Date post: | 26-Jun-2015 |
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Lutyen’s Delhi
Why change in Capital…?
• Political turmoil in Bengal against the proposal of Partition of Bengal
by lord Curzon in 1905.
• This prompted the Government to shift its seat of power from Calcutta to
Delhi.
• Coz Delhi was surrounded by amicable native states and they will be away
from the rigorous criticism of the Bengali press.
• Delhi was chosen as the suitable capital…to symbolize the permanence
of British rule in India…to lay claim to India’s past.
• Hence came the City of New Delhi. “Constructive and geometric
qualities to manifest the law, order and governance.”
The Site….parameters
The Site was chosen to the South of Existing City of Shahjahanabad
Parameters:
• Health
• Questions of Sanitation
• Sentiments and Costs
• Commercial, Civil and Military requirements
• Room for Expansion
• Facilities for internal and external Communications
• Adequate Water supply
Planning
• Axiality
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Vantage Point
• Highlighted Intersections
• Classicist Baroque Layout
Lord Harding, the then Viceroy of India wanted a BLEND OF INDIAN
SENTIMENTS in the building of New Delhi…along with the
“simple forms,
mathematical restraint,
noble ideas from Greek art.”
INSPIRATIONS
Elysees, Paris Champs
Washington D.C.
London
STAGES IN THE DESIGN
•Lutyens basic idea while designing
the city was to relate past with the
present.
•He tried to get the best possible view
of the monuments of the city like Jama
Masjid.
1
2 3
introduction of a cross-axial plaza with
two Secretariat blocks curved streets
similar to Regent street in London
enlarged circus at the end
of main avenue
enlarged circus at the
end of main avenue
4
5
6
Three avenues radiating from
Government House ,one towards
Jama Masjid, a second towards
Indrapat and a third towards Delhi
gate
7
8
9
the main avenue in a northeast
to southwest direction
main avenue north-
west to southeast
10
11
12 Government House
moved back in order to
allow for sufficient
space for the two
Secretariats
Large triangular and
hexagonal pattern
with a square in front
of Raisina Hill.
THE SITE
At first the assumption was that the capital would be built north rather than south of Shahjahanabad, making use of the infrastructure already there.
• In the end, however, the south was preferred for its cheaper land, more space and greater healthiness, being further form swamps.
• His selection was the low hill near the village of Raisina.
IMPERIAL AXIS
The defining factor for new
Delhi was the neo classical
imperial axis known as king’s
way (now Rajpath) with viceroy’s
house on one end and India on
other with obelisk in between.
This Imperial Axis gives it a
geometrical character. The
geometry lies in its concept also
all the buildings are an outcome
of Geometrical forms.
KING‟S WAY
VARIOUS BUILDINGS
The site planning is done
in such a way that the city
occupies the central part of
Delhi. It have spacious avenues
connecting the centers of
administrative power,
commerce and public
services.
India Gate
Secretariat
Rashtrapati
bhawan
Parliament
bungalows
• FAULTS IN THE DESIGN:
Bakers insistence that the Secretariats should be share the summits of Raisina, which
was originally to be reserved for Viceroys House alone. In consequence to make
space for the Secretariats, viceroys House was pushed back from the crest of the hill
and so, although it is visible from a distance and from the summit, it is invisible to
anyone standing at the foot of the hill.
GEOMETRICAL INFLUENCES
No city in the world has derived its plan
structure from the geometric shapes of
the equilateral triangle and the hexagram
or hexagon as consistently as New
Delhi.
These forms apply as much to the town
plan as to the individual buildings
Lutyens’ use of triangle, hexagon and hexagram,
might be explained by
membership in a freemason’s lodge, or by
Jewish descent Lutyens was familiar with Hindu symbolism and
geometry
was not totally resistant to the Viceroys desire
for Mughal elements
INDIAN INFLUENCES
• At the outset Viceroy wanted the buildings to have a generally Indian appearance, in order to symbolize the increasing role of Indians in government; but mindful of the strong dislike for Indian traditions among British in India, he proposed a compromise style which would include Indian motifs.
• Indian architectural elements were taken
MATERIAL USED- red sandstone stone was used in most of the buildings of
lutyen’s as it was locally available.
chattri
chajja
Sanchi stupa
Indian columns
Axial Planning of the City was composed in Hexagonal Grids,
to integrate the Palace Complex with the existing monuments in order
to take references from the remnants of the empires of the past.
Viceroy’s
Palace
Connaught
Place
Jama Masjid
Rajpath
(King’s Way)
Processional
Path India Gate
Purana Qila
River
Yamuna
The Axes of Power
Janpath
(Queen’s
Way)
North
South
West East
Social Stratification in the placement of Bungalows
Viceroy’s
Palace
C.P
Rajpath
(King’s Way)
India Gate Purana Qila
River
Yamuna
Janpath
(Queen’s
Way)
North
South
West East North Block
South Block
Residences of
Members of Council,
Secretaries, Officials.
Fat Indians’
Bungalows
Upper Grade
White Sahibs
Upper Grade
White Sahibs
Brown Sahibs
Shahjahanabad
“The Social Stratification got reflected in
City Fabric”
• City was conceived as a segregated zone:
- positional reference with existing indigenous city of
Shahjahanabad.
- hierarchial space making within its own periphery.
• Compartmentalized zoning of various cross-sections.
• Apparent control on the Social Structure, according to their political,
social and economic standing.
Indicators of the Status of an Accommodation in
NEW DELHI
• Distance from the Government Complex
• Elevation
• Size of the Bungaow Compound
• Size of Dwelling
• Width of front road
• Name of road
• Name of area
• Name and Index of House Type
• Type and Quantity of Vegetation
• Presence and Absence of
Various facilities.
•Capital of –India shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911
•Decision was taken in the Delhi Durbar in 1911
•Announced by king George-V on 12th December
1911.
•Enormous scale and prominent position for
Governor-General‟s residence.
•British Architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens- key
member in the planning process.
Sketches…
Sketches…
People involved:
Chief Architect - Edwin Landseer Lutyens
Architect – Herbert Baker
Chief Engineer – Hugh Keeling
Muslim Contractor – Haroun Al Rashid (main building)
Sujan Singh and his son Sobha Singh (forecourt)
Viceroy’s Palace
( Rashtrapati Bhawan )
Indian Designs
• Several Circular Stone basins on top of the palace, as water features are an important part of Indian Architecture.
•Traditional Indian Chajja, which took the place of the frieze. it was a sharp, thin, protruding element which extended 8 feet from the building, and created deep shadows. It stopped harsh sunlight from getting to the windows, and also stopped rain during a monsoon season.
•On the roofline were several chattris, which helped to break up the look of the flat part of the roofline not covered by the dome.
Uncomplicated Design elements.
Indian Designs
•Statues of elephants and fountain sculptures of cobras in the
gardens.
• Grilles made from red sandstone, called jalis or jaalis. Inspired by
Indian design, but used only in small areas.
•The front of the palace, on the east side, has twelve unevenly
spaced columns with the Delhi order capitals.
•The columns are made in the original „Delhi‟ order which
combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell.
•These capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four
pendant Indian bells.
Indian Designs
• The Indian temple bells are a part of the culture of Indian religions, such as
Hindu and Buddhist, the idea coming from a Jain temple at Moodabidri in
Karnataka.
• One bell is on each corner at the top of the column.
Viceroyal Lodge was largely completed by 1929, and (along with the rest of
New Delhi)
• Officially inaugurated in 1931.
• The dome, though claimed by Lutyens to be inspired by the Pantheon of
Rome, is primarily derived from the Sanchi Stupa built during the
Mauryan times.
• Mughal and European colonial architectural elements.
• RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN has 340 decorated rooms
Floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m²),
Built by using 700 million bricks
3 million cubic feet (85,000 m³) of stone,
The usage of steel is very minimal.
Secretariat Building
Houses the following ministries:
• Ministry of Defence (MoD)
• Ministry of Finance (MoF)
• Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
• Prime Minister's Office (PMO)
• The Secretariat Building consists of two buildings: the North Block and the South Block. Both the buildings flank the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• The South Block houses the Prime Minister Office, Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs
• The North Block primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry
Rajpath
NORTH
BLOCK
SOUTH
BLOCK