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DEFINITION, CONTINUED
“Spacious, dynamic, brilliant, colorful, theatrical,
passionate, sensual, ecstatic,
opulent, extravagant,versatile and virtuoso.”
CULTURE
Turbulent change in politics, science, arts
Religious wars Exploration of the New World Rise of middle-class culture Music making centered in the home,
church, and universities Collegium musicum
19001800
17001600150014001300600 700 800 900100011001200400 500
IMPROVISATION*
Improvisation*
First musical “stars” Intense competition.
William Goldstein master class
THE RISE OF THE VIRTUOSO* MUSICIAN
Technical improvements in instrument making
Composers challenging the performers
WOMEN IN BAROQUE MUSIC
More professional women were singers & instrumentalists
Francesca Caccini Barbara Strozzi Faustina Bordoni Francesca Cuzzoni Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre
CONCERTO* & RITORNELLO*
Definition
Concerto*: to fight, to argue; a contest
Ritornello*: to return over and again
CONTRAPUNTAL DEVICES Augmentation: longer time values
Diminution: shorter time values
Retrograde: backwards (starting from the last and going to the first)
Inversion: turning the melodic intervals upside down
Retrograde inversion: original melody is played upside down and backwards
DEFINITIONS
Canon* Contrapuntal* “Leader” melody* “Follower” imitation*
Gigue* Movement of a dance suite*
LISTEN FOR…
Repeating bass line*
“Leader” voice*
“Follower” voice*
Entrances of new voices
Harpsichord* accompaniment
ARCANGELO CORELLI
1653-1713 Crucial influence on violin music & technique Accepted in aristocratic society Extreme wealth
DEFINITIONS
Vivace* Lively, energetic
Grave* Slow, mournful
Concerto da chiesa* 3-part composition for the church
LISTEN FOR…
Significant tempo* changes
Dynamic* changes Crescendo* Decrescendo*
Contrapuntal* writing
Harpsichord* accompaniment
FRANÇOIS COUPERIN
1668-1733
Couperin le Grand Famous musical family
Organiste du Roi
Ordinaire de la musique de la chambre du Roi
DEFINITIONS
Prélude*
An introductory piece, able to be performed out of context.
French Baroque*
Identified by unusually specific rhythm* and a decorated melodic line.
ANTONIO VIVALDI* 1678 (Venice) – 1741 (Vienna)
Father/Son violinists
Innovative composer Form (Sonata* or
“Sonata Allegro”*) Woodwind* Virtuoso* violin technique
VIRTUOSO!*
"Vivaldi played a solo – so splendid! -- to which he appended a
cadenza* which really frightened me, for such playing has never
been nor can be: he brought his fingers up to only a straw's
distance from the bridge, leaving no room for the bow-- and that on all four strings with imitations and
incredible speed."
VENICE
City/state Social and cultural capital of Italy
Tourism Festivals required music
Christmas Carnival
VIVALDI THE TRAVELER...
Work as performer Amassed great wealth
poorly invested
International success Paris, Amsterdam^, Vienna, Rome and Dresden
1ST PROFESSIONAL* MUSICIAN
Appointment (Patronage*) Church and/or state
Music Publishing Dedications*
JOB DUTIES
Teacher
Violin, viola, flute, oboe, harpsichord and voice
Composer
Two concerti* every month for public performances
PERFORMANCES
Most famous & admired orchestra in all of Venice!
Highly competitive market Popularity, fame and fortune
Large, heavy curtains. Why?
VIVALDI’S MUSIC
Prolific
500 concerti*, 40 cantatas*, 52+ operas*, 60+ sacred works
Where is all the rest?
Who claims ownership?
VIVALDI AND OPERA*
Six opera houses in Venice Intense competition
Diversion from sacred* music
Profit Ownership
Fame Social aspect
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Attention to individual, unique timbre* of each instrument
Unusual and new instruments
SONATA* (OR, “SONATA ALLEGRO”)*
Three parts
Allegro* (Fast)
Adagio* or Andante* (Slow)
Allegro* (Fast)
“THE FOUR SEASONS”* 1718-1720
"The Contest of Harmony and Invention”*
Program music*
Four violin concerti*
Three movements each
PROGRAM MUSIC*
Non-vocal (instrumental only)
Musical depiction of a non-musical event, person or thing.
Todentanz (The Dance of Death)Franz Liszt
Don QuixoteRichard Strauss
The War of 1812 (“The 1812 Overture”)Peter Tchaikovsky
“SPRING” (1ST MOVEMENT)Springtime is upon us.
The birds celebrate her return with festive song,and murmuring streams are softly
caressed by the breezes.
Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven,
Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more.
“...THUNDERSTORMS... ROAR...”
Thunder Orchestra
Lightening Violinist
Virtuoso displays
Question and Answer
Ritornello
LEGACY....
Died penniless in 1741
Musically obsolete
Forgotten by the musical world for almost two hundred years
20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES
1926 Monastery in Piedmont (region), Italy
14 folios
1930 300 concertos for various instruments nd 18 operas 100+ vocal-instrumental piece