M. Nazmul HaqProfessor,

Institute of Education and ResearchUniversity of Dhaka

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What is education ?Education is a process of transmitting

knowledge, attitude and skills to the people who are in need of it.

There are two parties in education: a. Teacherb. Learner

Both the parties are characterized with their own ways of dealings

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What is the teachers expectation for education ?

Control learning ?or

Promote learning ?

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Control learning provides

Good students High scorers Limited ability Poor insight Low potential

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Learning for promotion provides

Quality students

High scorers Unlimited

ability Wider insight Higher

potential 5

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Teachers’ main thrust for teaching depends on their motivation

for teaching

What is Motivation ?

It is a process that generates a behaviour and leads it towards the goal.

Three basic questions may clarify its nature: What causes an action ?What pushes towards particular goal?What persists the attempt to reach the goal ?

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What causes motivation ?

Some external factors: content, teaching aids, models of teaching, grades, etc. These external factors are known as extrinsic factors.

Some internal factors: curiosity, interest, expectation, anticipation, success, etc.These internal factors are known as intrinsic factors.

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Model of teaching

What is a model ? A model is a system which can be copied by someone. So a teacher’s model is the way a teacher behaves in his/her pursuit.

There are three models of teaching: The executive model Therapist model Liberationist model

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Executive model

This model sees the teacher as the master of the craft and he/she is responsible for learner’s progress

It emphasize direct instruction and hold the responsibility of prescription

Giving lectures, demonstration, suggestions etc. are the techniques of this model

Makes the learners dependent on teacher

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Therapist model

This model views the teacher as highly sympathetic individual. Here teacher allows the learner to go by his/her own pace

Here teacher works as passive facilitator rather than direct instructor

This model is student centered and help them to construct their own materials

Discover learning, cooperative learning, group discussion, apprenticeship etc. are the techniques of this model

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Liberationist model

This model views the teacher as a liberator of students’ mind by providing them with the tools and attitudes necessary for learning

Here students are taught how to learn than what to learn

Learners take the responsibility for their development and teacher works as catalyst

Discover, projects, visits, debates, self criticism etc. are the techniques of this model

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Models of learners

Learner’s model is the way a learner behaves in his/her pursuit.

There are two types: Acquisition model

Where learners largely accumulate informationThis model sees teacher as instructor

Participation modelWhere learners largely participates in the

process of learning and develop their own information

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Acquisition model

This model is highly teacher centered Students largely depends on teacher’s

instruction and textsDeveloping notes, collecting references,

memorizations etc. are principle techniques of this model

Learners become dependent on the text or teacher

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Participation model

Here learner is independent of teacher and the text

Learner discover and construct his/her own information

Learners are responsible for their learningAnalyzing facts, doing projects, writing

journals, prepare materials etc. are principle techniques of this model

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How to increase motivation

Create favourable attitude Tap students’ interestArouse curiosity Address learners’ needs Maintain positive emotional climate Reinforce appropriate behaviours Enhance learners’ expectation Keep the anxiety to minimum level

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Some possible applications of motivation

Make the classroom and lesson interesting: Use puzzles, games, and simulations Try new arrangement of the room Introduce a lesson with music or relevant

poster Relate class work with field trip or guest

speaker or new events

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Some possible applications of motivation

Have sufficient chance to fulfill students’ needs:

Provide some time for interaction with friends

When a work is anxiety provoking (oral report, major tests) have students to work in group

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Some possible applications of motivation

Make the classroom a pleasant and safe place:

Provide tutor for students who are falling behind

Choose assignment which is easy for weak students

Do not allow ridicule a student by other students

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Some possible applications of motivation

Address the needs of backward students: Give un-graded assignment for improvement Have individual conference to discuss

progress

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Some possible applications of motivation

Help students to take responsibility for success and failure:

Take responsibility of your own mistakes and discuss it with students

Invite guest speakers who are willing to speak about their success and failure

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Some possible applications of motivation

Encourage students to discover the connections between their efforts and accomplishment:

After doing a complex assignment ask students to discuss it was done

Discuss reasons for particular success and failure

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Some possible applications of motivation

Help students to set reasonable short-term goals:

Encourage students to set low goalsSuggest alternative in case of unrealistic high

goals

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If you want to be an effective teacher follow these points

Know about your own model Be clear to yourself, why you follow that

modelSwitch your model if necessary Do not imitate others without understandingBe a good student for your teaching Do not teach unless you are motivated Quit the job if your are not satisfied

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