Lucians Dialogues of the Sea Gods - Krause Hayes and Nimis Aug 2014-Libre

Lucians

Dialogues of the Sea Gods

An Intermediate Greek Reader

Greek text with running vocabulary and commentary

Stephanie KrauseEvan Hayes

Stephen Nimis

Lucians Dialogues of the Sea Gods: An Intermediate Greek Reader: Greek text with running vocabulary and commentary

First Edition

2014 by Evan Hayes and Stephen Nimis

All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. h e authors have made a version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. h e terms of the license can be accessed at www.creativecommons.org.

Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter and distribute this work under the following conditions:

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2. You may not use this work for commercial purposes.

3. If you alter, transform or build up this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one.

ISBN-10: 1940997089

ISBN-13: 978-1940997087

Published by Faenum Publishing, Ltd.

Cover Design: Evan Hayes

Fonts: Garamond GFS Porson

[email protected]

iii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .........................................................................................v

Introduction ..................................................................................................ix

Abbreviations ............................................................................................. xiii

Text and Commentary .............................................................................1-76

Grammatical Topics

Present General Conditions .................................................................... 6

Translating Participles ............................................................................. 8

Potential Optatives ................................................................................. 9

Imperatives ........................................................................................... 10

Participles: General Principles ............................................................... 12

and ...................................................................................... 23

Other General or Indei nite Clauses ...................................................... 24

h e Dif erent Meanings of .......................................................... 25

Result Clauses ....................................................................................... 26

Circumstantial Participles ..................................................................... 29

More Conditions .................................................................................. 31

again ........................................................................................... 42

List of Verbs ...........................................................................................78-87

Glossary .................................................................................................89-94

vAcknowledgments

h e idea for this project grew out of work that we, the authors, did with support from Miami Universitys Undergraduate Summer Scholars Program, for which we thank Martha Weber and the Oi ce of Advanced Research and Scholarship. h e Miami University College of Arts and Sciences Deans Scholar Program allowed us to continue work on the project and for this we are grateful to the Oi ce of the Dean, particularly to Phyllis Callahan and Nancy Arthur for their continued interest and words of encouragement.

Work on the series, of which this volume is a part, was generously funded by the Joanna Jackson Goldman Memorial Prize through the Honors Program at Miami University. We owe a great deal to Carolyn Haynes, and the 2010 Honors & Scholars Program Advisory Committee for their interest and coni dence in the project.

h e technical aspects of the project were made possible through the invaluable advice and support of Bill Hayes, Christopher Kuo, and Daniel Meyers. h e equipment and staf of Miami Universitys Interactive Language Resource Center were a great help along the way. We are also indebted to the Perseus Project, especially Gregory Crane and Bridget Almas, for their technical help and resources.

Special thanks to Mark Lightman, whose enthusiasm for these volumes early on, and especially for the works of Lucian, has inspired us to keep moving forward.

We also proi ted greatly from advice and help on the POD process from Geof rey Steadman. All responsibility for errors, however, rests with the authors themselves.

caris parentibus Dana and Ronald Krause

ix

Introduction

h e aim of this book is to make Lucians Dialogues of the Sea Gods accessible to intermediate students of Ancient Greek. h e running vocabulary and gram-

matical commentary are meant to provide everything necessary to read each

page so that readers can progress through the text, improving their knowledge

of Greek while enjoying one of the most entertaining authors of antiquity.

Lucians Dialogues of the Sea Gods is a great text for intermediate readers. h e dialogues are breezy and fun to read with relatively simple sentence structure.

Typical for Lucian, classical literature is the source for most of the material,

with amusing takes on traditional stories and scenarios. Sea deities tend to be

rather minor characters in Greek myths, and in these texts we see Lucian re-

casting some famous incidents by centralizing the point of view of such minor

characters: Nereids, dolphins, fountains, winds, and even the Sea herself weigh

in on various events and present novel narrative perspectives on them.

For instance, the second dialogue picks up on an episode in book 9 of the

Odyssey, when Polyphemus prays to Poseidon to punish Odysseus for his blind-ing. Lucian expands on the Cyclops request by adding the reaction of Posei-

don to the incident. In this exchange, it is clear that Poseidon has sympathy for

his son, but he also reveals that he knows Polyphemus is not too sharp. h is

expansion of a popular Homeric episode introduces a comedic element that is

not explicit in the epic, but is just below the surface. Since the episode in the

Odyssey is recounted by Odysseus himself, Lucian provides us with the rest of the story, so to speak, by giving us the Cyclops own account.

Dialogue four expands another episode in the Odyssey, this time about Menelaus detention in Egypt on his way back from the war. Homer has the

Spartan king relate his encounter with Proteus, who has the power to change

himself into anything he wishes. In Lucians dialogue, Menelaus can accept the

fact that Proteus can change himself into water, but is astonished that he is able

to become i re; he suspects that Proteus is deceiving him and that it is all an

optical illusion. Proteus of ers Menelaus the opportunity to touch him when

he changes into i re, but Menelaus demurs. Here Lucian plays on one of his

favorite themes, the improbabilities and absurdities of canonical stories.

Lucian

x

h ese two dialogues exemplify well the parodic character of Lucians divine

dialogues, as explained by B. Branham: By reproducing the models features

selectively, they emphasize the artii ce of the original version in the distorted

image of the parody .... Lucian will make the subject comic through tonal de-

vices and strategic omissions--exaggeration, ellipsis, misplaced emphasis--that

accentuate the indigenous peculiarities of a familiar world (Branham 1989,

134). In each dialogue, the situation will be a familiar one, but Lucian will

fasten on some minor element to cast a new light on it.

h e inspiration of Hellensitic literature is most clear in the i rst dialogue,

whose theme, the love of Galatea and Polyphemus, is treated twice by h e-

ocritus (3rd century BCE). h e Europa of Moschus (l . 150 BCE) is a possible inspiration for dialogue 15, and also has a description of Ios l ight to Egypt,

which may have inspired dialogue 7. But the more general Hellenistic interest

in minor characters and unusual myths is also shared by Lucian in these short

and witty pieces. It has also been suggested that the visual arts may have been

an inspiration for some of these dialogues, which puts them in contact with

another preoccupation of imperial literature, descriptions of works of art. Lu-

cian himself produced a number of rhetorical descriptions, especially in On his House, so this is a reasonable assumption. Bartley notes that the following scenarios were famous in the visual arts: the abduction of Europa (15), the

blinding of the Cyclops (2), the judgment of Paris (5), the rescue of Arion (8),

and the rescue of Andromeda (14).

h ere is also some interplay among the dialogues themselves. For example,

parts of the story of Perseus are told in dialogues 12 and 14; dialogues 8 and 9

both mention the fate of Ino and her children, although in the former she is not

the main theme. h e winds Zephyrus and Notus appear in 7 and 15 discussing

amorous adventures of Zeus. As the most important sea god, Poseidon is an

interlocutor in seven of the dialogues.

Two excellent literary commentaries have been published on the Dialogues of the Sea Gods recently: A. N. Bartley, Lucians Dialogi Marini (Newcastle: Cam-bridge Scholars, 2009) and Keith Sidwell, Lucian : selections edited with notes and vocabulary (Bristol, England : Bristol Classical Press, 1986). h ese texts contain interpretive essays and detailed information about sources, which is

summarized briel y in the introduction to each dialogue below. h e idiomatic

translation by H. W. and H. G. Fowler can be found online at http://www.

theoi.com (not including the marginally scandalous dialogue of Enipeus and

Poseidon). M. D. Macleods Loeb version with Greek and English on facing

pages, is also available online in pdf format.


xi

h e Greek text is that of K. Jacobitz (1896), which has been digitized by the

Perseus Project and made available with a Creative Commons license, as is our

text. Here and there we have made minor changes to the text in the name of

readability. h is is not a scholarly edition; for that one should turn to the OCT

of Macleod.

h ere are two numbering systems for the dialogues rel ecting two manu-

script traditions. h e numbers used here are from the edition of Jacobitz.

Where they dif er from the other numbering system, found in the Loeb and

elsewhere, we have put the alternate number in parentheses.

Select Bibliography

Bartley, Adam. Techniques of Composition in Lucians Minor Dialogues. Hermes 133.3 (2005), 358-367.

Bompaire, J. Lucien crivain: Imitation et Cretion. Paris, 1958.

Branham, R. Bracht. Unruly Eloquence: Lucian and the Comedy of Traditions. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1987.

Deferrari, R. J. Lucians Atticism. Hackert :Amsterdam, 1969.

Householder, F. W. Literary Quotation and Allusion in Lucian. Kings Crown Press: Morningside Heights, 1941.

How to use this book

h e page-by-page vocabularies gloss all but the most common words. We

have endeavored to make these glossaries as useful as possible without becom-

ing fulsome. All words occurring frequently in the text can be found in an

appendix in the back, but it is our hope that most readers will not need to use

this appendix often.

h e commentary is almost exclusively grammatical, explaining subordinate

clauses, unusual verb forms, and idioms. Brief summaries of a number of gram-

matical and morphological topics are interspersed through the text as well, and

there is a list of verbs used by Lucian that have unusual forms in an appendix.

h e principal parts of those verbs are given there rather than in the glossaries.

A good reading strategy is to read a passage in Greek, check the glossary for

unusual words and consult the commentary as a last resort.

Lucian

xii

An Important Disclaimer:

h is volume is a self-published Print on Demand (POD) book, and it has

not been vetted or edited in the usual way by publishing professionals. h ere

are sure to be some factual and typographical errors in the text, for which we

apologize in advance. h e volume is also available only through online distribu-

tors, since each book is printed when ordered online. However, this publishing

channel and format also account for the low price of the book; and it is a simple

matter to make changes when they come to our attention. For this reason, any

corrections or suggestions for improvement are welcome and will be addressed

as quickly as possible in future versions of the text.

Please e-mail corrections or suggestions to [email protected].

About the Authors:

Stephanie Krause is a recent graduate in Classics at Miami University.

Evan Hayes is a recent graduate in Classics and Philosophy at Miami University and the 2011 Joanna Jackson Goldman Scholar.

Stephen Nimis is an Emeritus Professor of Classics at Miami University and Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the American University in Cairo.

xiii

Abbreviations

abs. absolute

acc. accusative

act. active

adj. adjective

adv. adverb, adverbial

aor. aorist

art. article

cl. clause

compl. complementary

cond. condition

dat. dative

dir. direct

epex. epexegetic

f. feminine

fut. future

gen. genitive, general

imper. imperative

impers. impersonal

impf. imperfect

ind. indicative

inf. ini nitive

instr. instrumental

m. masculine

mid. middle

n. neuter

nom. nominative

obj. object

opt. optative

part. participle

pass. passive

perf. perfect

pl. plural

plupf. pluperfect

pot. potential

pr. present

pred. predicate

pron. pronoun

purp. purpose

quest. question

rel. relative

res. result

resp. respect

s. singular

sec. secondary

seq. sequence

st. statement

subj. subject, subjunctive

temp. temporal

LuciansLucians

Dialogues of the Sea GodsDialogues of the Sea Gods

3: perf. inf. in ind. st. after , they say that this herdsman has become mad

: dat. of advantage after , mad for you : pr. imper., do not mock!

: pr. subj. in general rel. cl., whatever sort he is

: pr. part. representing impf. tense in pr. contrafactual protasis, even if he were Zeuss son

: impf. also a contrafactual protasis, if he continued to appear so savage : aor. inf. of in ind. st. after , representing an aor. indic. in a past

contrafactual apodosis, do you suppose that his birth would have benei ted at all

1. Doris and Galatea

h e subject of this dialogue, the romance between the Cyclops Polyphemus and the Nereid Galatea, is mentioned in several sources. h eocritus treats the theme twice in very dif erent ways. In Idyll 6, Galatea is l irting with Polyphemus, who is playing hard to get. In Idyll 11, Polyphemus is distraught over the unrequited love of the nymph and consoles himself by writing poetry. Lucian gives an unusual twist to this material by having Galatea boast of the Cyclops attentions, while her sister, Doris, insists that such a love is nothing to brag about.

: , , : , ,

. .

: , : , : , : ,

. .

: ; : ;

, , , ,

, ,

; ;

, -, -: savage, -: misshapen, unsightly, : Galatea, -, : a race, stock, family, -, : Doris: to be mad, -, : a lover, , : Zeus, -, -: handsome, -: hairy, rough, shaggy, woolly, -: one-eyed, : a form, shape

: to suppose, think: to proi t, benei t, help, assist: of what sort or quality, , : a child, -, : a herdsman, -, : Poseidon, -, -: Sicilian, of or from Sicily: to hoot, mock, jeer, scof at, : a son: to appear: to declare, make known

4Lucian

: the article makes the adj. a noun, his shagginess

: acc. n. s. adverbial, seeing more dei ciently not at all : expressing comparison after , than if there were two

: acc. pred., to have Polyphemus not as a lover: pr. pass. part. of , but as a beloved: acc. pl. n. of respect, because of the sort of things you praise him for : the article makes the adj., with its adverb, a noun phrase, the

excessive abuse

: motivated by ill-will, using the agency expression : aor. of -, because he looked at

: pr. part. acc. pl. f. agreeing with , having seen us playing: aor. part. of , having seen

: , , : , ,

..

: , , : , ,

, . , .

: , : ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, -, -: savage , : Mt. Aetna, in Sicily, -: misshapen, unsightly, -: manly : to seem to (+ inf.), -: dei cient: to seem to (+ inf.): to approve, applaud, commend: to be suitable to (+ dat.), -, : a lover: to love, , ; beach, shore

, -: hairy, rough, shaggy, woolly, : a brow, forehead, -, -: reproachful, abusive: to see, : an eye: to play like a child, to sport, play: to be shepherd, -, : the projecting foot of a

mountain, its lowest part, : a lookout-place, watchtower: to bear, : ill-will, envy, jealousy

5Dialogues of the Sea Gods

(= ): rel. pron., at the very point where

: while you he did not look at but I seemed : nom. pred., I seemed the most beautiful one: impf. of -, he was i xing upon + dat.

: aor. pass. from -, you have been neglected.

: acc. of respect with , lacking in respect to his sight: nom. pred., if you seemed to be beautiful: perf. inf. of in ind. st. after , do you suppose that you have

become , what other thing ... than

: impf., was he able to? + inf.

: your whiteness

, ,

, ,

. : , . : ,

, . , .

: , -: , -

; ;

; , , ; , ,

: :

, : a shore, beach, strand, -: better: to grieve, distress, -: worthy of love, , : all, every, whole: to prolong, draw out, -, : milk, -, : proof: to seem to be to (+ dat.), -: dei cient, lacking : to i x X (acc.) upon Y (dat.), -: enviable: to be able to (+ inf.): to consider

, : the sea: and yet, -, -: light, white, brilliant: between (+ gen.), -, -: alone, only: to suppose, think, -, -: like, resembling (+ dat.) , -, : a mountain, hill, : a look, appearance, aspect: to overlook, neglect, -, : a herdsman: to look at, -: habituated, accustomed to (+

dat.), : cheese

6Lucian

: neut. acc. pred., he considers to be beautiful : acc. of respect, concerning other beauties

: aor. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever you wish + inf.

: acc. of respect, to be in appearance : pr. opt. in pr. gen. protasis (where the subj. would be usual), if ever there

is calm

: aor. part., having stooped over

: aor. imper. of , just see yourself : pred. acc. with , yourself to be nothing other than: this (fact) i.e. that she is very white

: pr. subj. in pr. gen. protasis, unless there is visible in addition also some red

. , . ,

, , , ,

, ,

: , : ,

. .

Present General Conditions

A present general condition has (Attic ) + subj. in the protasis; present indicative in the apodosis:

, : For this is not praised, unless there is visible in addition

However, Lucian sometimes uses the optative in the protasis of such conditions, especially when the premise is unlikely to be fuli lled:

... : If ever there is calm, look in the water

(sc. ), . It is bearable even if you were changed into a lion.

, -: exact, precise, : a stillness of the sea, calm: to will, wish, purpose: to approve, applaud, commend: to bend oneself or stoop over: to be visible in addition to (+

dat.), -, : a redness on the skin, -, -: light, bright, brilliant

: to learn, -, : what sort of : whensoever (+ subj.), : a look, appearance, aspect, : a rock, a ledge or shelf of rock: to happen to (+ part.), -, : water, : skin


: indicating disagreement, and yet

: an attributive phrase, I, the completely white one

(= ) : even if (I have) this one

: there is no one of you whom

: emphatic, but this very Polyphemus : is other things and also, i.e. is especially: pr. imper., be silent!

: pr. part. gen. after , we heard him singing (sc. ): acc. of duration, all morning long

: my dear Aphrodite ironic

... : aor. contrafactual, someone might have imagined + inf.

: pr. inf. complementing , that he was braying

: gen. of separation after , naked of l esh : were sort of handles: aor. part., having yoked together

: aor. part., having bound

: :

, ,

: :

. .

: , : : , :

: , : ,

. ; . ;

, ,

, , , ,

: to sing: to hear (+ gen. of source), -: unmixed, completely, : Aphrodite, -, -: naked (+ gen.), : a deer: to bind on or to, -, : a lover: to yoke together, -, : a horn, : a skull: to revel, make merry, -, -: light, white, brilliant, -, -: of or for music, musical

, -, : a sailor, : a sinew, tendon: to bray: nevertheless, : an ass: when, -, : a harp, : a handle (of a lyre), -, : a herdsman, -, : a ferryman, -, -: early, , : l esh: to be silent, -, -: loved, beloved, dear

8Lucian

: aor. part., not having twisted around + dat. ... : one thing something else

... : res. cl., so that we were unable

: compl. ini n. after , unable to contain: Echo, the nymph who could only copy the voice of others

: pr. inf. complementing , wish to answer: impf. in past general apodosis, she would not want to + inf.

: pr. part. concessive, even though being talkative: pr. part. mod. , circumstantial, when he is gnashing (his teeth)

: impf. in past general apodosis, she would be ashamed

: aor. opt. pass. in past general protasis, if (ever) she seemed to + part.

: pr. part. supplementing , seemed to be imitating

, , , ,

, , , ,

: :

, , , ,

. .

Translating Participles

Greek has many more participles than English. h e aorist participle is quite common and has no parallel in English in most cases. Our translationese versions of aorist participles will often sound like perfect participles (: having taken her along) because English has no way to indicate simple time with a participle. More idiomatic in these cases would be some kind of periphrasis, such as once he had taken her along, but our translationese version will indicate the syntactic relations more clearly.

: to be ashamed, -: unrei ned, inelegant: to answer, respond to (+ dat.), -: out of tune, -, : a song: to cry aloud, to shout: to gnash oness teeth, -, : laughter: to be able, capable: to will, wish to (+ inf.), -, -: amatory, : ridiculous, laughable

: to hold fast, restrain, -, : a peg or screw, -: talkative, loquacious, : a lyre: to sing, chant: to mimic, imitate, represent: to twist round (+ dat.), -, -: rugged, rough: to sound in answer, respond: to seem to (+ part.), : a song, lay, ode


: acc. resp., like him in roughness: perf. part., resembling + dat.

: aor. opt. pot., would anyone envy you?

: aor. imper., show!

(sc. ): show your own lover (=()): acc. pred. after , being more handsome : pr. part. representing , clearly being

: pr. inf. expex. after , more skilled at playing the cithara : correlatives, such a one as

- -

. .

, , ;, , ;

: , , , : , , ,

. .

: -: -

: , : ,

Potential Optatives

h e optative with expresses potentiality, with a range of possible meanings:

: would anyone envy you?

: I would like to learn from you.

... ; What deception could there be?

, : an arm, : a plaything, pet, -: better, : a bear: to bring to light, display, exhibit, -: visible, conspicuous, -: lovely, amiable: to know how to (+ inf.), -, : a lover: to play the cithara, to be educated

, -, : a Cyclops, -: hairy, rough: therefore, then, accordingly: to be like, resemble (+ dat.): to be proud to (+ inf.), : a cub, -, -: such as this: to be envious of X (dat.) about Y

(gen.), -, -: fond of singing, vocal

10

Lucian

: gen. after , smelling of a goat : pr. part., those visiting

: partitive gen., of strangers

: aor. opt. wish for the future, may he be

: pr. opt. wish for the future, may you love him + gen.

, , , , , ,

, - , -

. .

Imperatives

h ere are many more imperatives in dialogues, so it is worth reviewing their forms. Here is the regular conjugation of the present and i rst aorist illustrated with :

h e imperatives of second aorist verbs regularly take the same endings as the present imperative: , , etc.

h e perfect imperative is rare, but note , the 3rd. sing. perf. imper. of , let her be buried.

Present Imperative

Number Person Active Middle / Passive

Singular2nd (from -)

3rd

Plural2nd

3rd

Aorist Imperative

Number Person Active Middle Passive

Singular2nd

3rd

Plural2nd

3rd

: to love in return: to smell of (+ gen.): to visit, : the smell of a goat, : a foreigner

: at all times, always: to take food, eat : a he-goat, -: eating raw l esh

11

: exclamation, what things I have suf ered!: perf. of , I have suf ered

: aor. part., having made me drunk

: pr. part. dat. agreeing with obj. of (), having laid hands on me while sleeping

: aor. part., the one who dared

: adv. acc., at i rst

: acc. s., Nobody, the name Odysseus gives in the episode.

: impf., he kept calling himself

: aor., when he l ed: pres. ini n. pass. in ind. st., said that he was named

2. h e Cyclops and Poseidon

h e subject of this dialogue is the encounter between Odysseus and the Cyclops in Odyssey 9, also treated in Euripides Cyclops. Polyphemus complains to his father about his treatment at the hands of Odysseus, giving his own version of the story, with some prodding about details from Poseidon. Poseidon hints at his revenge on Odysseus in the i nal lines, but Poseidon also seems to i nd the story a bit amusing.

: , , : , ,

. .

: , ; : , ;

: , : ,

, . , .

: to call , -, : a missile, something thrown: to l ee through, get away from,

escape: to blind: outside of (+ gen.): to lay hands upon (+ dat.), -: accursed, abominable: to fall sleep

: to make drunk, intoxicate, inebriate

, -, : Odysseus, , : such as, what sort of: to name, : no one, nothing: to suf er, , : a father: to undertake, dare

12

Lucian

: aor., how did he do these things?: pr. part. concessive, despite not being

: , : : , :

. .

; ;

Participles: General Principles

Participles fall into three broad classes of use, with many other distinctions:

1. Attributive participles modify a noun or pronoun like other adjectives. h ey can occur with an article in the attributive position or with no article:

: Who is the one who dared?

: eating those who are visiting

2. Circumstantial participles are added to a noun or pronoun to set forth some circumstance under which an action takes place. Although agreeing with a noun or pronoun, these participles actually qualify the verb in a sentence, indicating time, manner, means, cause, purpose, concession, condition or attendant circumstance. Circumstantial participles can occur in the genitive absolute construction.

: but allow me willingly to throw myself, (me) having taken up my equipment and having sung a dirge over myself.

For more examples, see p. 29.

3. Supplementary participles complete the idea of certain verbs. Often it is the participle itself that expresses the main action:

: you despised her and enjoyed grieving her.

: if ever she seemed to be imitating that rough song.

h e participial form of indirect discourse after verbs of showing and perceiving is a special class of supplementary participles.

: he revealed that he was leading gold and silver.

: to sail up, to go up stream, -: of good courage, -: from Ithaca, : Ilium, the city of Troy

: to know: altogether, entirely, too: to do: how? in what way or manner?

13


: :

, ,

: :

, - , -

: :

, , , ,

. , . ,

: aor., I seized them

: aor. part., having driven them from the pasture : it is clear that + part., i.e. clearly contriving against + dat.: aor. of , I placed upon

: upon the door: aor. of , I lit the i re: aor. part. instr. of -, by having got a light from the tree : which I was carrying

: aor. pass., they seemed to + part.

: pr. inf., trying to hide themselves: =, themselves

: aor. part. of -, having gathered

: aor. of -, I devoured

: pred. acc. after , since they were robbers... : whether...or

: to light up: to turn upside down, upset: to hide from, keep hidden from, : a tree, -: visible, clear: reasonable: to get a light: to plan or contrive against (+

dat.): to place X (acc.) on Y (dat.), : a door: to seize upon, lay hold of: to eat up, devour

, -, : a robber, plunderer, : a pasture, -, : a mountain, hill, -: very large -: devious: to attempt, try (+ inf.), : a rock, : a l ock, : i re, : a lid, stopper: to collect, gather together: to appear, to seem: to bear

14

Lucian

: aor. inf. of purpose after , he gives me to drink: aor. part. of -, having poured out

: pr. inf. pass. of , complementing , seemed to be carried around i.e. to be spinning

: aor. part. dat., to me having drunk: impf. of , I was no longer in myself i.e. in control of myself

: aor. pass. of -, was dragged down

: aor. part., having sharpened

(sc. ): from that time

, , , ,

, - , -

: :

, . , .

, ,

, . , .

: to turn upside down, upset, , : all, every, whole: to bring to a point, make taper: to give: to pour out, -: plotting against, treacherous, -: sweet-smelling, fragrant, -, -: sweet: to lie down to sleep, sleep: to drag down, : a bar: adv.entirely: no more, no longer

: to carry round: to drink: to drink, -, : Poseidon: over and above, besides: to burn with i re, burn up, : a grotto, cave, cavern, -: troublous, turbulent: adv. i nally, -, -: blind: to blind, make blind, : sleep, slumber, : a drug, medicine

15


: aor. pass., you have been put to sleep

: aor. of , you who did not spring forth

: pr. part., in the midst of being blinded

: aor., how did he l ee? : parenthetical, I know that well

... : aor. pass. contrafactual, he would not have been able to + inf.

: aor. inf. complementing , able to move away: aor. of -, I removed it

... : aor. opt. in purp. cl., in order to catch him

: pr. part. acc., him going out: aor. part., I having sat down: impf., I was hunting him

: aor. part. inst., by having spread out my hands: aor. part. of -, having let pass

: aor. part., having commanded + dat.

: impf. of in ind. com., commanded what things were necessary + inf.

: , , : , ,

. ; . ;

. .

: , : ,

, ,

, , , ,

. .

: to move away from: to take away from, left, -, -: deep or high: to get away from, escape: to be able, capable: to leap forth: to spread out: to enjoin, command (+ dat.): to hunt or chase, : a door: to make to sit down, seat: to lull or hush to sleep, put to sleep, : a ram

: to take, -, -: alone, : a pasture, pasturage: to know: to disregard, allow past, : a rock: to do, : sheep: how? in what way or manner?, : a child: to blind, make blind, , : a hand: it is necessary

16

Lucian

: aor. of , they escaped your notice + part.

: aor. part. suppl. , having gone out

: impf., it was necessary + inf.

: aor. inf. of , necessary that you call upon: aor. of -, I did call them.

: impf., they were coming

: aor. of , when they asked : gen., the name of the one contriving against: = , the name

: = + , and I

: pr. inf. in ind. st. after , having supposed me to be mad: aor. pass. part. of with act. meaning, having supposed

: impf. of , they left.

: pr. part. of -, going away

: dat. of means, by the name.

: fut. of , will cure you

: : : : : :

. .

: , , : -: , , : -

, . , .

. - . -

, , , ,

, , . , , .

: to grieve, distress: to go away: to call upon or to, cry out to: to plan or contrive against: to ask, enquire: to have come, be present: to heal, cure, -: accursed, abominable: to outwit: to escape notice (+ part.): to learn

: to be mad from black bile: to suppose, think: to be gone, to leave: to reproach X (dat.) for Y (acc.), : a name, -: no one or nobody, , : a father: to call to together, : an event, disaster: to go out secretly

17


: imp. of , have courage!

: fut., I will ward him of

: aor. subj. in purp. cl., so that he will learn

... : the apodosis of a simple cond. in ind. st., that are in my power

... (sc. ): protasis of simple cond., even if it is impossible for me to + inf.

: pr. inf. epex. after , impossible to cure : subj. of , the concerns of those sailing are in my power : pr. inf. artic. in apposition to : namely, the saving and

destroying

: and he is still sailing

: , : , : , : ,

, ,

, ,

: . : .

h e Blinding of Polyphemus, krater fragment, 7th century BCE(Argos Archaeological Museum, Greece)

, -: unable: to keep of , ward of : to destroy utterly, kill, slay: at least then, at any rate: to be of good courage, take courage

, -, -: alone, -, : a being maimed,

mutilation: to sail, go by sea; to save, : a child

18

: gen., of the other (rivers)

: aor. part., having fallen

: pr. mid. 2 s., you neither mingle with + dat.

: dat., the custom to all the rivers: aor. pass. part. instrumental of -, by dispersing yourself.

: perf. part. of -, having remained composed

: acc. pred., keeping your l ow sweet: pr. mid., you press forward

: parenthetical, I dont know where

3. Poseidon and Alpheus

h e story of the river Alpheus and his beloved Arethusa, who is an Arcadian spring in Syracuse, is recounted in a number of ancient sources, mostly with erotic overtones. h e river is imagined l owing under the Ionian Sea and reemerging un-af ected by the seawater in Sicily. In Lucians dialogue Poseidon questions Alpheus about the details of his long distance af air, but Alpheus is in a hurry and cuts the conversation short.

: , ; : , ;

, ,

, , , ,

, ,

, : seawater, brine, : Alpheus, -: unmixed: to mingle: to make to halt, to rest, -, -: sweet: to pour dif erent ways, to disperse, : a custom, law: to fall into

: to press forward, urge on, : the sea, -, -: clean, pure: to set together, combine, unite,, -, : a sea, : a river, stream, : a river, stream: to guard, keep safe

19


: aor. part., having plunged down

: fut. inf. complementing , you are likely to rise up : fut. inf. also complementing , and to show yourself

: pr. imper. in prohibition, do not accuse!

: aor. pass. of , you have been in love.

: gen. after , do you love a woman?: gen. after understood, I love a fountain : but she

; ;

. .

: , , : , ,

: . : .

: , , : , ,

; ;

: , , . : , , .

: ; : ;

: : : :

..

: to lift up the head, arise: to show, : Arethusa: back, back again, -, -: in the deep, sunken, : land, -, : a woman, , : one: to accuse, test, examine: to seem, to be likely (+ inf.): to love, to be in love with, -, -: amatory, : a heron

: just as: to call, name, : a cormorant,-, : a Nereid, -, : an islander, : a nymph, : running waters, streams: many times, often, -, : a matter: to l ow, run, stream, gush, -, -: Sicilian: to plunge down: and so

20

Lucian

(sc. ): she spouts up through a clear path: pr. part. agreeing with , water appearing: pr. imper., go!

: pr. imper., be prosperous!

... : aor., where did you see?

: pr. part., me, who am pressing forward

: , , , : , , ,

- -

. .

: , : : , :

. .

: : : :

, ,

, ; , ;

: , , : , ,

..

: honestly, truly, -: misshapen, unsightly: to spout up: to go away, depart from, -: like silver, silvery, : an Arcadian, -: transparent: to speak, say: to press forward, hasten: to be conspicuous on (+ dat.), -, : love: to question

: to be well of , prosperous: to hold fast: to know: to know, -, -: whole, entire, -: superl uous , : running waters, streams: where?, : Syracuse, -, : water: to appear, -, : a small pebble

21


: pr. imper., go away!

: acc., to your beloved: aor. part., having come up from the sea: pr. imper. mid., mingle with! + dat.

: pr. imper., become one water!

: : , : : ,

. .

Alpheus and Arethusa, marble relief, c. 1560(Florence, Museo Nazionale del Bargello)

: to treat with af ection, love: to come to the top of water, , : one: to mingle

, : a living together, : running waters, streams, -, : water: to give way, draw back

22

: aor. inf. in ind. st. after (sc. ), it is not incredible that you become

: pr. part. causal, since you are of the sea: pred. acc. also after , that you become a tree (sc. ): it is also bearable

: aor. opt. pass. in gen. temp. cl., whenever you are changed into a lion ... (sc. ): ind. quest. after , I wonder whether it is possible +

inf.

: pr. part. acc. concessive, agreeing with , the subj. of , possible for you, although living in the sea, to become

: this, referring to the previous clause

: aor. subj. in prohibition, dont marvel!

4. Proteus and Menelaus

h is dialogue takes its inspiration from Odyssey 4, where Menelaus recounts his capture of Proteus, who changes shape while the hero is holding him fast. Menelaus accuses Proteus of being a charlatan who merely appears to be changing form. h e pseudo-scientii c character of the exchange pokes fun at the improbabilities of the Homeric story.

: , , : , ,

, , , , , , , ,

, ,

: :

, . , .

: , : . : , : .

: to change, alter, -: incredible, unlikely,

improbable: to disbelieve, : a tree, -, -: able to (+ inf.), -, -: in, on, of the sea: outside of (+ gen.): to wonder at

, -, : a lion, : Menelaus: to inhabit, occupy: similarly, -, : belief, : i re, -, : water: bearable

23


: fut. perf. of , for it will be said to you : pr. infs. after , you seem to introduce to deceive : pr. part., of the onlookers.

: pr. part., you yourself becoming

: : : :

- -

. .

and

Observe the irregular present of :

I know we know

you know you know

she knows they know

h ese forms are actually from the perfect system of the aorist verb stem F- (where F is the lost letter digamma that sounds like a w, cf. Latin vid-) meaning to see, and means I have seen and therefore I know. h e future is .

h e same verb stem also forms the strong aorist (from -F-), I saw. From the unaugmented form of this verb we have the imperative (, ), the participle (, ) the subjunctive (, , ) and the optative ().

For the present, the verb is used. h is verb also has a perfect, , which emphasizes the act of seeing itself. Note the perfect ini nitive, . Note also the imperfect of :

I was seeing

you were seeing

he was seeing

Yet another stem (-) is used for the future, the perfect, and the aorist passive. Here is a synopsis of these verbs:

Present Future Aorist Perfect Aorist Passive

, : i nesse: to deceive or beguile thoroughly: to see

: to introduce X (acc.) into Y (dat.), -, -: such as this

24

Lucian

: aor. opt. pot., what deception could there be? ... : aor., did you not see? with the expectation of a positive answer

: perf. part., with eyes opened: pr. part., being set up

: aor. subj. in pr. gen. temp. cl., whenever I become i re

: aor. imper. of , present!

: fut. of , you will know

: pr. pass. in ind. quest. after , know whether I am being seen only : articlular inf., subject of , whether the burning is possible

: :

; , ; ,

; ;

, ,

, , , -, , , -

, : , , : ,

. .

Other General or Indei nite Clauses

A general or indei nite temporal clause in the present has the same form as a present general condition (see p. 6), with (whenever) or instead of with the subjunctive.

, , , : whenever I become i re, give me, o noble one, your hand

Compare also with general relative clauses:

... : to whatever rock he attaches his suckers ... to that rock he makes himself similar.

: to open, : a trick, fraud, deceit: to disbelieve, -, -: noble, -: visible: whenever: to make to stand: to burn: to alter , -, -: alone

: to know, -, -: what sort of, -, : a deed, matter: to be possible: to bring to , : i re, : an illusion , , : a hand, -: lying, false

25


: perf. ini n. of complementing , you do not seem to have seen.

: perf. ini n. also complementing , nor do you seem to know : aor. opt. pot., I would like to learn

: from you.

: , . : , .

: , , : , ,

. .

: , , : , ,

. .

Note the di erent meanings of the word

1. h e nominative forms of the word without the dei nite article are always intensive (= Latin ipse): : he himself, , they themselves.

, you yourself becoming nothing else.

, and the cave itself was spinning

h e other cases of the word are also intensive when they modify a noun or pronoun, either without the dei nite article or in predicative position:

, causing me myself to bubble over

2. Oblique cases of the word, when used without a noun or a dei nite article, are the unemphatic third person pronouns: him, them, etc.:

, he sent her to Egypt.

h is is the most common use in the Dialogues of the Sea Gods.

3. Any case of the word with an article in attributive position means the same:

, Ino will suf er the same things.

, -: steadfast, i rm: gladly, : a i sh: to learn: to know

: to experience, : a trial, attempt, essay, experiment, : an octopus: ever yet

26

Lucian

... : aor. subj. in gen. rel. cl., to whatever rock it attaches its suckers: aor. part., having approached

: aor. part., having clung fast to

: pr. subj. mid. also in pr. gen. rel. cl., to whatever rock it fastens itself: acc. pred., makes himself similar to + dat. : pr. inf. in res. cl., so that he escapes the notice

: pr. part. instrumental, by not being dif erent to

: pr. part. instrumental, by not being conspicuous

: perf. part., but by being similar to + dat.

: :

, ,

, ,

, ,

. .

Result Clauses

(sometimes ) introduces result clauses either with an ini nitive or with a i nite verb.

+ ini nitive indicates a possible or intended result, without emphasizing its actual occurrence. h e ini nitive does not express time, but only aspect.

+ indicative emphasizes the actual occurence of the result. Both time and aspect are indicated by the form of the verb.

, : he changes his color by imitating the rock so that (in order that) he escapes the notice of i shermen.

, . He will lead her to Argos, and so she has found an unusual marriage instead of death.

, : a i sherman: to af ect, make: to i t together, join: to change, to become dif erent: be similar to (+ dat.) , : a sucker: to escape notice , : a stone: to turn quickly, change

: to mimic, imitate, -, -: like, resembling, : a rock, a ledge or shelf of rock, : a coil, tentacle: to come or go to: to cling to, -: conspicuous, : the surface of a body, skin

27


: nom. pred., your case is more paradoxical : aor. opt. pot. in rel. cl., in what other thing you might

believe

: nom. pred., the same person is i re and water

: : -: : -

, ., .

: , , : , ,

. .

: : , : : ,

. .

Proteus from Andrea Alciato, Emblemata, 1531.

: to disbelieve (+ dat.), : a stone, : an eye, -: paradoxical: to trust, believe in (+ dat.)

, -, : a deed, act, matter, : i re, -: monstrous, -, : water: to declare, make known

28

: Eris was the goddess of discord

: aor. pass. of , because she was not invited

: impf., I was not feasting with you

(sc. ): in the meantime

: pr. inf. after , ordered me to keep : pr. part. conditional, if not being present

5 (7). Panope and Galene

In this dialogue a sea nymph, All-seeing, recounts to another, Calm, what she witnessed at the marriage of Peleus and h etis. h e uninvited Eris causes a com-petition among the goddesses leading to the judgement of Paris. h e judgement itself has not yet been concluded, but Galene predicts that Aphrodite will be the winner.

: , , : , ,

, ,

; ;

: : : :

, , , ,

. .

; ;

, -: not washed by the waves, calm

, : Galene, a Nereid, calm, : the principal meal: for the reason that, since: to see, : Eris, : h essaly: to call, summon, invite

: to order, urge, exhort: to feast together, : Panope, a Nereid, all seeing: to be present, -, : the sea: to make, to do, : a drinking-party, symposium: to keep guard: yesterday

29


: plupf., h etis and Peleus had departed: aor. part. pass., having been escorted

(sc. ): in the meantime

: aor. part. supplementing , she was able to escape the notice of all : pr. part. in gen. abs., some were drinking

: :

, ,

, , , ,

Circumstantial Participles

Circumstantial participles are added to a noun or a pronoun to set forth some circumstance under which an action takes place. h e circumstances can be of the following types: time, manner, means, cause, purpose, concession, condition or attendant circumstance. Although sometimes particles can specify the type of circumstance, often only the context can clarify its force. Here are some examples:

Time: ... : she would not wish to answer him when he is gnashing his teeth

Means: : nor do you rest by dispersing yourself.

Purpose: : he fell into the sea in order to die immediately. is often used in these cases to indicate an alleged purpose.

Concession: : she would not wish to answer him, although being talkative

Cause: , , , : It is not unpersuasive that you become water, Proteus, since you are of the sea.

Condition: ; What then did Eris do, if she was not present. Note that is used instead of when the participle is conditional.

Attendant circumstance: : It was not necessary for (a woman) who was so bad : no other will win with Aphrodite contending.

Note that the last example is a genitive absolute, of which there are a large number in the Dialogi Marini.

, : Amphitrite: to go away, depart from: to be able, : an inner room or chamber, , : h etis

: to escape notice, to be unnoticed: to send past, convey, -, : Peleus: to drink, -, -: easy, ready

30

Lucian

: pr. part. in gen. abs., and others were applauding

: pr. part., while of ering their attention to + dat.: aor., she threw in

: plup. pass., on it had been inscribed.: aor. imper. 3 s., let her take it!

: impf. of -, where they were lying down

: (= ), and after

: aor. part., having taken up

: aor., he read outloud

: perf. part., the inscriptions

: aor., we Nereids were silent : gen. abs., with them being present

: but they, i.e. the three goddesses

: gen. complement, the apple to be hers

, , , ,

: . -: . -

. .

, ,

. .

; ;

: to sing, : Athena: to take up, raise: to contend for, -, : Apollo: to be silent, : Aphrodite: to scratch, scrape, graze: it is necessary: to throw in: (adv.) of set purpose : to mark the surface, inscribe: to choose, read, -, : Hermes: to have come, be present, be here, : Hera

, -, -: beautiful: to lay down: to play the cithara: to rattle, to applaud: to roll, : apple, -, : a Muse, -, : a daughter of Nereus, a

Nereid, : mind, attention, -, -: whole, entire, -, -: all beautiful: to be present: to hold to, of er, -, -: golden, of gold

31


... : aor. of - in past contrafactual protasis, if Zeus had not separated them

: to hands i.e. to blows

... : aor. of - in past contrafactual apodosis, the matter would have progressed

: fut., I will not choose

: impf. concessive, although those were asking him + inf.

: pr. imper., go!

: aor. inf. after , he knows how to discern: pr. part. causal, since he is

... : aor. opt. pot., he would not choose.

, ,

, -, -

. , , . , ,

, , , ,

, ,

, ,

. .

More conditions

h e future more vivid condition indicates a probability, rather than a possibility. It has (Attic contraction = ) plus subjunctive in the protasis, future indicative in the apodosis: translate if he does... then he will....

... : another will not win, unless the judge is dim-sighted

A past contrafactual condition has plus the aorist indicative in the protasis, plus the aorist indicative in the apodosis: translate if he had done ... then he would have (but he didnt).

, : If Zeus had not separated them, the matter would have come to blows (but it didnt).

: to think worthy to, to ask (+ inf.): all the way up to (+ gen.): to distinguish, discern: to set apart, separate: to judge, to give judgment on, : Zeus, : Mt. Ida, near Troy, : more beautiful: to pick out, choose

, : apple: to know, , : a child, -, : a deed, matter, : Priam, father of Paris: to go or come forward, advance, -: loving the beautiful, , : a hand

32

Lucian

: fut., they will go

(sc. ): shortly.

: pr. part. suppl. , someone will come announcing : pr. part., the one winning

: pr. part. in gen. abs., with Aphrodite contending for a prize

... : pr. subj. in fut. more vivid protasis, unless the judge is dim-sighted

: , ; : , ;

: , , , : , , ,

. .

: , : ,

, . , .

Peleus greeting wedding procession leading h etis to his house, black i gure dinos of Sophilos (c. 580 BCE)

: to contend for a prize: to be dim-sighted: to bring tidings, report,

announce: to go away, -, : an arbitrator, umpire

: to have come, be present, be here, : a goddess: to be strong, to conquer, -, -: small, little: to suppose, think: today

33

: fut. part. indicating purpose, in order to draw water

: aor. part. in ind. st., I dont know that I saw a prettier girl.: acc. s. (=()), prettier

: no, not at all

: Amymone, the blameless one, was a daughter of Danaus.

: (= ), acc. of respect, by name

6 (8). Triton, Poseidon and Amyone

Amyone is one of the i fty daughters of Danaus, who were married to the i fty daughters of Aegyptus. On their wedding night, all but one kills her husband, for which they are punished in the underworld by the perpetual task of carrying water. Part of this story is told in Aeschylus Suppliants, and the story of Amyone was treated in the (now lost) satyr play that accompanied the performance of the Suppliants. In other versions Poseidon saves Amyone from a satyr, but regularly resolves to provide a fountain in exchange for her favors.

: , , : , ,

, ,

: . : .

: , , , : , , ,

; ;

: , , : , ,

, : , :

, -, -: Egyptian, : Amymone, daughter of Danaus, -, -: every, every one, each, -, -: free, : a day, : a waiting maid, handmaid, -, : a daughter, : more beautiful, : Lerna, a region south of Argos: to know, : a name

, -, -: completely beautiful, , : a child: appears, approaches, -, : a maid, -indecl. : i fty, -, : Poseidon, -, : Triton: to draw, fetch or carry water, -, -: carrying water, : a creature

34

Lucian

: pr. opt. in ind. quest., I learned what she is called: pr. inf. after , teaches them to work with their own hands: fut. mid. part. of expressing purpose, he sends them in order to

fetch: acc. pred., teaches them to be untiring : acc. of duration, such a long journey

(sc. ): res. cl., so that it is necessary to carry water: aor. of -, you have confounded

: aor. part. instrumental, by speaking about the girl : pres. subj. jussive, and so let us go

. .

- -

. .

: :

; ;

: : , : : : , :

. .

: , : ,

: . : .

, : necessity, -: without hesitation, untiring , , : Argos: to draw: to work with ones own hand, -, : a race, stock, family, : Danaus: to throw into great confusion: to teach, instruct, -, : a daughter: to call, -, -: long, -, -: within measure

, -, -: alone, left alone, : a way, path, track, road: to bring up or rear a child: appears, approach: to send, -: very thirsty: to learn by hearsay or by

inquiry: to bring up hardy, -, : Triton: to carry water, -, : water

35


: pr. part. of , she going: aor. imper., harness!

... : or rather this ... so instead you

: acc. of duration, this takes too much time: pr. inf. expressing purpose after , time to lead under: pr. inf. also after , time to get ready: aor. imper. of -, fetch!

: fut., I will ride of

: aor. imper. from , look!

: nom. s. with deictic particle -, this one here

: pres. subj. jussive, let us depart

: : : : : :

. .

: : : :

, ,

: - : -

. .

: . : .

: : : , : : : ,

. , . ,

: to drive away, to drive of , -, : a chariot: to ride of or away, -, : a dolphin, : a way of spending time: to get ready, to equip, i t out, : a strap or loop of the yoke: to yoke, put to, : a horse, mare, : due measure, proper time, -, -: middle, in the middle

: therefore, then, accordingly: to swim along: to be present: to make to stand or to place

beside: close, near, hard by, nigh, -, -: quick, swift, l eet, : a water-carrying: to lead X (acc.) under Y (dat.), , -: quick, swift, l eet

36

Lucian

: fut., I will lie in wait

: pr. imper., keep watch!

: aor. subj. in gen. temp. cls., whenever you perceive

: pr. part., perceive her approaching : verbal adj. of in periphrastic, she must be seized

: dat. of agent, by us

: aor. part., you, having seized me: aor. pass. inf. of -, complementing , seem to have

been sent against : Aegyptuss i fty sons came to Argos to capture their reluctant brides.

: fut. in res. cl., and so I will call out

: aor. imper., be silent!

, : , :

: . : .

: , , : : , , :

. .

: , ; -: , ; -

, - , -

: . : .

: , : . : , : .

: to lead or carry, to convey, bring, : Aegyptus: to perceive, to see, : a kidnapper: to look out, keep watch: to cry aloud, to shout: to seem to (+ inf.): to send against, : an uncle: to lie in wait for, to watch, entrap

: whensoever (+ subj.), -, : a maid, maiden, , : a father: nearby to (+ dat.) : to approach: to be silent: to seize: to seize and carry away, -, -: blooming, ripe

37


: pr. mid., why do you restrain me?: aor. part., I, having submerged: pr. imper., be of good courage!

: aor. subj. in clause of fearing after , have courage that you will not suf er!

: on the contrary

: aor. pass. inf. after , I will allow a stream to burst forth: dat. of advant., for you

: aor. part. instrumental, by striking

: fut. mid. of , you will be

: you will not carry waters, a reference to the punishment of the Danaids who killed their husbands.

: aor. part., upon dying

: ; , , : ; , ,

; ;

. .

: , : : , :

, ,

. .

, : a sister, -, -: miserable: to give forth or up: to die: to choke: to constrain, -, -: fearful, terrible: to allow + inf., -: given as a name, eponymous, -: blessed , : the sea: to be of good courage, take courage

: to draw: to go down, sink, set, -, : a washing place, beach: to say, mean, -, -: alone, only: to suf er, experience: to beat, knock, strike, : a rock, a ledge or shelf of rock, : running water, stream: next to (+ gen.), : a trident: to carry water

38

: acc. pred., is this the heifer? i.e. Io, the daughter of Inachus: aor., did Zeus del ower her?: aor. part. of , having been captured

: then i.e. when Zeus fell in love

: gen. of source, she was of the river Inachus: acc. pred., Hera made her such: aor. part. causal, because she was jealous

: pr. part. in ind. st. after , she saw that Zeus was in love : gen. after , loves (her being) a cow

7 (11) Notus and Zephyrus

h e South and West winds discuss the transformation of Io into a heifer and her arrival in Egypt. h e story of Io is told in Aeschylus Prometheus Bound and in his Suppliants. Usually she is turned into a cow by Zeus to hide his af air, but here it is a punishment by Hera. Either way Io becomes associated with the Egyptian goddess Isis, who takes the form of a cow, as Hermes was associated with the jackal-headed Anubis.

: , , , : , , ,

, ,

; ;

: , : , : , : ,

: :

, ,

. .

: ; : ;

: to lead or carry, to convey, : the river Nile, i.e. Egypt: to be captured, : a cow, -, : a heifer: to del ower: to love, be in love, -, : Hermes, -, : love

, : Zeus, : Zephyrus, the west wind: to be jealous, : Hera, : Inachus, a river in Argos, , : a child, -, : the sea: to make, : a river, stream

39


: pr. inf. in ind. com. after , he ordered us not to swell the sea

: aor. subj. in gen. temp. cl., until she swims across (whenever that is)

: aor. part., once she has given birth

... : aor. opt. in purpose cl., in order that she become a god

: aor. part. pass. also the subj. of , both she and the one having been born i.e. the child

: pr. part. gen. after , she will rule those sailing : pr. subj. in gen. relative cl., whomever of us she wishes to + inf. : aor. inf. complementing , to send forth or to hinder

: pr. inf. after , to hinder from blowing (sc. ): verbal adj. nom. s. f. in periphrastic, she ought to be served

: pot. aor. opt., she would thus be more well-disposed.

: , : ,

, ,

. .

: ; : ;

: , : , , : , : , ,

, ,

. .

: , , : , ,

. . . .

: to bring into the world: to be i rst, to preside over (+ gen.), -, : a heifer, : a mistress, lady of the house: to swim across: to will, wish, purpose: there, in that place: to send out or forth from: to breathe upon, to blow freshly

upon: up to the time that, until, -: well-disposed

, : the sea, : God: to do service to: to be pregnant with, bear in the womb: to rise in waves or billows, to swell: to let, hinder, check, prevent: very: to send: to sail, go by sea: to order (+ inf.): to give birth: so then, wherefore, therefore,

40

Lucian

: aor., she swam out onto the shore : ind. quest. after , see how she no longer walks: aor. part., Hermes, having straightened her up: acc. pred. after , he made her a woman : aor. part. causal, suf ering what? i.e. what caused him? why?

: perf. of -, why has he changed himself?: perf., he has become

: dog-faced as Io was associated with the Egyptian Isis, Hermes was associated with the jackal-headed Anubis.

: pr. subj. jussive, let us not be inquisitive

: verbal adj. of , the things which must be done

: . : .

, ,

; ;

: , : : , :

, . , .

; ;

: , : ,

. .

, -: better, abler, stronger, braver: to stand straight up: in place of (+ gen.): to go slowly, to walk, : earth, shore: to go over or across, -: cloven-hoofed: to swim out, swim to land, escape by

swimming, -: lovely, amiable, -, : a horn, : a maiden, -: dog-faced

: to change, alter, -, : a youth: to know, : a tail, -, -: all beautiful, good or

noble, -: paradoxical: to suf er: to be inquisitive or

meddlesome: to do, -, : a leg: on all fours

41

: Ino, one of the daughters of Cadmus, pursued by her crazed husband, leapt into the sea with her son Melicertes. Both were deii ed. Ino became Leucothea, who i gures in the i fth book of the Odyssey; Melicertes the sea-god Palaemon, mentioned i rst in Euripides Iphigeneia in Tauris.

: aor. part., having received

(sc. ): from the Scironian (clif s)

: aor. part. n. agreeing with , having fallen

: the musician is Arion


: aor. 2 s. of -, you swam away

8 (5) Poseidon and the Dolphins

h e story of Arion, the Methymnean poet who is saved by dolphins from greedy pirates, is told in Herodotus 1, 23-4. It is retold here from the standpoint of the dolphins themselves, whose care for mankind is accounted for by the fact that they themselves were once men, who were changed to dolphins by Dionysus. h at story is told in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus. Brief reference is made to the earlier help the dolphins provided to Melicertes, the son of Ino, when he leapt into the sea.

: , , , : , , ,

, - , -

: to take up, take into ones hands

, -, : a dolphin: to swim out or away: to fall upon, -, : Ino, a daughter of Cadmus, : Isthmus of Corinth, : a cithara player, harper: to take care of, to convey to, : Methymna, a city on Lesbos

, , : a mother, : a child: long ago (sc. ): the Scironian rocks

near the Isthmus of Corinth, : Taenarus, on the southern tip of

the Peloponnese: to receive beneath, -: loving mankind, humane,

benevolent

42

Lucian

: dat., even with his gear and cithara, i.e. with gear and all

: aor. of -, you did not overlook i.e. allow

: pr. part. in ind. st. after , you did not allow him to be destroyed

: at the hands of the sailors

, ,

. .

again

1. Besides the uses of indicated above (p. 25), this word also combines with pronouns to form rel exive pronouns:

- , - : myself

- , - : yourself; also ,

- , - : himself, herself

Similarly in the plural:

; ; -

h e only dii culty is that the third person forms based on the pronoun - often coalesce with the i rst syllable of , producing a crasis that looks like the simple form of , except for the breathing mark:

-

-

-

2. h e dei nite article can also contract with :

:

h ese all mean the same. Distinguish from this one and these ones

3. Note also the idiomatic use of the dative case when used with a noun:

: Having taken up this man, the one from Methymna, you swam him to Taenarum, equipment and all.

: to destroy utterly, kill, slay, -, -: bad, : a cithara, a stringed instrument

, -, : a sailor, : equipment

43


: aor. subj. in prohibition, dont wonder!

: aor. part. causal, since we ourselves became

... : aor. of -, because he changed you

: aor. part., having conquered you in a sea-battle

: pr. part. of used absolutely, it being necessary + inf.

: aor. inf. mid. after , necessary only to subdue: aor. of -, just as he subjected others : the things about Arion ... : aor., how did they happen?

: impf. 3s. of , he rejoiced

: on account of his skill

: but he i.e. Arion

: aor. part., having become rich

: aor. part. of , instr., he wished by sailing

: , , : , ,

, . , .

: , -: , -

, , , ,

. .

, ; , ;

: , , : , ,

, ,

, : a man, -, : Arion the poet, : Dionysus: to desire: to wonder, marvel, be astonished, : a i sh: to conquer in a sea-i ght: to blame (+ dat.): to turn quickly, to change: to send after: only

: homewards: to suppose, think, : Periander, tyrant of Corinth: to sail, go by sea: to be rich, wealthy, -, : Poseidon, : art, skill, : an absolute sovereign: to lead or bring under: to rejoice, to be delighted in (+ dat.): to subdue

44

Lucian

: aor. inf. compl. , wished to show: aor. part., having got on board + gen.

: pr. part. in ind. st. after , because he revealed that he was leading: note the sudden change in tense and subject, the sailors begin

plotting against him

: but he i.e. Arion

: impf. of , in a parenthetical statement, for I was listening

: pr. part., swimming beside

... : perf., since these things have seemed good i.e. since it has been decided

: aor. part. acc. s., me, having taken up and having sung

: pr. part. also agreeing with , willingly

: aor. inf. of after , allow me to throw myself : note again the sharp change of subject, the sailors

agreed and he took up

, - , -

, - , -

, : , :

, , , ,

. .

: to lead or carry, to convey, bring: to sing, -, -: Aegean: to listen to: to take up, take into ones

hands, : a man, , : all, every, whole, : silver: to bring to light, display, exhibit: to seem (good): willing, of free will, readily: to go upon: to plan or contrive against: to display

: to turn towards, to agree to, : a funeral-song, dirge, lament, -: mischievous, knavish, -, -: middle, in the middle, : Methymna, a city on the island

of Lesbos., -, : a sailor: to swim beside (+ dat.), : wealth, : a ferry boat: to throw, cast, hurl, -, : ship, boat, : equipment, : gold

45


: aor. of , he sang

: adverbial acc., very clearly

: aor. of ,he fell

... : fut. part. indicating alleged purpose, in order to die


: aor. part., having laid him (upon me)

: aor. of -, I swam out

: pr. part., carrying him

: acc. pred., a pay that is worthy: perf. of , you have given back

, ,

: :

. .

: : : :

. .

Dionysus and the Dolphins,

black i gure kylix by Exekias (c. 540 BCE)

: to sing, -, : a hearing or listening: to lay upon, -, -: worthy: to give back to X (dat.) in

exchange for Y (gen.): to die: at once: to swim out or away

: to approve, applaud, commend, : the sea, -, -: clear, : wages, award: altogether;: to fall, fall down: to take up by getting under, : a love of music

46

: aor. pass. of -, was brought down

: Helles, daughter of Athamas and Nephele, was drowned in the Hellespont.

: after her

: pr. imper. 3 s., let it be called

: aor. part., you, having taken up

: aor. imper. of , convey it!

: aor. opt. pass. of in purp. cl., so that it may be buried.

: perf. imper. of , let her be buried

: perf. part. of , her having suf ered

9 (6) Poseidon and the Nereids

Poseidon and Amphitrite discuss the recent death of Helle, who drowned in the sea subsequently named for her, the Hellespont. She and her brother Phrixus were attacked by their stepmother, Ino, but were saved by their own mother, Nephele. Nephele sent them to Colchis on the back of a golden ram, a gift from Hermes. Poseidon also alludes to the fate of Ino at the end, linking this dialogue to 7 above. Amphitrite wonders out loud why Helle must die and why the wicked Ino should be saved later, questions that Poseidon tactfully answers.

: , , : , ,

: , : ,

, , , ,

. .

: , , : , ,

: - : -

. .

: to have pity on, : the Hellespont, sea of Helle, : a native, -: given as a name, eponymous: to bury: to call: to bring down: in no way, not at all, -, : a step-mother, : a dead body, corpse

, -, -: most pitiable, lamentable, , : a child: to receive from: to suf er, -, : the sea, -, : Poseidon: to bring to or upon, to convey, : a narrow place, a strait, -,: the Troad

47


: pr. inf. epex. after , a good thing for her to be laid : parenthetical, as I said

: fut. perf., she will be buried

(sc. ): after a little while

: fut. of in noun cl. in app. to , that, namely that Ino will suf er

: fut. of , and she will fall into

(= ): in the very spot which

: pr. part., she holding (= ): to save that one too: aor. inf. complementing , it will be necessary for us to save: aor. part. acc. agreeing with the subj. of expressing purpose,

in order to please + dat.

: , , : : , , :

, ,

. .

, ,

, ,

, , -, , -

. .

: :

. .

, : an arm, -, : Athamas, husband of Ino, -, : the highest or furthest point: in another way or manner, : Amphitrite, : Dionysus: to pursue: to fall upon, : the sea: to bury, : a law, custom, -, : Ino: to go down, -, -: beautiful: to be laid, -, : Mt. Cithaeon

, -, -: small, little, -, -: few, little, scanty, small, : a comfort: to suf er, -, : the sea: to save, : a nurse, : a feeder, rearer, nurse, -, : the Troad, the Asian side of

the opening to the Black Sea, : a son: to please, : the Chersonese, i.e. the

h racian Chersonese or peninsula opposite the Troad on the European side of the opening to the Black Sea

, : sand

48

Lucian

: . : .

: , , : , ,

. .

: :

, ; , ;

: : : :

, ,

, ,

: impf. of , it was not necessary (to save)

: pr. part. circumstantial, (a woman) who was so bad: pr. inf. epex. after , not worthy to show ingratitude : aor. part. instrumental, by suf ering what?

: aor. of -, did she (i.e. Helle) fall?

: Phrixus was the son of Athamas and the twin brother of Helle.

: pr. inf. after , able to hold against : but she i.e. Helle

: aor. part., having stepped upon + gen.

: aor. part. of -, having looked down

: aor. pass. part. of , having been astounded

, : a brother, : unaccustomedness, : Amphitrite: to hold against, -, -: worthy: then and there: safely, -: gaping: to be thankless, show ingratitude, : a depth, height, -, -: able to (+ inf.): naturally:to drive out of ones sense, to be

astounded

: to go upon: to fall or drop down, : a ram, -, : a young man, a youth: to uphold, sustain, endure, -, : a means of conveyance,

vehicle, -: paradoxical, -, -: toilsome, painful, : a carrying, the journey, : Phrixus: it is necessary

49


: dat. means, al icted by the heat: aor. part pass. of -, she having been a icted: aor. part., having grown dizzy

: gen. after , from the violence of the l ight: nom. pred., she became powerless + gen., i.e. she lost hold of the horns

: plupf. of -, which she had seized: aor. from -, she fell

: aor. inf. after , necessary for her mother to help: pr. part. dat., help her falling: dat. of degree of dif erence, stronger by much

, , , ,

. .

: :

; ;

: : : :

. .

, -: powerless, impotent: at the same time: to help (+ dat.), -, -: able, strong: to lay hold of, seize, attack, -, : warmth, heat: to become dizzy: to fall or drop down, -, : a horn, : a ram

, , : a mother, : Fate, : Nephele, -, : the sea: to fall, fall down, -, : a l ying, l ight: to be al icted , : violence: so long, up to that time: it is necessary

50

: acc. obj. of below, i x in place the wandering island.: aor. part. pass., having been dragged away from

: pr. inf. after , it has come to pass that the island is swimming: perf. impers., it has come to pass that + acc. + inf.

: aor. imper. of , make it stand!

: aor. imper., make it visible!

: acc. pred. after , make it visible, punning on the name : pr. inf. after , having i xed it to remain : aor. part., having i xed it.

: pr., something is needed + gen.

10 (9) Iris and Poseidon

h e subject of this dialogue is the establishment of the wandering island of De-los in its permanent location so that Leto can deliver her famous twin deities. h e episode is told in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and in Callimachus Hymn to Delos. Poseidon is represented executing the will of his brother Zeus.

: , , -: , , -

, ,

, , , ,

: . : .

, -, -: Aegean: to make visible: to tear or drag away from (+ gen.), -: not liable to fall, immoveable, -: i rm, steady, steadfast, sure,

certain: to have a need for (+ gen.), -: visible, conspicuous, : Zeus: to make to stand: to stay, remain

, -, -: middle, in the middle, : an island: to swim: to wander: to make, -, : Poseidon, -, : Sicily: to make fast, prop, i x, set: to come to pass, -: under the sea

51


: fut. perf. of , it will have been done

: fut., what need will it provide?: aor. pass., having become visible

: upon it.

: aor. inf. after , necessary to give birth ... : she is grievous

: from the pains of labor, using the agency expression

: aor. inf. epex. after , sui cient to bear ... : pr. opt. pot., would not the earth be able to? + inf.

: aor. ind. act. of , she bound the earth : aor. inf. in ind. com., with an oath not to provide

: , . : , .

; ;

: : : :

. .

: ; ; : ; ;

, ,

; ;

: , : : , :

, . , .

: . : .

: to make visible, -: unsworn, not bound by oath: to bear young, bring forth, -: unseen, invisible, : earth, : produce, of spring: to be able, capable (+ inf.): to bear or produce in, : Hera, -, -: becoming, bei tting, sui cing, -, : Iris: to lay hold of, bind, -, : Leto, mother of Apollo and

Artemis

, : an island, : an oath, : heaven: to furnish, provide X (acc.) for Y

(dat.): to sail, go by sea, -, -: toilsome, painful, grievous: to do: therefore, accordingly: to receive, : a reception for (+ gen.), : a use, advantage, service, -: the pangs or throes of labour

52

Lucian

: aor. imper., stay still!

: aor. imper., come up!

: pr. imper., no longer drift under the surface!

: aor. imper., receive!

: gen., my brothers children: aor. imper., give passage!

: pr. imper., let all be calm!

: pr. part. instr., by scaring her

: aor. subj. pass. in gen. temp. cl., whenever they are born

: fut., the newborns will pursue and punish : dat. of advant., for their mother

: ind. st. after , announce that all things are: perf. of , Delos has been set up i.e. is now standing

: 3rd s. pr. imper., let Leto come

: 3rd s. pr. imper., let her give birth

: . , , : . , ,

, ,

, , , , , ,

: , , - : , , -

: :

. , , . , ,

, ,

. : . :

: . : .

, : a brother: to come to the top of water: to bring tidings, report,

announce: at once, -, -: i rm, steady, steadfast, sure, : a depth, height, -, -: calm: to carry over, give passage, -, : a dragon: to make wild, madden: whenever (+ subj.), -: blessed, -: readily turning, in good order

: to have come, be present, be here: to make to stand: to stay where one is, remain: to pursue, , : a mother: to understand, : a child: to bring into the world: to take vengeance, punish, -, : Triton: to receive beneath: to carry away under: to terrify

53

: aor. imper., receive!

: perf. part. of , me having suf ered: aor. imper. of -, extinguish!

: aor., who burnt you?: perf. of -, I have been burnt

: aor., why did he throw on? + dat.: used to strengthen the interrogative, why on earth?

11 (10) Xanthus and the Sea

h e river Xanthus rose up against Achilles in book 21 of the Iliad, and was on the point of overwhelming him when Hephaestus rescued Achilles, scorching the river in the process. Lucians dialogue picks up Xanthus where Homer left of , run-ning to the sea to try to cool himself of . h e incompatibility of water and i re is also a topic in the dialogue of Proteus and Menelaus (4).

: , , : , ,

. .

: , ; ; : , ; ;

: . -: . -

. .

: ; : ;

: to burn to a cinder, -, -: fearful, terrible, dire: to take, accept, receive: to throw in, put in: to boil, seethe, : Hephaestus, : the sea

, -: ill-fated, ill-starred: to burn down, burn completely: to extinguish , -, -: whole, entire: to suf er, : i re, -, : a wound, hurt

54

Lucian

: son of h etis i.e. Achilles

: pr. part. after , I didnt stop him killing: aor. part. instr., stop him by having begged : gen. of sep., stop him from his anger : blocking with the bodies, using the agency expression: impf., he was blocking my l ow: aor. part., having pitied

: aor., I attacked

: aor. inf. of , complementing , wishing to drown. ... : aor. opt. of in purp. cl., so he would desist from + gen.

: ao part. instr., by having been frightened

: aor., he happened to + part.

: pr. part. supplementing , happened to be : parenth., all the i re, I suppose,

... : impf., bringing whatever i re he had: aor., he attacked

: : : :

, , , ,

, ,

. .

- -

, ,

, -, -: miserable, : Mt. Aetna, site of a famous volcano : elsewhere: to keep of or away from: to will, wish, purpose: to have pity on, show mercy upon: to block up: to go upon, attack: to overl ow, , : h etis: to beg: to light, kindle, : an oven, furnace, kiln

, : a dead body, corpse, : wrath: to stop X (acc.) from Y (gen.): nearby: anywhere, : an elm, : i re, : a stream, l ow, current, : a son: to frighten: to murder, kill, slay, -, : a Phrygian, a Trojan

55


: aor. of , he roasted

: cf. Iliad 21. 350: ... : and me myself

: cf. Iliad 21.353: : aor. act. inf. after , having made me to boil over : literally, to lack little i.e. almost

: acc. pred., he made me almost completely dry: perf., he made me dry : ind. quest. after , you see how I am af ected : parenthetical, so it seems

: reasonably, i.e. you deserved it

... : aor., (you) who assaulted

: aor. part. pass., having not been ashamed

, ,

, ,

. .

. .

: , , , , : , , , ,

, , , , , ,

: , , : , ,

. .

: to be ashamed to do, -, : blood: to be in a certain state, -, : a sore from burning, -, : an eel: reasonable, likely, good: reasonably, naturally: to work, to make, : a heat, feverish heat, -, -: hot, warm, -, -: muddy, foul, polluted, : a i sh

, -: fated, ill-starred, miserable, -, -: small, little, : a tamarisk, : a dead body, corpse, -, -: dry: to roast: to urge, rise up against: to make, to do, : i re, : a grandson: to run bubbling over

56

Lucian

: expecting a positive answer, so was it not necessary to? + inf.

: aor. inf., the subject is Xanthos himself, (for me) to pity

: pr. part. causal, since they were neighbors : was it not necessary? + inf.

: pr. part. causal, since he was the son

: ;: ;

: :

; ;

Water, or the Fight of Achilles against Scamander and Simoeis. Auguste Couder, 1819. Louvre, Paris.

, -, : a neighbor: to will, wish, purpose

: to have pity on, shew mercy upon

57

: i.e. Danae, the daughter of Acrisius

... : aor. part. pass. in ind. st. after , I saw a girl thrown into: i.e. Perseus

: aor. part., the sailors who took up the box : aor. subj. in gen. temp. cl., after they drag it away from

+ gen.

: aor. inf. of - in ind. com. after , ordered them to cast it away : aor. opt. in purp. cl., so that they would die

: both and

12. Doris and h etis

h e story of Perseus and Danae at the hands of Acrisus is the subject of this dialogue. Central to Lucians version is the innocence of the child and the nobility of his mother, emphasized by the sympathy of the bystanders who witness the events, and their resolution to save the pair. Aeschylus composed a satyr play on the resuce of Perseus and Danae called the Netdrawers, referring to the rescue by i shermen.

: , ; : , ;

: , , : , ,

, ,

: -: -

, - , -

, , , , , ,

. .

, -, -: miserable: to take up, take into ones

hands: to destroy utterly, kill, slay: to tear or drag away from, -: just born: to send forth, discharge, -, : a newborn: to weep, shed tears

: to throw in, put in: whenever (+ subj.), : the sea, , : h etis: to command, : a box, : a maiden, -, : a sailor, , : a father

58

Lucian

: pr. part. causal, because she was very beautiful

: aor. part., having her thrown into

(sc. ): ind. quest. after , to say whether it is true: aor. part., Zeus having become gold: aor. inf. pass. in ind. st. after , they say that Zeus l owed: aor. mid. part., (her) having received the god: pr. part. agreeing with , the god l owing down: aor. inf. in ind. st. after , that she became pregnant: aor. part., having perceived

: aor. inceptive, he became angry

: perf. inf. pass. after , having supposed her to have committed adultery at the hands of someone

: aor. part. pass., having supposed

: perf. part. of , just after she had given birth

: , ; , : , ; ,

..

: :

: , : ,

, ,

, ,

. , -. , -

, ,

. .

: to feel irritation, -, -: cruel, : a sister: to perceive: accurately , : Acrisius, -: unconcealed, true: just, exactly, -, : an old man: to take, accept, receive, -: pregnant: to throw in, put in: on account of (+ gen.): I am able (+ inf.)

, -: jealous, : an inner room or chamber: to l ow down, : a wooden box, chest, cof er, : a bosom: to learn: to commit adultery with: to suppose, : a roof: to bring up as a maid: to l ow, run, stream, gush: to give birth, -, -: of copper or bronze, : gold

59


: but she i.e. Danae

: impf. of -, when he was putting her down

: impf., she was silent

: impf. of -, she kept on begging

: aor. inf. in ind. com., begging not to kill: pr. part., shedding tears

: pr. part., showing it to + dat.

: but that one, i.e. the baby

: impf., was smiling

: pr. part. instrumental, by crying

: ao

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Lucians Dialogues of the Sea Gods - Krause Hayes and Nimis Aug 2014-Libre

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