Lucy P. Eldridge Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia

Are Those Who Bring Work Home

Really Working Longer Hours?

Implications for BLS Productivity Measures Lucy P. EldridgeSabrina Wulff Pabilonia

Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the BLS

Labor Productivity Growth

Output Growth - Hours Worked Growth

Quarterly labor productivity for major sectors (principal federal economic indicator)

Industry labor productivity

International comparisons of labor productivity in manufacturing for 15 countries

Questions

Who is bringing work home from the workplace and why?

Do workers who bring work home work longer hours than those who only work in the workplace?

Does the BLS’ nonfarm business sector labor productivity measure capture work brought home from the workplace?

Sources of Work at Home Data

American Time Use Survey (ATUS)

May CPS Supplement on Work Schedules and Work at Home (CPS Supplement)

American Time Use Survey (ATUS)

2003 - 2006 time-use daily diaries

Hours worked constructed using minutes for main job, by location

Restrict sample to nonfarm business sector employees who work on their diary day

ATUS: Bring Work Home Variable

Weekday diary day» Report any minutes of work for their main job

at the workplace and at home on the same day

Weekend/holiday diary day» Report any minutes of work at home

May CPS Supplement: Work Schedules and Work at Home

(CPS Supplement)

1997, 2001 and 2004

All respondents from the May CPS are asked supplement questions

Questions about work schedules and work at home

CPS Supplement: Bring Work Home Variable

“As part of this job do you do any of your work at home?”

“Do you have a formal arrangement with your employer to be paid for the work that you do at home or were you just taking work home from the job?

Percent of Nonfarm Business Employees, by Work Location

ATUS 2004

84%

3%

9%

5%

Workplace OnlyBring Work HomeHome Only (weekdays)Other

CPS Supplement 2004

8%4%

88%

No Work at Home

Bring Work Home

Work at Home (formal arrangement)

Who is bringing work home?

Estimate a multinomial logit model

Compare those who bring work home with

» those who work exclusively at the workplace (ATUS)

» those who do no work at home (CPS Supplement)

Who is bringing work home?Demographic characteristics

Black employees are less likely than white employees

Hispanic employees are less likely than non-Hispanic employees

Highly-educated employees are more likely than less-educated employees

Female employees are less likely than male employees (except 2001 CPS Supplement)

Older employees are more likely than younger employees (CPS Supplement)

Who is bringing work home? Parental Status

Parents of young children are more likely than those without children

Mothers of infants are less likely than fathers of infants (CPS Supplement)

Reasons for Working at Home Proportion of Nonfarm Business Employees Who Bring Work Home,

(CPS Supplement) 2001 2004

Finish or catch up on work 0.59 0.56

Nature of the job 0.24 0.29

Business is conducted from home 0.04 0.04

Coordinate work schedule with personal or family needs

0.05 0.05

Reduce commuting time or expense 0.01 0.01

Some other reason 0.06 0.06

Number of observations 2,895 3,143

Do those who bring work home work longer hours? (ATUS diary hours)

Weekday Weekend/holiday

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Daily hours 8.2 9.1 7.1 2.1

2003 Daily workplace hours 8.2 7.4 7.1 0.6

Daily hours at home - 1.6 - 1.4

Daily hours 8.2 8.6 7.5 2.7



Daily hours 8.1 9.2 6.9 2.2



Daily hours 8.2 9.4 7.0 2.5





Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Daily hours 8.2 9.1 7.1 2.1



Daily hours 8.2 8.6 7.5 2.7



Daily hours 8.1 9.2 6.9 2.2



Daily hours 8.2 9.4 7.0 2.5





Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Daily hours 8.2 9.1 7.1 2.1



Daily hours 8.2 8.6 7.5 2.7



Daily hours 8.1 9.2 6.9 2.2



Daily hours 8.2 9.4 7.0 2.5





Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Daily hours 8.2 9.1 7.1 2.1



Daily hours 8.2 8.6 7.5 2.7



Daily hours 8.1 9.2 6.9 2.2



Daily hours 8.2 9.4 7.0 2.5



Do those who bring work home work longer hours? (ATUS) Average weekly hours (AWH)

Weekday Weekend All

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

Workplace Only

Bring Work Home

2003 38.1 41.6 36.5 42.0 37.9 41.7

2004 38.0 41.4 37.2 43.0 37.9 41.9

2005 38.4 43.5 36.4 43.8 38.2 43.6

2006 38.4 42.5 35.4 43.5 38.1 42.8

Do those who bring work home work longer hours?

(CPS Supplement)

Average weekly hours (AWH)

No Work at Home

Bring Work Home

Bring Work Home at Least Once a Week

1997 36.9 44.6 -

2001 36.8 44.5 45.1

2004 36.5 43.8 44.3

BLS Hours Worked for all Persons in the Nonfarm Business Sector

Primary of source of hours data is the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey

Supplement with other information where CES data are lacking, most importantly

» Estimate nonproduction/supervisory worker hours using a ratio from the Current Population Survey (CPS) by major industry groups

» Convert CES hours-paid to an hours-at-work basis using National Compensation Survey (NCS)

» Add hours for self-employed, government enterprise, and unpaid family workers from CPS

Share of Nonfarm Business Sector Hours and Employment, by Type of Worker: 2004

12%

17%

71%

Hours Worked Employment

Production/Nonsupervisory Employees Nonproduction/Supervisory Employees Nonemployees

12%

69%

19%

Does the BLS’ nonfarm business labor productivity measure capture work brought home?

Estimate percent of unmeasured hours for production/nonsupervisory employees and nonproduction/supervisory employees separately

Assume that hours worked at workplace are measured

Assume hourly workers are less likely to do unpaid work at home than salaried workers

Assume that CPS respondents include hours worked at home in their reported AWH

Hours worked for Production/ Nonsupervisory Employees

Measured hours

Unmeasured hours

52**hom

** NAWHwP

e

P

bwhP

bwh

P

52*P*workplace

PbwhP

bwhP

bwh~P

bwh~P NAWHwAWHw

Percent of Unmeasured Hours Worked for Production/Nonsupervisory Employees

workplace

PbwhP

bwhP

bwh~P

bwh~P

home

PP

AWHwAWHw

Percent of Unmeasured Hours for Production/Nonsupervisory Employees in Nonfarm Business Sector

ATUS

Share who bring work

home

Percent of unmeasured

hours

2003 4.1% 0.84%

2004 3.9% 0.76%

2005 4.4% 0.77%

2006 3.7% 0.58%


ATUS


home


hours

2003 4.1% 0.84%

2004 3.9% 0.76%

2005 4.4% 0.77%

2006 3.7% 0.58%

CPS Supplement

1997 5.0% 1.09%

2001 5.7% 0.89%

2004 5.3% 0.91%


ATUS


home


hours

2003 4.1% 0.84%

2004 3.9% 0.76%

2005 4.4% 0.77%

2006 3.7% 0.58%

CPS Supplement

1997 5.0% 1.09%

2001 5.7% 0.89%

2004 5.3% 0.91%

CPS Supplement(Once a week)

2001 4.0% 0.75%

2004 3.9% 0.78%

Hours worked for Nonproduction/ Supervisory Employees

Measured hours

Percent of unmeasured hours assuming hours at home are reported accurately in CPS AWH

52*NP*CPSP

CPSNP*M

P NAWHAWHAWH

workplace

PbwhP

bwhP

bwh~P

bwh~P

home

PP

AWHwAWHw

Percent of Unmeasured Hours for Employees in Nonfarm Business Sector

ATUS


home


hours

2003 4.1% 0.84%

2004 3.9% 0.76%

2005 4.4% 0.77%

2006 3.7% 0.58%

CPS Supplement

1997 5.0% 1.09%

2001 5.7% 0.89%

2004 5.3% 0.91%

CPS Supplement(Once a week)

2001 4.0% 0.75%

2004 3.9% 0.78%

Does the BLS’ nonfarm business labor productivity measure capture work brought home?

What if those who bring work home are not able to accurately recall work at home in average weekly hours reported to the CPS?

Hours worked for Nonproduction/ Supervisory Employees (Reporting bias)

Measured hours

Percent of unmeasured hours assuming reporting bias

52*NP*CPSP

CPSNP*M

P NAWHAWHAWH

11

11

home

home

AWHAWHw

AWHAWHw

CPSP

bwhPP

bwhP

CPSNP

bwhNPNP

bwhNP

rPNP

Percent of Unmeasured Employee Hours in the Nonfarm Business Sector (Reporting Bias) (ATUS)


home

Percent of hours at

home

AWH of those who bring work

home

AWH of those who

do not bring work home


hours

Production/nonsupervisory employees

2003 4.1% 19% 39.8 37.2 0.83%

2004 3.9% 16% 42.7 36.7 0.75%

2005 4.4% 15% 42.9 37.2 0.76%

2006 3.7% 14% 42.4 37.5 0.58%

Nonproduction/supervisory employees

2003 13.5% 14% 47.2 41.9 2.10%

2004 10.4% 16% 47.1 42.0 1.88%

2005 12.4% 11% 47.2 42.2 1.57%

2006 16.2% 15% 47.3 40.9 2.73%

Percent of Unmeasured Employee Hours in the Nonfarm Business Sector (Reporting Bias) (ATUS)

All Employees

Production/ Nonsupervisory

Employees

Nonproduction/ Supervisory Employees

Percent of total

unmeasured hours

Share of total hours

worked


hours

Share of total hours

worked


hours

2003 0.78 0.83% 0.22 2.10% 1.12%

2004 0.78 0.75% 0.22 1.88% 1.00%

2005 0.79 0.76% 0.21 1.57% 0.93%

2006 0.79 0.58% 0.21 2.73% 1.03%

Does BLS’ nonfarm business productivity capture unpaid work at home?

An adjusted hours series (levels) for all persons that captures work from home, will be approximately 0.6%– 1.1% higher than official series

An adjusted hours series (levels) for all persons that captures work from home, will be approximately 0.8%– 1.1% higher than official series (reporting bias)

Annual Average Growth in Hours of all Persons in the Nonfarm Business Sector

OPT series

No Reporting Bias

Adjusted Series Difference

ATUS

2003-2004

1.34% 1.27% -0.07%

2004-2005

1.66% 1.67% 0.01%

2005-2006

2.17% 2.00% -0.17%

2003-2006

1.72% 1.65% -0.08%


OPT series

No Reporting BiasHours at home not

reported to CPS



ATUS

2003-2004

1.34% 1.27% -0.07% 1.24% -0.10%

2004-2005

1.66% 1.67% 0.01% 1.60% -0.06%

2005-2006

2.17% 2.00% -0.17% 2.25% 0.08%

2003-2006

1.72% 1.65% -0.08% 1.70% -0.03%


OPT Series Adjusted Series Difference

CPS SUPPLEMENT

1997-20010.80% 0.76% -0.04%

2001-2004-0.62% -0.61% 0.01%

1997-20040.19% 0.17% -0.02%

CPS Supplement (at least once a

week)2001-2004 -0.62% -0.61% 0.01%

Conclusions

8-9% of nonfarm business employees brought some of their work home ( 1997 – 2006)

Employees tend to bring work home in order to finish or catch up on work not completed in the workplace

Evidence suggest employees bring work home at least in part to better balance work and family

Highly-educated workers are more likely to bring work home than less-educated work

Conclusions

Those who bring work home work longer hours than those who work exclusively in a workplace

There may be a 0.6-1.1% downward bias in measured hours levels

Unmeasured hours worked at home have little affect on productivity trends

ATUS/CPS Supplement Match 2004

745 nonfarm business employees

93 brought work home (CPS Supplement)

45 brought work home on weekday(ATUS)» Only 21 ever work at home in CPS Supplement

45 brought work home on weekend(ATUS)» 69% did not have a formal arrangement to be

paid for work at home in the CPS Supplement

Hours worked for Production/ Nonsupervisory Employees (Reporting bias)

Measured hours

Percent of unmeasured hours

52*P*bwhP

bwhP

bwh~P

bwh~P NAWHwAWHw

1

AWHwAWHw

bwhP

bwhP

bwh~P

bwh~P

home

PrP

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Lucy P. Eldridge Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia

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