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Luxembourg (city) 1

Luxembourg (city)

Luxembourg City

Stad Ltzebuerg (Luxembourgish) Ville de Luxembourg (French) Stadt Luxemburg (German)

Commune

Skyline of Luxembourg City

Coat of arms

Map of Luxembourg with Luxembourg City highlighted in orange, the district in dark grey, and the canton in dark red

Coordinates: 493642N 060748E[1]Coordinates: 493642N060748E[1]

Country Luxembourg

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Luxembourg (city) 2

District Luxembourg

Canton Luxembourg

Government

Mayor Xavier Bettel

Area

Total 51.46 km2 (19.87 sq mi)

Area rank 4th of 116

Highest elevation 402 m (1,319 ft)

Rank 56th of 116

Lowest elevation 230 m (750 ft)

Rank 45th of 116

Population (2011)

Total 94,034

Rank 1st of 116

Density 1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi)

Density rank 2nd of 116

Time zone CET (UTC+1)

Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

LAU 2 LU00011001

Website vdl.lu[2]

UNESCO World Heritage Site

City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications

Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List[3]

Fort Thngen The reconstructed Fort Thngen, formerly a key part of Luxembourg City's fortifications, now on the site of the Mudam,Luxembourg's museum of modern art.

Country Luxembourg

Type Cultural

Criteria iv

Reference 699[4]

UNESCO region[5] Europe and North America

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Inscription history

Inscription 1994 (18th Session)

The city ofLuxembourg (Luxembourgish:Ltzebuerg, French:Luxembourg, German:Luxemburg), also known asLuxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Ltzebuerg, French: Ville de Luxembourg, German: Stadt Luxemburg), is

a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It stands at the confluence of theAlzette and Ptrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the Luxembourg Castle, established by theFranks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

Luxembourg City lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels, 372 km(231 mi) from Paris, 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne. [6]

As of January 2013, the commune of Luxembourg City had a population of 103,641,[7] which was more than threetimes the population of the country's second most populous commune (Esch-sur-Alzette). The city's metropolitan

population, including that of surrounding communes of Hesperange, Sandweiler, Strassen, and Walferdange, was

higher than 160,000.[8]

In 2011, Luxembourg was ranked as having the second highest GDP in the world, with a per capita GDP (PPP) of

$80,119 (US Dollars),[9] with the city having developed into a banking and administrative centre. In the 2011 Mercerworldwide survey of 221 cities, Luxembourg was placed first for personal safety while it was ranked 19th for quality

of living.[10] It is a seat of several institutions of the European Union, including the European Court of Justice, the

European Court of Auditors, the Secretariat of the European Parliament, the European Investment Bank, theEuropean Investment Fund, and the European Stability Mechanism.

History

Old City of Luxembourg at night

In the Roman era, a fortified tower guarded the crossing of two Romanroads that met at the site of Luxembourg city. Through an exchange

treaty with the abbey of Saint Maximin in Trier in 963, Siegfried I ofthe Ardennes, a close relative of King Louis II of France and EmperorOtto the Great, acquired the feudal lands of Luxembourg. Siegfried

built his castle, named Lucilinburhuc ("small castle"), on the BockFiels ("rock"), mentioned for the first time in the aforementioned

exchange treaty.

In 987 Egbert, Archbishop of Trier consecrated five altars in the Church of the Redemption (today St. Michael'sChurch). At a Roman road intersection near the church, a marketplace appeared around which the city developed.

The city, because of its location and natural geography, has through history been a place of strategic military

significance. The first fortifications were built as early as the 10th century. By the end of the 12th century, as the cityexpanded westward around the new St. Nicholas Church (today the cathedral of Notre Dame), new walls were built

that included an area of 5 hectares (12 acres). In about 1340, under the reign of John the Blind, new fortificationswere built that stood until 1867.

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Luxembourg (city) 4

Skyline of the Hollerich quarter

In 1443, the Burgundians under Philip the Good conquered

Luxembourg. Luxembourg became part of the Burgundian, and later

Spanish and Austrian empires (See Spanish Netherlands and Spanishroad) and under those Habsburg administrations Luxembourg Castle

was repeatedly strengthened so that by the 16th century, Luxembourg

itself was one of the strongest fortifications in Europe. Subsequently,the Burgundians, the Spanish, the French, the Spanish again, the

Austrians, the French again, and the Prussians conquered Luxembourg.

In the 17th century, the first casemates were built; initially, Spain built 23 km (14 mi) of tunnels, starting in 1644.[11]

These were then enlarged under French rule by Marshal Vauban, and augmented again under Austrian rule in the1730s and 1740s.

During the French Revolutionary Wars, the city was occupied by France twice: once, briefly, in 17923, and, later,

after a seven-month siege.[12] Luxembourg held out for so long under the French siege that French politician andmilitary engineer Lazare Carnot called Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to

the city's nickname: the 'Gibraltar of the North'.[12]

Nonetheless, the Austrian garrison eventually surrendered, and as a consequence, Luxembourg was annexed by theFrench Republic, becoming part of the dpartement of Forts, with Luxembourg City as its prfecture. Under the

1815 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Napoleonic Wars, Luxembourg City was placed under Prussian militarycontrol as a part of the German Confederation, although sovereignty passed to the House of Orange-Nassau, in

personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The cercle municipal on the mediatheque

After the Luxembourg Crisis, the 1867 Treaty of London required

Luxembourg to dismantle the fortifications in Luxembourg City. Their

demolition took sixteen years, cost 1.5 million gold francs, andrequired the destruction of over 24 km (15 mi) of underground

defenses and 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of casemates, batteries, barracks,etc.[13] Furthermore, the Prussian garrison was to be withdrawn.[14]

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Luxembourg (city) 5

The Glle Fra monumentcommemorates those who

volunteered for service in the armedforces of the Allies of World War I

When, in 1890, Grand Duke William III died without any male heirs, the Grand

Duchy passed out of Dutch hands, and into an independent line under Grand

Duke Adolphe. Thus, Luxembourg, which had hitherto been independent intheory only, became a truly independent country, and Luxembourg City regained

some of the importance that it had lost in 1867 by becoming the capital of a fully

independent state.Despite Luxembourg's best efforts to remain neutral in the First World War, it

was occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914. On 30 August, Helmuth vonMoltke moved his headquarters to Luxembourg City, closer to his armies in

France in preparation for a swift victory. However, the victory never came, and

Luxembourg would play host to the German high command for another fouryears. At the end of the occupation, Luxembourg City was the scene of an

attempted communist revolution; on 9 November 1918, communists declared a

socialist republic, but it lasted only a few hours.[15]

In 1921, the city limits were greatly expanded. The communes of Eich, Hamm,Hollerich, and Rollingergrund were incorporated into Luxembourg City, making

the city the largest commune in the country (a position that it would hold until 1978).

Boulevard Royal

In 1940, Germany occupied Luxembourg again. The Nazis were notprepared to allow Luxembourgers self-government, and gradually

integrated Luxembourg into the Third Reich by informally attaching

the country administratively to a neighbouring German province.Luxembourg City was liberated on 10 September 1944.[16] The city

was under long-range bombardment by the German V-3 cannon in

December 1944 and January 1945.

After the war, Luxembourg ended its neutrality, and became afounding member of several inter-governmental andsupra-governmental institutions. In 1952, the city became the

headquarters of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. In 1967, the High Authority was

merged with the commissions of the other European institutions; although Luxembourg City was no longer the seatof the ECSC, it hosted some part-sessions of the European Parliament until 1981.[17] Luxembourg remains the seat

of the European Parliament's secretariat, as well as the European Court of Justice, the European Court of Auditors,and the European Investment Bank. Several departments of the European Commission are also based in

Luxembourg.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Investment_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Court_of_Auditorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Coal_and_Steel_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V-3_cannonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxembourg_city_2007_14.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rollingergrundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollerichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamm%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eich%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_limitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutral_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_III_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AG%C3%ABlle_Fra_whole_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%ABlle_Fra

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Luxembourg (city) 6

Geography

Topography

Luxembourg seen from Spot satellite

The gorges. Adolphe Bridge

Luxembourg City lies on the southern part of the Luxembourg plateau,

a large Early Jurassic sandstone formation that forms the heart of the

Gutland, a low-lying and flat area that covers the southern two-thirdsof the country.

The city centre occupies a picturesque site on a salient, perched high

on precipitous cliffs that drop into the narrow valleys of the Alzetteand Ptrusse rivers, whose confluence is in Luxembourg City. The

70 m (230 ft) deep gorges cut by the rivers are spanned by manybridges and viaducts, including the Adolphe Bridge, the Grand

Duchess Charlotte Bridge, and the Passerelle. Although Luxembourg

City is not particularly large, its layout is complex, as the city is set onseveral levels, straddling hills and dropping into the two gorges.

The commune of Luxembourg City covers an area of over 51 km2

(20 sq mi), or 2% of the Grand Duchy's total area. This makes the city

the fourth-largest commune in Luxembourg, and by far the largesturban area. Luxembourg City is not particularly densely populated, at

about 1,700 people per km2; large areas of Luxembourg City are

maintained as parks, forested areas, or sites of important heritage(particularly the UNESCO sites), while there are also large tracts of

farmland within the city limits.

Quarters of Luxembourg City

Luxembourg City is subdivided into twenty-four quarters, which cover

the commune in its entirety. The quarters generally correspond to the major neighbourhoods and suburbs of

Luxembourg City, although a few of the historic districts, such as Bonnevoie, are divided between two quarters.

Climate

Considering its latitude, Luxembourg City has a mild oceanic climate, marked by high precipitation, cold to cool

winter temperatures and temperate summers. Moderate to heavy cloud cover is present for more than two-thirds of

the year.

Climate data for Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high

C (F)

2.3(36.1)

4.2(39.6)

8.0(46.4)

12.1(53.8)

16.8(62.2)

19.9(67.8)

22.0(71.6)

21.0(69.8)

18.2(64.8)

13.0(55.4)

6.6(43.9)

3.3(37.9)

12.3(54.1)

Daily mean

C (F)

0.0(32)

1.2(34.2)

4.3(39.7)

7.7(45.9)

12.0(53.6)

15.1(59.2)

17.0(62.6)

16.4(61.5)

13.8(56.8)

9.4(48.9)

3.9(39)

1.0(33.8)

8.48(47.27)

Average low

C (F)

2.3(27.9)

1.8(28.8)

0.6(33.1)

3.3(37.9)

7.1(44.8)

10.2(50.4)

12.0(53.6)

11.8(53.2)

9.3(48.7)

5.7(42.3)

1.2(34.2)

1.3(29.7)

4.7(40.5)

Precipitation

mm (inches)

71.2

(2.803)

61.7

(2.429)

70.0

(2.756)

61.2

(2.409)

81.2

(3.197)

82.2

(3.236)

68.4

(2.693)

72.3

(2.846)

70.0

(2.756)

74.6

(2.937)

83.2

(3.276)

79.6

(3.134)

875.6

(34.472)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_%28meteorology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonnevoiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neighbourhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarter_%28country_subdivision%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_communes_of_Luxembourg_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passerelle_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchess_Charlotte_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchess_Charlotte_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viaducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9trussehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alzettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gutland_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATopography_of_Luxembourg_IMG_0943.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxembourg_SPOT_1026.jpg

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Luxembourg (city) 7

Avg.

precipitation

days ( 0.1

mm)

18.3 15.0 16.6 15.5 16.0 14.6 12.5 13.5 12.6 14.4 16.4 16.9 182.3

Mean

monthly

sunshinehours

43.4 81.9 117.8 165.0 207.7 210.0 232.5 207.7 159.0 108.5 57.0 43.4 1,633.9

Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[]

Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory.[18]

Government

Local government

Luxembourg City Hall is the heart of thecommunal administration, and hosts the offices of

both the communal council and the mayor.

Under the Luxembourgian constitution, local government is centred onthe city's communal council. Consisting of twenty-seven members

(fixed since 1964), each elected every six years on the second Sunday

of October and taking office on 1 January of the next year,[19] thecouncil is the largest of all communal councils in Luxembourg. The

city is nowadays considered a stronghold of the Democratic Party

(DP),[] which is the third-largest party nationally. Currently, theDemocratic Party is the largest party on the council, with eleven

councillors.[20]

The city's administration is headed by the mayor, who is the leader ofthe largest party on the communal council. Following municipal elections on 9 October 2011, the DP's 38 year-old

Xavier Bettel was sworn in as mayor of Luxembourg on 24 November 2011. [21][22] The mayor leads the cabinet, thecollge chevinal, in which the DP forms a coalition with The Greens. [23] Unlike other cities in Luxembourg, whichare limited to four chevins at most, Luxembourg is given special dispensation to have six chevins on its collge

chevinal.[24]

National government

The Plateau de Kirchberg has many newbuildings including those for the European

Institutions

Luxembourg City is the Seat for the Luxembourg Government. The

Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg lives at Berg Castle in

Colmar-Berg.

European institutions

Luxembourg City is the seat of several institutions of the European

Union, including the European Court of Justice, the European

Commission, the secretariat of the European Parliament, the EuropeanCourt of Auditors and the European Investment Bank. The majority of

these institutions are located in the Kirchberg quarter, in the northeast of the city.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirchberg%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Investment_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Court_of_Auditorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Court_of_Auditorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colmar-Berghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berg_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKirchberg_Luxembourg.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89chevin_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greens_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_%C3%A9chevinal_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xavier_Bettelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Luxembourg_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_communal_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxemb_City_Hotel_de_ville_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Luxembourg_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_communal_councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_City_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Meteorological_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_durationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_duration

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Luxembourg (city) 8

Culture

Casino Luxembourg is currently used for exhibitions ofLuxembourgish art.

Despite the city's comparatively small size, it has several notable

museums: the recently renovated National Museum of History andArt (MNHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum, the new

Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam) and National

Museum of Natural History (NMHN). The city of Luxembourgitself is on the UNESCO World Heritage List, on account of the

historical importance of its fortifications.[25] In addition to its two

main theatres, the Grand Thtre de Luxembourg and the Thtredes Capucins, there is a new concert hall, the Philharmonie, as

well as a conservatory with a large auditorium. Art galleries

include the Villa Vauban, the Casino Luxembourg and AmTunnel.[26]

Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007,

the European Capital of Culture[27]

was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, theRheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the

Lorraine area in France. The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing bordersin all areas, physical, psychological, artistic and emotional.

Luxembourg City is also famed for its wide selection of restaurants and cuisines, including four Michelin starredestablishments.[28]

Sport

The D'Coque National Sporting and Cultural Centre.

The ING Europe Marathon has been contested annually in the

capital since June 2006.The BGL Luxembourg Open is a tennis tournament held since

1991 in the capital. The tournament runs from 13 to 21 October.BGL BNP Paribas, one of the most famous sponsors in the world

of tennis, is the contracted title sponsor of the tournament until

2014.

The D'Coque National Sporting and Cultural Centre, in the quarter

of Kirchberg, is the largest sporting venue in the country, with a

capacity of 8,300 for indoor sports and swimming.

The two football clubs of the city of Luxembourg; Racing FCUnion Luxembourg and FC RM Hamm Benfica, play in the country's highest league, the Luxembourg National

Division. The 8,000-seater Stade Josy Barthel hosts the Luxembourg national football team, and CAL SporaLuxembourg, which with 400 members is the nation's largest athletics club.[29]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAL_Spora_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAL_Spora_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_national_football_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_Josy_Barthelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_National_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_National_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_RM_Hamm_Benficahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racing_FC_Union_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racing_FC_Union_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirchberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarters_of_Luxembourg_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%27Coquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BGL_BNP_Paribashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BGL_Luxembourg_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe_Marathonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ING_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxembourg_Sports_Center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%27Coquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorraine_%28region%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German-speakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Capital_of_Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Am_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Am_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Vaubanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatoire_de_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philharmonie_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Capucinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Capucinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_Natural_History_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_Natural_History_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Jean_Museum_of_Modern_Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_City_History_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_History_and_Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_History_and_Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACasino_Luxembourg_rue_Notre-Dame_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Luxembourg

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Luxembourg (city) 9

Places of interest

The Luxembourg American Cemetery andMemorial

Places of interest include the Gothic Revival Cathedral of Notre Dame,

the fortifications, the Grand Ducal Palace, the Glle Fra war memorial,the casemates, the Neumnster Abbey, the Place d'Armes, the Adolphe

Bridge and the city hall. The city is the home of the University of

Luxembourg and RTL Group.

The Second World War Luxembourg American Cemetery and

Memorial is located within the city limits of Luxembourg at Hamm.

This cemetery is the final resting place of 5,076 American militarydead, including General George S. Patton. There is also a memorial to

371 Americans whose remains were never recovered or identified.

Transport

Highways

Luxembourg is situated in the heart of Europe in the Gold Triangle between Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam. It is

therefore connected to several motorways and international routes.

A1 (E44): to Grevenmacher and Germany (Trier).

A3 (E25): to Dudelange and Thionville (France). A4: to Esch-sur-Alzette and to A13 to Petange, Athus (Belgium) and Longwy (France)

A6 (E25 / E411): to Arlon and Brussels.

A7 (E421): to Mersch and Ettelbrck.

Luxembourg Railway Station

Public transport

Luxembourg City has a network of 25 bus routes, operated by the

buses of the City of Luxembourg(AVL), partly subcontracted toprivate bus companies. There is also a free bus service linking the

Glacis to the Central Station, the "Joker Line" for seniors, and a "City

night network". The city also owns 5 free carparks, situated at the entrypoints of Luxembourg (Beggen: 160 cars, Bouillon: 2442, Kirchberg:

265, Kockelscheuer: 567, Luxembourg-Sud: 881). Those "Park &

Ride" carparks are connected to the bus network with the aim of

encouraging people to commute into town by bus.There is a proposal to build a tramway network.[30]

Rail

Luxembourg City has only one railway station, the main one of the country, which is also the terminus of all the

lines in the Grand Duchy. It is owned by the state of Luxembourg and by the Luxemburgish railway company: the

CFL. It is connected to the German, Belgian and French railway network via several trains per hour. The station isalso connected to the French TGV Est network (with which connections are provided to Paris and Strasbourg) and to

Basel and Zrich in Switzerland via two daily international trains (which proceed then to Brussels)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%BCrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TGV_Esthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SNCFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SNCBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Bahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemins_de_Fer_Luxembourgeoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_railway_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kockelscheuerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirchberg%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_railway_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AVLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxembourg_station_winter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_railway_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ettelbr%C3%BCckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E421http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E411http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_route_E25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esch-sur-Alzettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionvillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dudelangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_route_E25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grevenmacherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_route_E44http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankfurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_S._Pattonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamm%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_American_Cemetery_and_Memorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_American_Cemetery_and_Memorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RTL_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_d%27Armes_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neum%C3%BCnster_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bock_%28Luxembourg%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_memorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%ABlle_Frahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Ducal_Palace%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_Cathedral%2C_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_Revival_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxembourg_American_Cemetery.jpg

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Luxembourg (city) 10

Air

New terminal of Luxembourg InternationalAirport

Luxembourg is served by the only international airport in the country:

Luxembourg Findel International Airport (codes: IATA: LUX, ICAO:ELLX). It is situated in the municipality of Sandweiler, 6 km (3.74 mi)

from the City. It is linked to the city centre by bus, but railway and

tram links are planned. The airport is the main base for the twoLuxembourgish airlines, Luxair and Cargolux.

International relations

Luxembourg is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Trier, Saarbrcken, and Metz

(neighbouring countries: Germany and France).

Twin towns Sister cities

Luxembourg is twinned with:

Country City State / Region Since

United Kingdom Camden, London[31] England 2007

FranceMetz

Lorraine

RussiaTambov

Tambov Oblast 2012

Czech RepublicPrague

[] Prague2012

References[1] http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Luxembourg_%28city%29&

params=49_36_42_N_06_07_48_E_region:LU_type:adm3rd[2] http://www.vdl.lu[3] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list[4] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/699[5] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region[10] "2011 Quality of Living worldwide city rankingsMercer survey" (http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings),Mercer.

Retrieved 29 November 2011.[12][12] Kreins (2003), p. 64[14] Treaty of London, 1867 (http://www.lib.byu. edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/1867. html), Article IV. GWPDA. Retrieved 19 July 2006.[15] Luxembourg country profile (http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Luxembourg.htm). WorldStatesman.org. Retrieved 23 July 2006.[16][16] Thewes (2003), p. 121[18] Climatological Information for Luxembourg, Luxembourg (http://www.hko. gov. hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/fr_sw/

luxembourg_e.htm). Retrieved 6 April 2012.[21] "Xavier Bettel - Luxembourg City's new Mayor" (http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.

php), Wort.lu, 10 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.[22] "Xavier Bettel sworn in as capital's mayor" (http://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/11/168555/index.php),

Wort.lu, 24 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011[26] "Art et Culture" (http://www.vdl.lu/Art+et+Culture.html#axzz1cFu9wdHx), Ville de Luxembourg. Retrieved 30 October 2011.[28] "Guide Michelin 2012: Le Luxembourg perd des toiles" (http://www.lequotidien.lu/le-pays/29391. html)[30] "Tramway Luxembourg" (http://www.luxtram.lu/)

(French) Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003).Histoire du Luxembourg (3rd edition ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de

France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053852-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.luxtram.lu/http://www.lequotidien.lu/le-pays/29391.htmlhttp://www.vdl.lu/Art+et+Culture.html#axzz1cFu9wdHxhttp://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/11/168555/index.phphttp://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.phphttp://www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.phphttp://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/fr_sw/luxembourg_e.htmhttp://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/fr_sw/luxembourg_e.htmhttp://www.worldstatesmen.org/Luxembourg.htmhttp://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/1867.htmlhttp://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankingshttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=regionhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/699http://whc.unesco.org/en/listhttp://www.vdl.lu/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Luxembourg_%28city%29&params=49_36_42_N_06_07_48_E_region:LU_type:adm3rdhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Luxembourg_%28city%29&params=49_36_42_N_06_07_48_E_region:LU_type:adm3rdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_coat_of_arms.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_coat_of_arms.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tambov_Oblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tambov_Oblast.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tambovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tambov_%28Tambov_oblast%29_%281781%29.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorraine_%28region%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_fr-lorraine_300px.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_Metz_57.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_England.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Borough_of_Camdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Town_twinninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCckenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargoluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandweilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICAOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_%E2%80%93_Findel_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALuxAirport.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_%E2%80%93_Findel_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_%E2%80%93_Findel_Airport

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Luxembourg (city) 11

(French) Thewes, Guy (July 2003).Les gouvernements du Grand-Duch de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/gouvernements_1848_2.pdf) (PDF) (dition limite ed.).

Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8. Retrieved 6 July 2006.

External links

Commune of Luxembourg official website (http://www.vdl.lu/) Luxembourg City Tourism (http://www.luxembourg-city-tourism.com/)

Museum of the city of Luxembourg website (http://www.mhvl.lu/) HoloGuides - photos, events and news (http://HoloGuides.com/cities/Luxembourg_LU)

Luxembourg (city) travel guide from Wikivoyage

Luxembourg (city) Photo Gallery (http://www.itravelnet.com/photography/europe/luxembourg/luxembourgphotogallery.html)

A short break in Luxembourg (city) (http://www.luxembourg.co.uk/short_break_Luxembourg.html)

Events, things to do and practical stuff in Luxembourg (http://www.lifeinluxembourg.org)

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Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsLuxembourg (city) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569680576 Contributors: 16@r, 2001:1610:41:3C01:2154:154A:44E8:34A9, A.bit, Abhijitsathe, Acelor, Adam Carr,Adam78, Alansohn, Alarics, Aldy, Andre Engels, Andrewpmk, Andy Marchbanks, Arctic Kangaroo, Argo Navis, Awiseman, Baridiah, Baronnet, Bastin, Belovedfreak, Ben Ben, Benymarc,Bermuda-Russian lover556, Betacommand, Bigturtle, Bjung, Blieusong, Bobblewik, Borgx, Borsi112, Bumm13, Calliopejen1, Caranorn, Cassowary, Cayambe, ChakatSandwalker,Chanheigeorge, Charles Matthews, Chriskl, Ciarandowd, ClockworkLunch, Colonies Chris, CoolGin, Courcelles, D6, DESiegel, DWaterson, Daniel 1992, DerBorg, Deror avi, Dewritech, Docu,Douglas the Comeback Kid, Doulos Christos, Ductus, Ehrenkater, El C, Eleassar, Empireofsun, Epolk, Eric82oslo, Eugene van der Pijll, Fabartus, Filper01, FlieGerFaUstMe262,FrankAndProust, Frokor, Gaius Cornelius, Glorious 93, Gregori-luxair, Grunners, Gryffindor, Guliolopez, Haham hanuka, Hede2000, Hombre del rio, Hugo999, Husky, I have a dream81119, Ian

Dalziel, Imolk, Indiasummer95, Ipigott, Ivirivi00, Jhendin, JinJian, Joebobbty, Joey80, Johann Grimm, JohnCD, Joowwww, Jose77, JustAGal, KConWiki, Katieh5584, Kaveh, Kbdank71, Kelisi,Kevinbabik, Kevinhksouth, Kjramesh, Koopatrev, Korg, Kpjas, Le Fou, Lear 21, Lightmouse, Likelife, LilHelpa, Lkinkade, Lord Roem, Lumos3, M2545, MAINEiac4434, MCTales, MECU,Marc Liger, Marcipangris, Marek69, Markussep, Mathpianist93, Miaow Miaow, Moe Epsilon, Morgan Hauser, MusicGeek101, Namelessnobody, NawlinWiki, Nick Number, Nwbeeson, Olessi,Only, Perfectmiss, Peter Horn, Philip Trueman, Picapica, Plastikspork, Polylerus, Prunk, Puchiko, R'n'B, Red Winged Duck, Reenem, Retaggio, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, SI31,Sardanaphalus, Sasajid, SchfiftyThree, Seattle Skier, SeeSchloss, SheepNotGoats, Sixdown, Sjc, Sjorford, SnapSnap, SomeHuman, Splash, Ssolbergj, Stevage, Str1977, TXiKi, Tabor, Tatrgel,Thayts, Tibetan Prayer, Tim!, Tpbradbury, Triwbe, TwoMartiniTuesday, Unyoyega, Valfuu, Vlva, Wechselstrom, Wesley Mouse, Wetman, Wiki13, YellowMonkey, Zaphod-Swe, Zfr, Zoe, , 185 , , anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:LuxembourgCityView.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LuxembourgCityView.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Sixdown

File:Blason ville lu Luxembourg-ville.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_ville_lu_Luxembourg-ville.svgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Spedona

File:Map Luxembourg.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_Luxembourg.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Bjung, Cayambe, Mahahahaneapneap,Markussep

File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Mudam 04 jnl.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mudam_04_jnl.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Jean-nolLafargue

File:Luxembourg City Night Wikimedia Commons.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_City_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpgLicense: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Benh LIEU SONG

File:Luxembourg Hollerich office buildings 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_Hollerich_office_buildings_01.jpgLicense: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Cayambe

File:Cercle Municipal reflechi sur la mdiatheque.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cercle_Municipal_reflechi_sur_la_mdiatheque.jpgLicense: unknownContributors: User:Benymarc

File:Glle Fra whole 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Glle_Fra_whole_1.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Amba, Arthena, Bastin8,Cayambe, Husky, J. Patrick Fischer, Kdkeller, Rcbutcher, Werneuchen

File:Luxembourg city 2007 14.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_city_2007_14.JPGLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Werneuchen

File:Luxembourg SPOT 1026.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_SPOT_1026.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:Cnes - Spot Image

File:Topography of Luxembourg IMG 0943.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Topography_of_Luxembourg_IMG_0943.JPGLicense: Creative Commons ZeroContributors:

File:Luxemb City Hotel de ville 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxemb_City_Hotel_de_ville_01.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: Cayambe

File:Kirchberg Luxembourg.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kirchberg_Luxembourg.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: nicrob 77

File:Casino Luxembourg rue Notre-Dame 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Casino_Luxembourg_rue_Notre-Dame_01.jpgLicense: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Cayambe

File:Luxembourg Sports Center.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_Sports_Center.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors:razvan.orendovici

File:Luxembourg American Cemetery.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_American_Cemetery.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: AmericanBattle Monuments Commission photograph

File:Luxembourg station winter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Luxembourg_station_winter.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5Contributors: Cayambe, Ex13, Stevage

File:LuxAirport.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LuxAirport.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Jwh

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, Mifter

File:Flag of England.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_England.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie

File:Flag of France.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie

File:Blason Metz 57.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason_Metz_57.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors:User:Alex_erson

File:Flag fr-lorraine 300px.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_fr-lorraine_300px.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Neutrality

File:Flag of Russia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370

File:Coat of Arms of Tambov (Tambov oblast) (1781).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Tambov_(Tambov_oblast)_(1781).pngLicense: PublicDomain Contributors: AtonX, Kobac, Magul, Man vyi, Panther

File:Flag of Tambov Oblast.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tambov_Oblast.svgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Cian Akril, Conscious, Cycn,Homo lupus

File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: special commission (ofcode): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. Colors according to Appendix No. 3 of czech legal Act 3/1993. cs:Zirland.

File:Prague coat of arms.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_coat_of_arms.pngLicense: Public Domain Contributors: AtonX, Chatsam, De728631,DenghiComm, Diligent, Erri4a, Happenstance, Jarble, Orioane, Petr Dlouh, Radouch, Sevela.p, Zirland

file:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:User:AleXXw

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