Luminaires and Lighting

7/24/2019 Luminaires and Lighting

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LUMINAIRES

The artifcial light source is only halthe story; due to the proble o glare

it is not custoary to use na!ed bulbor interior lighting" Lights are placedin enclosures to redirect and di#usethe light that is eitted" Theseenclosures are called luinaries"

There is ore $ariety in luinariesthan there is in light bulbs" %ordesigners o interior lighting it is othe prie iportance todesign&choose a luinaire or light

f'ture"


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()L)UR REN*ERIN+ IN*E,

(olour rendering relates to the -ayob.ects appear under a gi$en light

source" The easure is called the/colour rendering inde'/0 or (RI" Alo- (RI indicates than ob.ects ayappear unnatural under the source0

-hile a light -ith a high (RI rating-ill allo- an ob.ect1s colours toappear ore natural"


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()L)URIN+ REN*ERIN+IN*E,

(L)L)URREN*ERIN++R)U2

T32I(AL A22LI(ATI)N

1A Wherever accurate color rendering is required e.g.

color printing inspection

1B Wherever accurate color judgments are necessary orgood color rendering is required for reasons ofappearance e.g. display lighting

2 Wherever moderate color rendering is required

3 Wherever color rendering is of little significance butmarked distortion of color is unacceptable

4 Wherever color rendering is of no importance at alland marked distortion of colour is acceptable


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Incandescent light bulb

4ulb contains $acuu orgas flling

E5cacy6 78 luen & 9att

(olor rendering inde'6 7A

(olor teperature6 8:

Lap lie ?8 hrs


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Incandescent light bulb

The incandescent light bulb0 incandescent lap or incandescentlight globe is a source o electric light " An electric current passesthrough a thin flaent0 heating it until it produces light"Incandescent bulbs are also soeties called electric laps0 ater also applied to the original arc laps"

Incandescent bulbs are ade in a -ide range o si@es and$oltages0 ro 7":$olts to about $olts"

Incandescent lap is -idely used in household and coerciallighting0 or portable lighting0 such as table laps0 soe carheadlaps and electric Bash lights0 and or decorati$e andad$ertising lighting"


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Ad$antages o Incandescent lightbulbs6

One nice thing about this lightbulb is that they provide light

indoors and when it is darkoutside without having to light acandle or an oil lamp.

They are relatively safe, clean

and easy to operate.

*isad$antages o Incandescentlight bulbs6


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%luorescent laps

A Buorescent lap orBuorescent tube is a gasC

discharge lap that useselectricity to e'cite ercury$apour" The e'cited ercuryatos produce shortC-a$e ultraC$iolet light that then causes aphosphor to Buoresce0 producing$isible light"


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Ad$antages o %luorescentLaps

%luorescent lighting is DD percent cheaperthan regular lighting -hile pro$iding the saebrightness"

%luorescent lighting lasts longer" )n a$erage0a Buorescent tube has a liespan si' tieslonger than a regular incandescent bulb"

%luorescent lighting does not gi$e o# heat0-hich a!es the great or area lightningand or areas -here additional heat can causeeuipent to alunction or bother the users"
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-incandescent-bulb.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-incandescent-bulb.htm


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*isad$antages o %luorescentLaps

The initial cost o Buorescent lighting can be up to threeties higher than other types o bulbs"

Soe Buorescent lighting ay reuire proessionalinstallation"

%luorescent lighting can Bic!er noticeably and produce anune$en light that ay bother soe users" )nce theBic!ing becoes ob$ious to the eye0 there is no choice but

to replace the lap"

%luorescent lighting is less attracti$e" Unless you in$est inspecial decorati$e -ays to hide the laps0 they are oten$isible and can ta!e a lot ro the $isual aspect o theroo" %luorescent lighting only coes in bright -hite0

-hich eans they cannot be used or ood lighting"


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NE)N LAM2

neon lamp is agas dischargelamp containing

primarily neongas at lowpressure.


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S)*IUMCFA2)R LAM2

sodium vapor lamp is a gas dischargelamp which uses sodium in an e!cited stateto produce light.

There are two varieties of such lamps" low pressure sodium lamp. high pressure sodium lamp.


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L)9 2RESSURE S)*IUMLAM2GL2SH

(oonly included in the I*aily

ighest e5cacy6 7 C 8

luen&9att 2oorest uality light6 colors

appear blac!0 -hite or greyshades

Liited to outdoor applications

E5cacy6 (olor rendering inde'6

(olor teperature6 yello-

Lap lie ? 7D0 hours


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They are widely used for outdoor lighting

such as street lights and security lightingwhere colour rendition is viewed by manyto be less important. #$% lamps areavailable with power ratings from &'( up

to &)'(.

#$% lamps are more closely related to*uorescent than high intensity dischargelamps, since they have a low+pressure,low+intensity discharge source and alinear lampshape"


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I+ 2RESSURE S)*IUMLAM2G2SH

Used in outdoor and industrialapplications

(onsist o6 ballast0 highC

$oltage electronic starter0ceraic arc tube0 'enon gasflling0 sodiu0 ercury

No starting electrodes

igh e5cacy6 D < Jluen&9att

(olor rendering inde'6 7 C 8

(olor teperature6 -ar

Lap lie ? 8K0 hrs


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MER(UR3 FA2)UR LAM2


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MER(UR3 FA2)UR LAM2

A mercuryvapor lamp is a gasdischarge lamp which uses mercury inan e!cited state to produce light.

-ercury vapour lamps and theirrelatives/ are often used because theyare relatively ecient. $hosphor coatedbulbs oer better colour rendition thaneither high or lowpressure sodium

vapour lamps. -ercury vapour lampsalso oer a very long lifetime, as wellas intense lighting for severalapplications .


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MER(UR3 FA2)UR LAM2

)ldest I* lap Long lie and lo- initial costs

Fery poor e5cacy6 < D:luens&9att

(olor rendering inde'6 (olor teperature6

interediate

Lap lie6 7D < 8Khours


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AL)+EN LAM2

A halogen lap is anincandescent lap in -hich atungsten flaent is sealedinto a copact transparenten$elope flled -ith an inert

gas and a sall aount ohalogen such as iodine orbroine"

Tungsten flaent and ahalogen gas flled bulb

E5cacy6 7J luens&9att

(olor rendering inde'6 7A (olor teperature6 -ar

Lap lie ? K hrs


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METAL ALI*E LAM2

9or!s siilar to tungsten halogenlaps

Largest choice o color0 si@e and

rating 4etter e5cacy than other I*laps6 J luen&9att

Reuire high $oltage ignition pulsebut soe ha$e third electrode or

starting (olor rendering inde'6 7A < 8

(olor teperature6 < D >

Lap lie6

D < 80 hours


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USES

-etal halide lamps are used both for generalindustrial purposes.

They are used for indoor growing applications,because they can provide the spectrum andtemperature of light which encourage general plant

growth. They are most often used in athletic facilities. -etal 0alide lights are 1uite popular with reef

a1uarists, who need a high intensity light source fortheir corals.

nother widespread use for such lamps is in higher

end professional lighting 2!tures, especiallyintelligent lighting.


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LE* LAM2S

Ne-est type o energy e5cient lap

T-o types6

redCblueCgreen array phosphorCcoated blue lap

Eit $isible light in a $ery narro- spectruand can produce -hite light

Used in e'it signs0 tra5c signals0 and thetechnology is rapidly progressing

Signifcant energy sa$ings6 J8 < O

Longest lap lie6 K0 < 70 hours


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()M2ARIN+ LAM2S

Type of LampColor Rendering

IndexTypical

ApplicationLife (Hours)

Incandescent Excellent Homes, restaurants,general lighting,emergency lighting

!!!

"luorescent #amps $ood %.r.t. coating &ffices, shops,

hospitals, homes

'!!!

(ompact fluorescentlamps )("#*

+ery good Hotels, shops, homes,offices

!!!-!!!!

High pressure mercury)H/+*

"air $eneral lighting infactories, garages, carparking, flood lighting

'!!!

Halogen lamps Excellent 0isplay, flood lighting,

stadium exhibitiongrounds, constructionareas

1!!!-2!!!

High pressure sodium)H3+* 3&4

"air $eneral lighting infactories, %are houses,street lighting

5!!!-1!!!

#o% pressure sodium)#3+* 3&6

oor 7oad%ays, tunnels,canals, street lighting

5!!!-1!!!


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*ESI+N (RITERIA %)RAU*IT)RIUM LI+TIN+

The uditorium space types are areas forlarge meetings, presentations, andperformances. uditorium space typefacilities may include assembly halls,

e!hibit halls, auditoriums, and theatres.uditorium spaces are designed toaccommodate large audiences. s such,they tend to have wide spans and aremultiplestories high in order to

accommodate seating, sightline, andacoustical re1uirements. 3aised stage4dais*oors and special lighting e1uipment areoften re1uired as well.


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*ESI+N (RITERIA

%pecify architectural 2nishes that are dark and have a matte 2nishto minimi5e re*ections.

6onsider the impact of spill light and glare from lighting e1uipmentand re*ective surfaces on the audience.

6onsider the audible hum some lights emit when designing lightingpositions and acoustical treatments.

$rovide enough luminaries to allow the production designerma!imum *e!ibility.

7se double doors, dark vestibules, or tunnel entrances to preventlight spills into the theatre house caused by late arrivals.

7se lighting treatments in the lobby that in*uence trac *ow. 7se illumination from large, lowluminance sources, wall lighting,

and accent lights on artwork and plants to create a calmenvironment in the theatre lobby, foyer, or entrance.

Install a system for communication among the control board

operators, workmen, stage manager, and lighting designer. 8nsure that the lighting design enhances the architectural designthrust stage, arena, open stage areas, etc./ and can be easilymaintained.

6onsider the lighting needs and desired lighting control of dierentusers in the auditorium backstage work, maintenance and cleaning,orchestra musicians, lectures onstage, etc./.


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S2E(IAL ATTRI4UTES

%loped roofs 9i!ed seats %pecial lighting

Occupancy %pecial acoustic design Increased cooling capacity 3aised *oor 9ire : life safety


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)%%I(E LI+TIN+

Designing light for oce is often the most dicultchallenge for many commercial lighting providers. ;ymaking sure that the lighting is both comfortable andecient, you can increase the productivity of this humanenvironment.

The I8% recommends illuminance levels in arrange thatdepends on the task. The oce environment containsmany dierent visual activities.

Too much light washes out the visibility of the screen andmakes nearby papers too bright and uncomfortable.

On the other hand, graphic design and other visuallychallenging tasks re1uire &''


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RETAIL S)22IN+

LI+TIN+%elect a right lighting can make asigni2cant contribution to retail sales.

$oor lighting can have a devastating eecton sales. 8ective lighting can establish astore>s image, lead customers inside, focustheir attention on products, and make

these products highly visible and attractive.


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(LASSR))MS P LE(TUREALLS

6lassroom lighting re1uires designers tofocus on the task at hand to provideenergy eective lighting systems thatcreate a productive, comfortable andadaptable learning environment. That>sbecause classrooms re1uire high 1ualityambient light as well as focused tasklighting. $rovide for lighting controls which

can dim the seating area lights andenhance lighting at the stage4chalkboard.


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IN*USTRIAL LI+TIN+

pleasant working environment stimulatespersonnel to increase their performance, interms of both 1uality and output. ?ood lightingmakes work safer and less 2ring, resulting in

fewer accidents, lower fault and higherproductivity. It also plays an emotional role indetermining how people e!perience andappreciate in which they work. ?ood lighting

plays for itself.

$rovide light coloured re*ective surfaces toevenly distribute the light and avoid the highcontrasts. $rovide task lighting wherever

possible such as storage shelves andwarehouses. 6olour can play an important rolein ob@ect identi2cation and good colourrendering light sources will aid visibility.


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MUSEUM P ART +ALLER3LI+TIN+

-useum and art gallery lighting designdiers from any other type of lightingdesign because museum ob@ects are uni1ueand many are e!tremely sensitive to harmfrom light. The key to damage prevention isenvironmental control" elimination ofatmospheric pollution, stabili5ation oftemperature and humidity, andminimi5ation of e!posure to radiant energy.This recommended practice providesspeci2c standards for satisfying the specialre1uirements of museums and art galleries.


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AREA LI+TIN+

rea lighting or *ood lighting involves illuminatinglarge working spaces such as airport aprons,seaports, marshalling yards, car parks, buildingsites and storage compounds. ?eneral visibility,ob@ects and obstacles, movement and orientation,

etc, are the key criteria for area lighting.

#arge working spaces such as airport aprons,seaports, marshalling yards, car parks, buildingssites and storage compounds are often illuminatedby using lighting systems for which the term A*oodlightingB is usually applicable.


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S2)RT LI+TIN+

6oncerns not only large stadiums but also thethousands of local facilities in our communities. It ismore than @ust *ood lighting. It is about how we uselight to create appropriate environments, both fortelevised and recreational activity. There are

innumerable varieties of sports, vi5. summer andwinter, indoor and outdoor, day and night, etc.

The level and type of sports de2nes the role oflighting, recreational or professional levels eachdemanding speci2c lighting criteria. #ighting criteriathat ensures good lighting in sports facilities arehori5ontal : vertical luminance, lighting uniformity,glare restriction, modelling : shadows. 6olourappearance and colour rendering.


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R)A* P AREA LI+TIN+

3oad and area lighting are essentialcomponents of public function of roadlighting is to lighting. The provide

safety and guidance to trac and toprovide secure and comfortablesurroundings for pedestrians andresidents. The main functions of roadand area lighting are" %afety of trac

Improved trac guidance %ecurity of persons 0elp for orientation

3oad lighting plays a vital role inreducing accidents and crimes.


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SU22LEMENTAR3 ARTI%I(IALLI+TIN+

In ade1uate climates it is practically impossible toprovide ade1uate day light in sidelit spaces, to adepth more than three times the window head heightabove working plane. This would re1uire some

permanent %upplementary arti2cial lighting system ofinteriors known as $%#I. This system supplementsthe natural light and not replaces it. (hereas in someof the buildings which ignore the day light permanentarti2cial lighting known as $# is used. The purpose

of buildings is not only to provide day light but also toprovide some link outside world. ;est lighting is thatwhich makes the even distribution of light levels in aspace when it is not feasible then it has to besupplemented by arti2cial lighting.


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LI+TIN+ ()NR)LS

#ighting controls have traditionally been used to createmoods. 8lectric lighting controls are appropriate for awide variety of spaces, from restrooms to large openoces, from conference rooms to classrooms. They can

be incorporated with day lighting to provide *e!ibility,energy savings and ecological bene2ts. lthoughlighting controls are still most commonly used incommercial buildings, they are also increasingly beingused in residential applications.

8lectric lighting controls are used in lighting designpro@ects to achieve a high 1uality energy ecientlighting system. (hen electric lighting controls areused properly, energy will be saved and the life oflamps and ballasts can be e!tended.


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T32ES )% LI+TIN+()NTR)LS

The most common form of electric lighting control is theon4o AtoggleB switch. Other forms of lighting controlinclude occupancy sensors, day light sensors, clockswitches, a variety of manual and automatic dimmingdevices and centrali5ed controls. %ome controls operate onlinevoltage power, while others are lowvoltage D6/powered. Cote that *uorescent 2!tures are intended to bedimmed re1uire special compatible dimming ballasts. lso,controls can be linked together which can perform multiplecontrol tasks.

Occupancy sensors including passive infrared, ultrasonic and dualtechnology sensors/ serve three basic functions" To automatically turn lights on when a room becomes occupied. To keep the lights on without interruption while the controlled space is

occupied To turn the lights o within a preset time period after the space has

been vacated.

4ARRIERS T) 2R)FI*E


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4ARRIERS T) 2R)FI*EENER+3 E%%I(IENT

LI+TIN+

&. 0igh capital cost.


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ENER+3 E%%I(IENT LI+TIN+

8nergy management and costreductions are key tools in

strategic planning. #ighting in atypical building constitutesabout


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MEASURES %)R ENER+3E%%I(IENT AN* E()N)MI( USE)% LI+TIN+

&. %egregation of general and tasklighting.

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Luminaires and Lighting

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