LV Community Grids

Opportunities to increase the collective use of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the effective integration of solar

PV + Energy Storage using pseudo Distribution System Operator type functionality

LV Connected DER

Solar PV Panels

Electric Vehicle

Home Energy Management Controller/s

DRED Enabled Devices

Thermal Energy Storage

Electrical Energy Storage

Inverter/s

Other Controllable

Loads

Intelligent Grid-edge Device (e.g. Smart Meter)

Customer

LV Electricity Supply Network

LV Connected DERIndividual Customer Centricity

• The customer is at the centre!

• Drivers for investment vary

• Diversity in capability and application

• Customer preferences determine configuration

What is the implied level of asset/resource optimisation?

Individual Premise

How much asset/resource “value” is not able to be realised?

LV Connected DERValue in Grid Connectivity

Significant Increase in Asset Utilisation

Significant DER Capacity Improvements

Nite charge

Limit nite charge

Nite discharge

Example battery level for different

operations

Solar Profile MS01 Weighted Averages (146)10pm-5am charging Consumption [MWh/yr]OffGrid Solar panel size [kW] 24.1OffGrid Battery size [kWh] 22.6OffGrid Solar utilisation [%] 19.0%OffGrid Battery Opg Cap [%] 31.7%GridNite Solar panel size [kW] 9.3GridNite Battery size [kWh] 14.1GridNite Battery Opg Cap [%] 34.5%GridNite Solar propn of load [%] 50.4%GridNite Summer grid propn of load [%] 13.9%Grid-Limit Nite Charge Solar propn of load [%] 72.7%Grid-Batt Nite Disch Battery Opg Cap [%] 50.1%Grid-Batt Nite Disch Solar propn of load [%] 88.3%Grid-Batt Nite Disch Summer grid propn of load [%] 1.7%

LV Connected DERValue in Customer Diversity

French standard NFC14-100: Apartment Block: applicable for apartments of domestic customers without electrical heating, and supplied at 230/400 V (3-phase 4-wires).

No. of Diversitydownstream factorcustomers (ks)2 to 4 15 to 9 0.7810 to 14 0.6315 to 19 0.5320 to 24 0.4925 to 29 0.4630 to 34 0.4435 to 39 0.4240 to 49 0.4150 and more 0.38

Heating and air conditioning circuit Diversity = 1

The value of customer DER investments can be significantly increased by enabling energy

“services” to be shared across a community of LV network connected customers

This opportunity exists because of the natural load diversity of customers which increases in

proportion with increasing customer numbers

The application of DER on a local community basis is enhanced by being able to integrate the various

DER capabilities in ways that increase their use and by so doing reduce costs for individual customers

and the LV network connected community- This requires an appropriate management and

control environment

LV Connected DERValue in Customer Diversity

Benefit: reduction in total battery capacity

Off-Grid System Comparison

Benefit: increase in total battery utilisation

Night Grid Supply System Comparison (10pm-5am)

LV Connected DERValue in Integration and Management

Energy Services

Reactive Power Provision

Frequency Support

Emergency Response

Economic Response

Scheduled Activities

Situational Awareness

LV Network Connected Community

LV Connected DERValue in Integration and Management

– Manage, limit, and/or curtail real power to avoid or mitigate distribution congestion, equipment overloads, or power quality issues

– Schedule real power (ESS or other DER)– Provide “available” reactive power for power quality voltage support on a feeder (no impact

on real power)– Provide maximum reactive power for reliability voltage support on a feeder (does impact real

power)– Provide operational (spinning and non-spinning) real power reserves (normal operations and

microgrids)– Provide AGC frequency support through direct utility control (ESS)– Provide autonomous frequency support (Frequency-Watt) – Compensate for renewable energy fluctuations (ESS with PV/wind)– Compensate for (rapid) load fluctuations (DER/ESS with loads)– Reduce peak loads (demand response)– Create (planned) islanded microgrid– Provide black start capabilities

Reference: Xanthus International Consulting – SIWG Phase 3 Advanced DER Functions – November 2015

Functions

LV Connected DERValue in Integration and Management

 Benefits   Utility Actions DER or PCC Autonomous Modes  

    Static Monitoring Controlling Real Power PF Freq. Support Voltage Support Resilience

SIWG Economic and Technical Use Cases for Smart DER

Functions, Categorized by the DRP's More-Than-Smart "Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive

(MECE)" List

 

Access: DER and/or PCC nameplate data

Access: DER/PCC capabilities and supported modes

Monitor: DER and/or PCC operational characteristics

Monitor: Short term forecast of DER/PCC energy

Monitor: Permitted/available DER/PCC modes

Monitor: DER and/or PCC status & measurements

Control: Start/stop DER

Control: Enable/disable modes of DER/PCC

Control: Set mode parameters and curves for DER/PCC

Control: Schedule real power and modes of DER/PCC

Control: Issue AGC Reg Up and Down

Mode: Limit maximum DER real power output

Mode: Limit maximum ESS charging rate

Mode: Set real power output of DER or at PCC

Mode: Set real power (dis)charging rate of ESS or at PCC

Mode: Load / generation following by DER or ESS

Mode: Smoothing of real power spikes and sags

Mode: Soft-Start Reconnection

Mode: Fixed power factor

Mode: Power factor correction

Mode: High/low frequency ride-through or trip

Mode: AGC (utility sends Reg up and down commands)

Mode: Frequency smoothing (rapid frequency deviations)

Mode: Frequency-watt (Emergency)

Mode: High/low voltage ride-through or trip

Mode: Volt-var control

Mode: Volt-watt control (autonomous)

Mode: Fast var support

Mode: Dynamic reactive current support

Mode: Backup power

Mode: Provide black start

Mode: Convert into microgrid

ISO/RTO Balancing Authority & Market                                                                  

  Fixed                                                                  

   

Resource Adequacy (Capacity, Generation, Bl. Start)   x x         x x x x                                            

   

Resource Adequacy (Flexibility, Ramping, Market)   x x                 x x x x x x x x       x x     x x x x x x x

  Variable                                                                  

    Energy (shifting in time)   x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x                                

    Frequency regulation   x x x x x x   x x   x                   x x   x                

    Frequency smoothing   x x x x x x   x x                           x                  

    Spinning reserve   x x x x x x   x x         x x x               x                

    Non-spinning reserve   x x x x x x   x x         x x x                             x x

Transmission Operations                                                                  

  Fixed                                                                  

    Upgrade deferral due to congestion mitigation   x x                                                           x

  Variable                                                                  

    Transmission voltage support   x x x x x   x x x x                 x x         x x x x x      

    Transmission congestion relief   x x x x x   x x x x   x x x x x                                

    Efficiency (loss reduction)   x x x x x   x x x x             x                              

    Reliability (redundancy, inertia)   x x x x x   x x x x   x x x x x x x     x     x x x x x x x x x

Distribution Operations                                                                  

  Fixed                                                                  

    Upgrade deferral due to load levels & patterns   x x                   x x x x x x x               x x         x

  Variable                                                                  

    Provide distribution voltage support   x x x x x x x x x x                 x x         x x x x x      

    Maintain CVR   x x x x x x x x x x                               x x x        

    Reduce number/duration of outages   x x x x x x x x x x                           x x x x x x      

    Improve power quality (spikes, harmonics)   x x x x x x x x x x                             x x x x x      

    Improve efficiency   x x x x x x x x x x   x x x x x x x             x x x x x      

    Avoid equipment overload, loss of life   x x x x x x x x x x                             x x x x x      

    Improve equipment life   x x x x x x x x x x                             x x x x x      

    Support safety   x x x x x x x x x x                     x       x              

Customer/End User                                                                  

  Fixed                                                                  

    Procurement risk mitigation                                                                  

  Variable                                                                  

    Support customer choice     x x x x x x x x x     x   x x x   x x   x x x   x x x   x x x

    Reduce energy costs     x x x x x x         x x x x x                           x   x

    Improve power quality (spikes, harmonics)                                       x x     x x   x x x x      

    Avoid equipment damage       x   x x x                           x       x         x   x

    Support safety     x x   x x x                           x       x         x   x

    Improve reliability (microgrids, backup power)     x x   x x x                                             x   x

    Price & performance risk mitigation     x x x x x                                                    

Societal                                                                  

  Variable                                                                  

    Reduce CO2 emissions     x                                                            

    Reduce pollutants     x                                                            

    Improve energy security     x                                                            

    Improve water usage                                                                  

    Improve land usage                                                                  

    Improve economy                                                                  

                                                                       Reference: Xanthus International Consulting – SIWG Phase 3 Advanced DER Functions – November 2015

LV Connected DER ManagementArchitecture and Control

The hierarchical DER Smart Grid Architecture Model comprises five layers:

- Level 1: Autonomous DER systems responding to customer preferences and local conditions

- Level 2: The customer DER management systems (CDEMS) managing local DER systems

- Level 3: The energy retailers and utilities interacting with CDEMS and DER systems

- Level 4: The utility DER management systems (DERMS) model and analyse DER system impacts and capabilities in order to request/command DER actions

- Level 5: The Independent System Operators and various wholesale and retail energy markets, working with distribution utilities, provide optimisation requests, pricing information and emergency commands

LV Connected DER ManagementArchitecture and Control

Reference: Xanthus International Consulting – SIWG Phase 3 Advanced DER Functions – November 2015

LV Connected DER ManagementProduct and Systems Perspective

Level 1: Autonomous DER Systems

Level 3: Third Party DER Aggregation

Level 2: Customer DER Management Systems

Level 4: DSO – Distribution Utility Operational Analysis and Control for Grid Management and Optimisation

Established Market, Commodity Products

Fledgling Market, Limited Product Diversity

Nascent Market, First Movers, Limited Functionality

Incubation Stage, Concepts Understood, to be Practically Realised

LV Connected DER Management“DSO” Implementation Options

• Centralised – “master controller” collects resource configuration, status and measurements and executes actions (commands issued to DER fleet) as per DSO programs.

• Decentralised - Distributed intelligent DER controllers respond by “negotiation” in conjunction with “master controller” inputs and session management

• Hybrids of the above?

Area of perceived development need is the respective “Objective Function/s” that would be invoked by specific scenarios – operational and strategic, and the respective

algorithms/models that govern the DER responses

LV Connected DER ManagementGrid-Side Opportunities

• LV Network stabilisation units (combination of “STATCOM” capability combined with scaled energy source/sink) that operate as part of the DER management environment

• Intelligent edge-of-grid devices that operate as customer insulation mechanisms from LV Network quality-of-supply issues as well as enabling adaptive customer supply contracts and “DSO” interfacing to the CDEMS

22kV230/400V

LV Network Stabiliser

Pseudo-STATCOM

DSO Master 1

= “LV” Distribution System Operator Interface

Integrated + Component based Solutions

Opt-Out or Inactive based Customers

LV Community GridsPoints to Ponder

• How will these micro-ecosystems develop?

• What are the prospective first mover or likely implementation scenarios?

• Considerations around the technology solutions and control system architecture?

• DER “network” communication options?

• Protection considerations?

• Opportunities for islanded networks?

• Other?