Luther Leads the Luther Leads the ReformationReformation

Chapter 1 Section 3Chapter 1 Section 3

Main IdeasMain Ideas

Martin Luther’s Martin Luther’s protest over abusesprotest over abuses in the Catholic Church in the Catholic Church led to the founding of led to the founding of Protestant churches.Protestant churches.

Nearly Nearly one-fifthone-fifth of the of the Christians in today’s Christians in today’s world are Protestants.world are Protestants.

IntroductionIntroduction RomanRoman CatholicCatholic Church Church

dominated religious life in dominated religious life in Northern & Western Europe by Northern & Western Europe by the tenth century.the tenth century. However, Church did not have However, Church did not have

universal universal approvalapproval.. Many felt leaders were too Many felt leaders were too

busy trying to get busy trying to get richrich or or powerfulpowerful..

People continued to People continued to criticizecriticize the Church, which ultimately the Church, which ultimately led to a led to a rebellionrebellion..

Causes of the Causes of the ReformationReformation

Renaissance emphasized Renaissance emphasized the the secularsecular & & individualindividual worlds.worlds. Renaissance ideas Renaissance ideas

challenged Church challenged Church authorityauthority..

The The printing press printing press spread spread secular ideas.secular ideas.

Northern merchants Northern merchants resented paying resented paying taxestaxes to to Rome.Rome.

Criticisms of the Catholic Criticisms of the Catholic ChurchChurch

CorruptCorrupt leaders leaders ExtravagantExtravagant spending spending Popes too busy with Popes too busy with

worldlyworldly affairs, not affairs, not spiritualspiritual duties. duties.

Priests and monks were Priests and monks were poorly poorly educatededucated..

Some Some priestspriests married, married, drank and gambled.drank and gambled.

EX: Pope EX: Pope Alexander Alexander VI VI fathered several fathered several children.children.

Early Calls for ReformEarly Calls for Reform People expected higher People expected higher

standardsstandards of of conductconduct from from priests and church leaders.priests and church leaders.

Erasmus & More also Erasmus & More also criticizedcriticized the Church. the Church.

Many Europeans were Many Europeans were reading reading religiousreligious works works and forming their and forming their opinionsopinions about the Church.about the Church.

By 1500, atmosphere had By 1500, atmosphere had perfect conditions for perfect conditions for reformreform..

Luther Challenges the Luther Challenges the ChurchChurch

Monk & Monk & teacherteacher Taught Taught scripturescripture at at

the University of the University of Wittenberg, in the Wittenberg, in the German state of German state of Saxony.Saxony.

Wanted to be a good Wanted to be a good teacher, not lead a teacher, not lead a religious religious revolutionrevolution..

95 Theses95 Theses IndulgenceIndulgence – pardon releasing a – pardon releasing a

person from punishments due for a sin.person from punishments due for a sin. Luther wrote his Luther wrote his 95 Theses95 Theses attacking attacking

“pardon-merchants”, like Johann Tetzel.“pardon-merchants”, like Johann Tetzel. Tetzel persuaded people to believe Tetzel persuaded people to believe

they could they could buybuy their way to heaven. their way to heaven. October 31, 1517 – Luther posted the October 31, 1517 – Luther posted the

theses on the door of the castle church theses on the door of the castle church and welcomed and welcomed debatedebate..

Someone copied the theses and spread Someone copied the theses and spread Luther’s word all over Luther’s word all over GermanyGermany.. Led to the Led to the ReformationReformation (movement (movement

for religious reform).for religious reform). Led to the founding of Led to the founding of ChristianChristian

churches that did not accept pope’s churches that did not accept pope’s authority.authority.

Luther’s TeachingLuther’s Teaching Luther soon wanted a full Luther soon wanted a full

reform of the reform of the ChurchChurch.. Three main ideas:Three main ideas:

Salvation could be achieved Salvation could be achieved only by belief in God’s only by belief in God’s forgivenessforgiveness..

All Church teachings should be All Church teachings should be based on the words of the based on the words of the BibleBible..

All people with faith were All people with faith were equalequal..

Response to LutherResponse to Luther Luther’s actions were seen as a way Luther’s actions were seen as a way

to to challengechallenge Church control. Church control. Luther suggested that the pope be Luther suggested that the pope be

removedremoved.. Pope Leo X Pope Leo X excommunicatedexcommunicated

Luther when he did not back down.Luther when he did not back down. Emperor Charles V Emperor Charles V summonedsummoned

Luther to stand trial because he Luther to stand trial because he opposed his teachings.opposed his teachings. Luther Luther refusedrefused to take back his to take back his

statements.statements. Charles declared Luther an Charles declared Luther an outlawoutlaw

& a & a hereticheretic.. Ordered people to refuse shelter Ordered people to refuse shelter

& food to Luther, & food to Luther, burnedburned his his books.books.

Response to Luther Response to Luther (cont.)(cont.)

Prince Frederick the Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony Wise of Saxony sheltered sheltered LutherLuther for a for a year.year.

When Luther returned When Luther returned to Wittenberg, found to Wittenberg, found that people still that people still practiced his ideas, practiced his ideas, and formed a new and formed a new religious group – religious group – LutheransLutherans..

Peasant’s RevoltPeasant’s Revolt Some people took Luther’s Some people took Luther’s

revolutionaryrevolutionary ideas about ideas about Church and applied them to Church and applied them to society.society.

Peasants wanted their own Peasants wanted their own freedomfreedom and many and many revoltedrevolted..

Luther Luther opposedopposed the revolt. the revolt. He wrote a pamphlet to German He wrote a pamphlet to German

princes urging them to be hard princes urging them to be hard on the on the peasantspeasants..

The princes’ armies ended the The princes’ armies ended the revolt, but killed revolt, but killed 100,000100,000 people in doing so.people in doing so.

Many peasants now Many peasants now rejectedrejected Luther & his ideas.Luther & his ideas.

Germany at WarGermany at War Many German Many German princesprinces supported Luther’s teachings. supported Luther’s teachings.

Some genuinely liked his ideas.Some genuinely liked his ideas. Others just wanted Others just wanted independenceindependence from Charles V and to from Charles V and to

take Church property.take Church property. Princes Princes loyalloyal to the pope agreed to fight against Luther’s to the pope agreed to fight against Luther’s

ideas.ideas. Princes loyal to Luther signed a Princes loyal to Luther signed a protestprotest against agreement. against agreement.

Became known as Became known as ProtestantsProtestants..

England Becomes England Becomes ProtestantProtestant Henry VIII wants an Henry VIII wants an heirheir to the to the

throne.throne. Problems?Problems?

Wife, Wife, CatherineCatherine (Charles V’s aunt), (Charles V’s aunt), was getting too old to have was getting too old to have children.children.

Catholic Church did Catholic Church did not allow not allow divorcesdivorces..

Wanted an Wanted an annulmentannulment but the pope but the pope refused because he did not want to refused because he did not want to upset the Holy Roman Emperor upset the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.Charles V.

Solution?Solution? Had Had ParliamentParliament pass laws that ended pass laws that ended

Pope’s power in England.Pope’s power in England. Secretly married Anne Boleyn, and Secretly married Anne Boleyn, and

Parliament Parliament legalizedlegalized Henry’s divorce. Henry’s divorce.

Act of SupremacyAct of Supremacy

CompletedCompleted Henry’s Henry’s break from the pope.break from the pope.

People had to take an People had to take an oathoath recognizing the recognizing the divorce and accepting divorce and accepting Henry as Henry as headhead of of England’s Church, not England’s Church, not the pope.the pope. Thomas More refused.Thomas More refused.

Arrested, imprisoned in Arrested, imprisoned in Tower of London, found Tower of London, found guilty of guilty of treasontreason and and executedexecuted..

Consequences of Consequences of Henry’s ChangesHenry’s Changes

Anne Boleyn gave birth to a Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughterdaughter.. Fell out of Henry’s favor.Fell out of Henry’s favor.

Same Same fatefate as Thomas More as Thomas More Married Jane Seymour – gave Married Jane Seymour – gave

birth to a son, birth to a son, EdwardEdward.. Died two weeks later.Died two weeks later.

Married Married threethree more times. more times. No more children.No more children.

Henry had a total of Henry had a total of threethree children, two girls and a boy.children, two girls and a boy.

No girl had ever No girl had ever headedheaded England at this point.England at this point.

Consequences of Consequences of Henry’s Changes (cont.)Henry’s Changes (cont.)

Edward became Edward became KingKing at the at the age of 9.age of 9. Constantly ill, reigned for 6 Constantly ill, reigned for 6

years with the help of Protestant years with the help of Protestant advisorsadvisors..

Mary next took the Mary next took the thronethrone.. CatholicCatholic and returned Church and returned Church

to Pope.to Pope. Efforts were resisted…had Efforts were resisted…had

Protestants Protestants executedexecuted.. Died 1558Died 1558 ElizabethElizabeth, youngest daughter, , youngest daughter,

took the throne.took the throne.

Elizabeth Restores Elizabeth Restores ProtestantismProtestantism

1559, Parliament followed Elizabeth I’s 1559, Parliament followed Elizabeth I’s wishes and set up the Church of wishes and set up the Church of England, a/k/a England, a/k/a AnglicanAnglican Church. Church.

Elizabeth was the head of the Elizabeth was the head of the ChurchChurch.. ModerateModerate Approach - wanted a state Approach - wanted a state

church that appealed to both church that appealed to both Protestants and Catholics.Protestants and Catholics. Protestants – allowed priests to Protestants – allowed priests to

marry, sermons delivered in marry, sermons delivered in EnglishEnglish, , not Latin.not Latin.

Catholics – wore rich robes & revised Catholics – wore rich robes & revised servicesservices to be acceptable to to be acceptable to Catholics.Catholics.

Elizabeth Faces Elizabeth Faces Other ChallengesOther Challenges

ProtestantsProtestants wanted more reform. wanted more reform. CatholicsCatholics wanted to overthrow wanted to overthrow

Elizabeth.Elizabeth. MoneyMoney

Solution – build an Solution – build an empireempire in in America for a new source of America for a new source of income.income.

This helped England’s This helped England’s economyeconomy but not queen but not queen directly.directly.

FinancialFinancial problems would not problems would not be solved during Elizabeth’s be solved during Elizabeth’s reign.reign.