bearing Load (Thrust)Bearing Load (Thrust)

The load is Parallel to the shaftThe load is Parallel to the shaft

Bearing Load Bearing Load (Angular)(Angular) The load is a combination of Radial and The load is a combination of Radial and

Thrust.Thrust.

Bearing FailureBearing Failure

Premature bearing failures are caused byPremature bearing failures are caused by 1. Fatigue (overloaded, under lubed)1. Fatigue (overloaded, under lubed) 2. Poor lubrication (wrong type, under 2. Poor lubrication (wrong type, under

lubed)lubed) 3. Contamination (dirt and water)3. Contamination (dirt and water) 4. Installation with the wrong tool 4. Installation with the wrong tool

(there is a correct tool for every job) (there is a correct tool for every job)

Full- FloatingFull- Floating

Insert BearingsInsert Bearings

removable bearing split in two pieces removable bearing split in two pieces for easy installation and removalfor easy installation and removal

Insert BearingsInsert Bearings steel back with soft lining, coating can steel back with soft lining, coating can

be of babbitt, copper-lead-tin or be of babbitt, copper-lead-tin or aluminum coatingaluminum coating

locating tabs help keeps insert bearing locating tabs help keeps insert bearing from turningfrom turning

Insert BearingsInsert Bearings crush height the .001 to .002 crush height the .001 to .002

protruding above rod cap and rod protruding above rod cap and rod that when bolted together forms that when bolted together forms the tight fit that prevents the the tight fit that prevents the bearing from turning.bearing from turning.

Insert BearingsInsert Bearings

An undersize An undersize bearing is bearing is used on a used on a crankshaft crankshaft that has been that has been machined to a machined to a smaller size.smaller size.

BEARING BEARING PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE load strength- must withstand load strength- must withstand

pounding from compression and pounding from compression and firing strokefiring stroke

anti scuffing - if oil pressure is lost anti scuffing - if oil pressure is lost lining must be soft enough to lining must be soft enough to prevent crankshaft journal from prevent crankshaft journal from being scratched or scuffedbeing scratched or scuffed

BEARING BEARING PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE corrosion - must resist corrosion corrosion - must resist corrosion

from vapors and acids in from vapors and acids in crankcasecrankcase

conformation - must conform to conformation - must conform to shape of crankshaft journalshape of crankshaft journal

BEARING BEARING PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE embedability - must allow small embedability - must allow small

particles to embed itself into particles to embed itself into bearing material so journal won't bearing material so journal won't be scratchedbe scratched

temperature - must work equally temperature - must work equally well both hot and cold must well both hot and cold must transfer heat welltransfer heat well

oil hole or groove for lubricationoil hole or groove for lubrication

BEARINGSBEARINGS

rod bearings, bearings in the rod bearings, bearings in the connecting rodconnecting rod

main bearings, bearings that go main bearings, bearings that go where the main bearing cap hold where the main bearing cap hold the crankshaft in place.the crankshaft in place.

THRUST BEARINGSTHRUST BEARINGS thrust bearing, has sides on to help prevent thrust bearing, has sides on to help prevent

end play of crankshaft, sometimes use a end play of crankshaft, sometimes use a separate piece for the side.separate piece for the side.

THRUST BEARINGSTHRUST BEARINGS

4 Jobs of Oil 4 Jobs of Oil

Cleans - Cleans - Cools - Cools - Seals -Seals -Lubricates -Lubricates -

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Oil is pumped to the bearing and Oil is pumped to the bearing and separates the parts. It allows the separates the parts. It allows the parts to turn without touching each parts to turn without touching each other. When parts touch they will be other. When parts touch they will be destroyed.destroyed.

bearing clearance average bearing clearance average about .002about .002

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Bearing ClearanceBearing Clearance

Bearing ClearanceBearing Clearance

How to lubricate a How to lubricate a engineengine

engines lubricated three ways for a engines lubricated three ways for a 4-stroke engine 4-stroke engine

Full pressure Full pressure

Splash Splash

Combination - splash and pressureCombination - splash and pressure- most common in automotive - most common in automotive applicationsapplications

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Full pressureFull pressure

bearings are oiled by pumping oil bearings are oiled by pumping oil to the bearings, sometimes the oil to the bearings, sometimes the oil is dripped on or is squirted on to is dripped on or is squirted on to partsparts

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Splash Splash

use of dippers on connecting use of dippers on connecting rods to splash oil around (one rods to splash oil around (one cylinder engines) or dripping oil cylinder engines) or dripping oil on the engine partson the engine parts

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CombinationCombination

both systems usedboth systems used- splash and pressure -- splash and pressure -

other methodsother methodstwo cycles mix gas and oiltwo cycles mix gas and oilcould be premix or a oil injection could be premix or a oil injection systemsystem

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Oil galleries and linesOil galleries and lines Oil gallery - oil supply line in engineOil gallery - oil supply line in engine

oil is carried through the engine by oil is carried through the engine by these linesthese lines

some rods are drilled full lengths some rods are drilled full lengths some have squirt holessome have squirt holes

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Oil filtersOil filtersPHS

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Oil filtersOil filters most common materialsmost common materials

paper and cotton wastepaper and cotton waste

canister - old stylecanister - old style

spin on spin on

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Filtering SystemsFiltering Systems two types of filtering systemstwo types of filtering systems

full flow, all oil is filtered before going to full flow, all oil is filtered before going to bearings, filter has relief valve in case of bearings, filter has relief valve in case of plugged filterplugged filter

bypass filter, part of oil is being filter at all bypass filter, part of oil is being filter at all times but not before it is going to the times but not before it is going to the bearingsbearings

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Oil pumps Oil pumps

gear, rotary, vane and plungergear, rotary, vane and plunger most common automotive enginemost common automotive engine gear and rotarygear and rotary

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GearGear

two gears mesh together forcing two gears mesh together forcing oil outoil out

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Rotary Rotary

inner rotor and outer rotor 4 inner rotor and outer rotor 4 points fit inside 5 pointspoints fit inside 5 points

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VaneVane

used as pump in some automatic used as pump in some automatic transmissions(this one, a vane transmissions(this one, a vane pump out of a air wrench)pump out of a air wrench)

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PlungerPlunger

used a lot in one cylinder enginesused a lot in one cylinder engines

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Pick up tube and Pick up tube and screenscreen

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Pressure Relief ValvePressure Relief Valve

when oil pump develops too much when oil pump develops too much pressure the Pressure Relief valve pressure the Pressure Relief valve will open and allows to return to will open and allows to return to sump by changing spring tension sump by changing spring tension pressure can be raised or loweredpressure can be raised or lowered

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Oil sludgeOil sludge Black thick GooBlack thick Goo

mixture of water oil dirt usually formed in mixture of water oil dirt usually formed in engines never reaching operating engines never reaching operating temperature - thermostat taken out or to temperature - thermostat taken out or to many short tripsmany short tripsformation of a white sludge - caused by, formation of a white sludge - caused by, cold weather, short trips, too much watercold weather, short trips, too much water

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Varnish or lacquerVarnish or lacquer usually known as engine varnish is usually known as engine varnish is

formed from an engine running at hot formed from an engine running at hot temperature for extended periods - the temperature for extended periods - the heat causes the oil to break down and a heat causes the oil to break down and a varnish is created on valve covers and varnish is created on valve covers and other parts to avoid varnish deposits use other parts to avoid varnish deposits use good clean oil and change regularlygood clean oil and change regularly

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Light brown coatingis Varnish

Additives in oil Additives in oil

detergent - prevent sludge and detergent - prevent sludge and varnish depositsvarnish deposits

foam inhibitors - prevent oil from foam inhibitors - prevent oil from foamingfoamingoxidation inhibitors - prevent oil oxidation inhibitors - prevent oil oxidation at high speedoxidation at high speed

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Additives in oil Additives in oil

corrosion rust inhibitors - helps corrosion rust inhibitors - helps prevent theseprevent these

anti wear additives - coat metal anti wear additives - coat metal surfaces with a strong slippery surfaces with a strong slippery film moly graphitefilm moly graphite

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crankcase ventilationcrankcase ventilation

draft tubedraft tube

positive crankcase ventilationpositive crankcase ventilation

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open - draft tubeopen - draft tube

Older engines use a draft tube to vent Older engines use a draft tube to vent the crankcase. It is just a vent with a the crankcase. It is just a vent with a filter in it. Uses a Breather cap to filter in it. Uses a Breather cap to allow air in.allow air in.

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PCV - positive PCV - positive crankcasecrankcase open - breather capopen - breather cap

closedclosedgoes from air goes from air cleaner to valve cleaner to valve covercover

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wet and dry sump wet and dry sump systemssystems

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windage traywindage tray

Bolt to bottom of engine prevent Bolt to bottom of engine prevent oil from foaming due to oil from foaming due to crankshaft rotation.crankshaft rotation.

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Oil viscosityOil viscosity

thickness or fluidity of the oil, oil's ability thickness or fluidity of the oil, oil's ability to resist flowto resist flow

classified as a number such as classified as a number such as 10,20,30,4010,20,30,40

multi grade or multi viscosity 5w-30, 10w-multi grade or multi viscosity 5w-30, 10w-3030

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service ratingsservice ratingsgo through handoutgo through handout

Go to this web site and read the Go to this web site and read the classificationsclassifications

http://www.lubrizol.com/http://www.lubrizol.com/ReadyReference/6-OilClasses/ReadyReference/6-OilClasses/Sclass.htmSclass.htm

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how often should oil how often should oil be changed,filter?be changed,filter?

1,000 - 7,500 average1,000 - 7,500 average About every 3,000 - 4,000 miles About every 3,000 - 4,000 miles

recommendedrecommended

depends on length of operation, depends on length of operation, temperature of air and car. Condition of temperature of air and car. Condition of all filters - air, oil gas -, PCV valve, all filters - air, oil gas -, PCV valve, driving conditions, paved roads, and driving conditions, paved roads, and dust or dirt in the air.dust or dirt in the air.

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what kind of oil should what kind of oil should I buy ???I buy ???

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What kind of filter should I What kind of filter should I buybuy????????

Some companies spent a lot of Some companies spent a lot of money on advertising and very money on advertising and very little on filters, some just build little on filters, some just build good filters. You choose, cut good filters. You choose, cut some apart and look for yourself.some apart and look for yourself.

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The EndThe EndPHS

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What’s wrong