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Lucid Dreams

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Lucid Dreams. Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong COGS 175 Dr. Pineda March 3, 2008. Presentation Outline. Introduction : What are Lucid Dreams? (Clarisse) Characteristics (Anita) Experimental Evidence and Techniques (Elisa, Clarisse) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lucid Dreams Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong COGS 175 Dr. Pineda March 3, 2008
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Lucid DreamsLucid Dreams

Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong

COGS 175Dr. Pineda

March 3, 2008

Group 10 : Chi-Hang Lau, Anita Leung, Clarisse Miguel, Elisa Tsan, Alistair Wong

COGS 175Dr. Pineda

March 3, 2008

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Introduction : What are Lucid Dreams? (Clarisse)

Characteristics (Anita)

Experimental Evidence and Techniques (Elisa, Clarisse)

Induction of Lucid Dreams (Alistair)

Applications (Alistair, Chi-Hang)

Conclusion/Discussion (Together)

Introduction : What are Lucid Dreams? (Clarisse)

Characteristics (Anita)

Experimental Evidence and Techniques (Elisa, Clarisse)

Induction of Lucid Dreams (Alistair)

Applications (Alistair, Chi-Hang)

Conclusion/Discussion (Together)

What is a Lucid Dream?What is a Lucid Dream?

The “Conscious” DreamKnowing you are dreaming, when you

are dreaming.

An Alternate State of Consciousness?Becoming conscious during sleepBecoming conscious during sleep

The “Conscious” DreamKnowing you are dreaming, when you

are dreaming.

An Alternate State of Consciousness?Becoming conscious during sleepBecoming conscious during sleep

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

Aristotle’s On Dreams

St. Augustine, A.D. 415

Tibetan Buddhists (8th Century) ‘Dream’ Yoga - reaching the ‘light’

The Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys wrote Dreams and the Means to Direct Them (1867)

Frederik Willems van Eeden coined ‘lucid dream’ (1913)

Aristotle’s On Dreams

St. Augustine, A.D. 415

Tibetan Buddhists (8th Century) ‘Dream’ Yoga - reaching the ‘light’

The Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys wrote Dreams and the Means to Direct Them (1867)

Frederik Willems van Eeden coined ‘lucid dream’ (1913)

Characteristics of Lucid Dreams

Characteristics of Lucid Dreams

Full awareness of dream state (consciously and perceptually)

Ability to make free decisions in the dream

Memory functions as if in waking life i.e. Full memory of all lucid dream

experiences in waking state as well as during lucid dream state

Awareness of the meaning of symbols

Full awareness of dream state (consciously and perceptually)

Ability to make free decisions in the dream

Memory functions as if in waking life i.e. Full memory of all lucid dream

experiences in waking state as well as during lucid dream state

Awareness of the meaning of symbols

Important Brain Areas Involved in Lucid

Dreaming

Important Brain Areas Involved in Lucid

Dreaming Dorsal lateral prefrontal

cortex Dietrich

While non-lucid dreaming, PET studies show a large deactivation of areas in DL

Contrary, in lucid dreaming, there is DL activation (Hobson 2001)

Inferior parietal lobe LaBerge

Showed increases in inferior parietal lobe activity in lucid dreaming, an area known to involve consciousness

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex Dietrich

While non-lucid dreaming, PET studies show a large deactivation of areas in DL

Contrary, in lucid dreaming, there is DL activation (Hobson 2001)

Inferior parietal lobe LaBerge

Showed increases in inferior parietal lobe activity in lucid dreaming, an area known to involve consciousness

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep

NREM (non-rapid eye movement)Stage 1: theta wavesStage 2: sleep spindles and k complexesStage 3: delta waves (<50% total wave patterns)Stage 4: delta waves (>50% total wave patterns)

REM (rapid eye movement)Tonic: persistent sleep events (striated and desynchronized

muscle inhibition)

Phasic: intermittent sleep events (rapid eye movements, muscle twitches)

NREM (non-rapid eye movement)Stage 1: theta wavesStage 2: sleep spindles and k complexesStage 3: delta waves (<50% total wave patterns)Stage 4: delta waves (>50% total wave patterns)

REM (rapid eye movement)Tonic: persistent sleep events (striated and desynchronized

muscle inhibition)

Phasic: intermittent sleep events (rapid eye movements, muscle twitches)

Polysomnographic recordings

Polysomnographic recordings

EEG : electrical activity from brain via electrodes on scalp

EOG (electrooculogram) : resting potential of retina

EMG (electromyogram) : muscular activity

FP (finger plethysmograph): blood flow

EEG : electrical activity from brain via electrodes on scalp

EOG (electrooculogram) : resting potential of retina

EMG (electromyogram) : muscular activity

FP (finger plethysmograph): blood flow

Spectral AnalysisSpectral Analysis

delta (1-4 Hz)

theta (5-7 Hz)

alpha (8-12 Hz)

beta-1 (13-19 Hz)

beta-2 (20-29 Hz)

delta (1-4 Hz)

theta (5-7 Hz)

alpha (8-12 Hz)

beta-1 (13-19 Hz)

beta-2 (20-29 Hz)

Physiological Differences (Holzinger et al. 2006)

Physiological Differences (Holzinger et al. 2006)

epochs of lucid dreaming associated with more beta-1 activity than non-lucid dreaming

Beta-1 activity ratiosFrontal : parietalNon-lucid = 1.00 : 1.16Lucid = 1.00 : 1.77

Hemispheric differences highest increase in left parietal lobe (an area associated

with semantic capacity)

epochs of lucid dreaming associated with more beta-1 activity than non-lucid dreaming

Beta-1 activity ratiosFrontal : parietalNon-lucid = 1.00 : 1.16Lucid = 1.00 : 1.77

Hemispheric differences highest increase in left parietal lobe (an area associated

with semantic capacity)

Experimental InducementExperimental Inducement

Experimental TrainingM.I.L.D. Technique (LaBerge, 1981)

“Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams”

Increases occurrence of lucid dreams

Mental and verbal rehearsals upon waking and before sleeping

Incorporate into Long-Term Memory

Experimental TrainingM.I.L.D. Technique (LaBerge, 1981)

“Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams”

Increases occurrence of lucid dreams

Mental and verbal rehearsals upon waking and before sleeping

Incorporate into Long-Term Memory

“I will have a lucid dream tonight”

Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?How do we know ?

Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?

REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

How do we know ?REM Sleep

Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?

REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological Signals

How do we know ?REM Sleep

Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological Signals

Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?

REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)

lucid dream occurring

How do we know ?REM Sleep

Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)

lucid dream occurring

Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?

REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)

lucid dream occurring

Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)

How do we know ?REM Sleep

Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)

lucid dream occurring

Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)

Recognizing a Lucid DreamRecognizing a Lucid DreamHow do we know ?

REM SleepPhasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)

lucid dream occurring

Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)

More accurate experimental methodsMatch physiological signal to dream occurrence

How do we know ?REM Sleep

Phasic activity (LaBerge et al. 1986)

Physiological SignalsEye Movement (LeftRight L R)

lucid dream occurring

Hand Clenching (Left and Right) (Erlacher et al. 2003)

More accurate experimental methodsMatch physiological signal to dream occurrence

Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques

Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques

Dream JournalWrite down your dreams

Dream JournalWrite down your dreams

Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques

Dream JournalWrite down your dreams

Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream

Dream JournalWrite down your dreams

Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream

Induction TechniquesInduction Techniques

Dream JournalWrite down your dreams

Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream

MeditationFocus and intend on lucid dreaming

Dream JournalWrite down your dreams

Reality ChecksConsciously ask if you are in a dream

MeditationFocus and intend on lucid dreaming

Applications of Lucid Dreaming

Applications of Lucid Dreaming

Explore subconscious mind

Overcome mental obstacles

Alleviating fears

Explore subconscious mind

Overcome mental obstacles

Alleviating fears

Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study

Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study

Conducted by Spoormaker and van den Bout in 2006

Hypothesis: Can exercises in Lucid dreaming be used to overcome sufferers of chronic nightmares?

Conducted by Spoormaker and van den Bout in 2006

Hypothesis: Can exercises in Lucid dreaming be used to overcome sufferers of chronic nightmares?

Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Subjects

Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Subjects

23 volunteers Excluded people suffering from

hypnagogic hallucinations and/or night terrors

Excluded subjects currently on medication All reported to suffer from Chronic

Nightmares for over a year Nightmare defined as a frightening dream

to directly caused a return to full consciousness (awakening).

23 volunteers Excluded people suffering from

hypnagogic hallucinations and/or night terrors

Excluded subjects currently on medication All reported to suffer from Chronic

Nightmares for over a year Nightmare defined as a frightening dream

to directly caused a return to full consciousness (awakening).

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Method

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Method

Subjects were given the Sleep-50 to evaluate sleep

Subjects divided into three groups, each given a different degree of LDT.

<Group1>: Each subject given a one on one LDT seminar

<Group2>: Subjects given group LDT seminar

<Group3>: No LDT seminar was given

Subjects were given the Sleep-50 to evaluate sleep

Subjects divided into three groups, each given a different degree of LDT.

<Group1>: Each subject given a one on one LDT seminar

<Group2>: Subjects given group LDT seminar

<Group3>: No LDT seminar was given

Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Method (cont.)

Lucid Dream Treatment Pilot Study: Method (cont.)

Subjects were reevaluated 12 weeks later with the Sleep-50

Subjects were reevaluated 12 weeks later with the Sleep-50

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: LDT seminar

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: LDT seminar

2 hour seminar

Subjects educated about Lucid Dreaming and triggering methods

Given imaging exercises the nightmare, while reaffirming them as a dream.

Instructed Subjects to try to induce nightmares before sleep to occur during sleep.

2 hour seminar

Subjects educated about Lucid Dreaming and triggering methods

Given imaging exercises the nightmare, while reaffirming them as a dream.

Instructed Subjects to try to induce nightmares before sleep to occur during sleep.

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Results

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Results

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Results (cont.)

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Results (cont.)

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion

Study had many limitations:- small sample size- limited time frame- LDT seminar limited- Sleep-50 fail to report more

detailed information on subjects.

- Only 6 subjects successfully reported full Lucid Dreaming

Study had many limitations:- small sample size- limited time frame- LDT seminar limited- Sleep-50 fail to report more

detailed information on subjects.

- Only 6 subjects successfully reported full Lucid Dreaming

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion

(cont.)

Lucid Dreaming Treatment Pilot Study: Discussion

(cont.)

Study Headway- Statistically significant results.- LDT did target nightmare

specifically, not quality of sleep

- As a pilot study, leaves much room for further study.

Study Headway- Statistically significant results.- LDT did target nightmare

specifically, not quality of sleep

- As a pilot study, leaves much room for further study.

Discussion !Discussion !

Questions ?Questions ?

ReferencesReferences

1. Dietrich, Arne. Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Consciousness and Cognition 12, 2003. pp. 231–256.

2. Erlacher, Daniel D., Michael Shredl, Stephen LaBerge. Motor area activation during dreamed hand clenching: A pilot study on EEG alpha band. Sleep and

Hypnosis. Volume 5(4). 2003. pp. 182-187.

3. Fisher, Leslie E., Benjamin Wallace. Consciousness and Behavior. Waveland Press, IL, 2003.

4. Gackenbach, Jayne, Stephen LaBerge. Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain: Perspectives on Lucid Dreaming. Plenum Press, New York, 1988.

5. Holzinger, Brigitte, LaBerge, Stephen, Levitan, Lynne. Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming. Dreaming. Vol 16(2), Jun 2006, pp. 88-95.

6. LaBerge, Stephen S., Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. The Journal of mind and behavior. Vol. 7(2-3), 1986. pp. 251-258.

1. Dietrich, Arne. Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Consciousness and Cognition 12, 2003. pp. 231–256.

2. Erlacher, Daniel D., Michael Shredl, Stephen LaBerge. Motor area activation during dreamed hand clenching: A pilot study on EEG alpha band. Sleep and

Hypnosis. Volume 5(4). 2003. pp. 182-187.

3. Fisher, Leslie E., Benjamin Wallace. Consciousness and Behavior. Waveland Press, IL, 2003.

4. Gackenbach, Jayne, Stephen LaBerge. Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain: Perspectives on Lucid Dreaming. Plenum Press, New York, 1988.

5. Holzinger, Brigitte, LaBerge, Stephen, Levitan, Lynne. Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming. Dreaming. Vol 16(2), Jun 2006, pp. 88-95.

6. LaBerge, Stephen S., Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. The Journal of mind and behavior. Vol. 7(2-3), 1986. pp. 251-258.

References (Cont.)References (Cont.)

7. LaBerge Stephen S. Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep. Vol 52(3), 1981. pp. 727-732.

8. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout, and Eli J. G. Meijer. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Series of Cases. Dreaming, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2003. pp. 181-186.

9. Wantanabe, Tsuneo. Lucid Dreaming: It’s Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions. J. Intl. Soc. LifeInfo. Sci. Vol. 21, No.1, March

2003. pp. 159-165.

10. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study. Psychother Psychosom 75, 2006. pp. 389–394.

11. The Lucidity Institute. http://www.lucidty.com. (accessed February 2008).

12. Dr. Susan Blackmore. “Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?” http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/si91ld.html (accessed February 2008).

7. LaBerge Stephen S. Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep. Vol 52(3), 1981. pp. 727-732.

8. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout, and Eli J. G. Meijer. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Series of Cases. Dreaming, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2003. pp. 181-186.

9. Wantanabe, Tsuneo. Lucid Dreaming: It’s Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions. J. Intl. Soc. LifeInfo. Sci. Vol. 21, No.1, March

2003. pp. 159-165.

10. Spoormaker, Victor I., Jan van den Bout. Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study. Psychother Psychosom 75, 2006. pp. 389–394.

11. The Lucidity Institute. http://www.lucidty.com. (accessed February 2008).

12. Dr. Susan Blackmore. “Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?” http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/si91ld.html (accessed February 2008).


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