Lymphatic System

• Body’s 3 lines of defense are _____, _______, and _______________.

• What is bone marrow?• Function of bone marrow is?

• What are WBC’s?• Example of dz/condition with increased WBC (leukocytosis)• Example of dz/condition with deceased WBC (leukopenia)

What is pus?

• What are RBC’s?• What is RBC’s function?• Why are they red?

• What is an antigen?

• What is an antibody?

• What are platelets?

• What are some examples of Internal defenses to fight infection?

• What is an example of an external defense against infection? (Hint- it is the largest organ in the body)

Relate Lymphatic to Immune System

• Immune System– body’s defense system against infections (virus, bacteria, fungi)

• Lymphatic System– system of capillaries, vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissue– Transports a fluid called LYMPH from the tissues as

it returns to the bloodstream– Lymphatic tissue filters (cleans) the lymph of

abnormal cells and pathogens

So, what is lymph

• Thin, watery fluid that forms when plasma diffuses into tissue spaces (plasma is a straw colored liquid that is a component of blood)

• Lymph is composed of water, digested nutrients, salts, hormones, O2, CO2, and metabolic wastes (Ex. Urea)

Lymphatic vessels

• Located throughout the body in almost all tissues that have blood vessels

Lymph nodes

• AKA glands• Located all over the body• Small, round, oval masses – range in size

• Lymph vessels bring lymph to the nodes• The nodes then filter the lymph and remove impurities

(Ex. Cancer cells, pathogens, dead blood cells)

• The lymphatic tissue in the nodes produces lymphocytes (WBC) and antibodies (fight infection)

• So, now the purified lymph (with its lymphocytes and antibodies) leaves the lymph node by a lymphatic vessel

• As the lymph vessels leave the lymph node they join together and form larger lymph vessels that drain into 1 of 2 ducts

1. Right Lymphatic Duct

• Short tube that receives purified lymph from the right side of head/neck/chest and right arm

• ** Purified lymph nodes enter into the right subclavian vein which returns purified lymph to the blood

2. Thoracic duct

• Larger tube that drains the rest of the body and empties into the left subclavian vein

• At the beginning of this duct is a pouchlike structure called the cisterna chyli---- a storage area for purified lymph before it returns to the bloodstream

Heart

This is where the ducts drain into. They drain into the right and left subclavian veins of the heart.

Lymphatic tissue

• Produces lymphocytes (WBC) and antibodies (fight infection)

• Examples of lymphatic tissue

• 1. Tonsils– you have 3 pairs– Palatine- located on each side of soft palate– Pharyngeal (adenoids)- located in the nasopharynx– Lingual- located back of tongue

• 2. Spleen- organ located just below your rib cage on left side– Functions:• Produces leukocytes, antibodies• Destroys old RBC’s• Stores erythrocytes to release into the bloodstream if

excessive bleeding occurs• Filters wastes from the tissues

• 3. Thymus– Located center part of chest– Goes away after puberty and is replaced by fat and

connective tissue– During early life, it produces antibodies and

lymphocytes to fight infection- SO, why does it atrophy??

•SUM IT UP

Diseases/Conditions

• 1. Adenitis– Inflammation/infection of lymph nodes– Happens because large quantities of pathogens

enter lymph node and infect the tissue

– Sx: fever, swollen/painful nodes

– Tx: antibiotics, warm compresses• If abcess forms- may have to incise and drain the node

• 2. Hodgkin’s disease (lymphoma)– Chronic, malignant disease of lymph nodes

– Sx: painless swelling of nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue

– Tx: chemo/radiation, bone marrow transplant

• 3. Lymphangitis- inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, usually resulting from an infection in an extremity

• Sx: red streak extends up arm/leg from the source of infection, fever, chills, pain

• Tx: antibiotics, rest, elevate affected part

• 4. Splenomegaly—enlargement of the spleen

– Sx: swelling, abd. pain• Can lead to anemia, leukopenia• If spleen ruptures—Intraperitoneal hemorrhage and

shock----death

• Can you remove spleen????

• 5. Tonsillitis– inflammation/infection of tonsils– Sx: throat pain, dysphagia, fever, white spots of

exudate on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes near mandible

– Tx: Antibiotics, rest, tylenol/advil for pain, warm gargles

– Chronic/frequent infections or enlargement that may cause an obstruction may need ?????

• Other– AIDS– caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency

virus)– Mononucleosis (MONO)• Highly contagious (kissing disease)

• Autoimmune diseases (immune system attacks its own healthy tissue)– Rheumatoid arthritis– Lupus

Vaccines and Immunity

• What is a vaccine?

• How does the vaccine provide immunity?

• Examples of “killed” vaccines

• Examples of “live” vaccines