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8/9/2019 Mach, Ernst(1896) on Stereoscopic Application of Roentgen's Rays
1/4
egeler Institute
ON THE STEREOSCOPIC APPLICATION OF ROENTGEN'S RAYSAuthor(s): Ernst MachSource: The Monist, Vol. 6, No. 3 (April, 1896), pp. 321-323Published by: Hegeler InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27897339.
Accessed: 30/11/2014 19:32
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2/4
Vol. VI.
April,
1896.
No.
3.
THE MONIST.
ON
THE
STEREOSCOPICPPLICATION
F
ROENTGEN'S
RAYS.1
THIRTY
years
ago
I
described
in
the
Proceedings
of
the
Vienna
Academy
of
Sciences'1
a
procedure
for
obtaining
transparent
ste
reoscopic pictures
of
invisible
bodies,
machines,
anatomical
objects,
and so forth. The stereoscopic impression is interrupted, a part of
the
object
is
withdrawn,
the
exposure
is
repeated,
and
so
on,
as
often
as
is
necessary.
In
this
manner
parts
normally
concealed
or
en
closed
are
made
to
appear
on
the
picture
with
perfect
distinctness.a
1
Communicated
as
a
comment
on
the article
in
No.
441
of
The
Open
Court\
The
New
X-Rays.
2
Ueber
wissenschaftliche
Anwendungen
der
Photographie
und
Stereoscopie.
Sitzung
vom
uten
Mai,
1866.
3
See
my
Popular
Scientific
Lectures,
Chicago,
Open
Court
Publishing
Com
pany, 1895, page 73. The passage runs substantially as follows :
The
stereoscope
can
visualise
for
us
things
which
we
never
see
with
equal
clearness
in
real
objects.
You
know
that if
you
move
around
much
while
your
pho
tograph
is
being
taken,
your
picture
will
come
out
like that
of
a
Hindu
deity,
with
several heads
or
several
arms, which,
at
the
spaces
where
they
overlap,
show
forth
with
equal
distinctness,
so
that
we
seem
to
see
the
one
picture
through
the
other.
If
a
person
moves
quickly
away
from
the
camera
before
the
impression
is
com
pleted,
the
objects
behind
him
will
also
be
imprinted
upon
the
photograph
;
the
person
will look
transparent.
Photographic
ghosts
are
made in
this
way.
'
Some
very
useful
applications
may
be
made of this
discovery.
For
example,
if
we
photograph
a
machine
stereoscopically,
successively
removing
during
the
ope
ration
the
single parts
(where
of
course
the
impression
suffers
interruptions),
we
obtain
a
transparent
view,
endowed with all the marks of
spatial
solidity,
in
which
is
distinctly
visualised
the
interaction
of
parts
normally
concealed.
I
have
em
ployed
this
method
for
obtaining
transparent
stereoscopic
views
of
anatomical
struc
tures.
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322
THE
MONIST.
At
the
time,
I could
not
have
foreseen
that
this
procedure,
which
furnishes wonderful
results,
but
frequently
entails
great
labor,
should
be
destined
to
undergo
so
striking
a
simplification.
When
R?ntgen's
discovery
was
made
known,
I
requested
Dr.
I.
M.
Eder,
of
Vienna,?for
I
am
not
now
in
a
position
myself
to
undertake
experiments
in
photography,?to
attempt
a
stereoscopic
photograph
with
the
x
rays,
which he
performed
with
beautiful and
successful
results
(February
13,
1896).
Since lenses
cannot
be
em
ployed
in
this
process,
resource was had to the
following
procedure.
A
mouse
was
placed
on
a
piece
of black
cardboard,
beneath
which
lay
a
photographic
plate,
and the
whole
was
irradiated
by
a
Crookes's
tube.
Then,
without
disturbing
the
mouse,
the
plate
was
changed
and
the
position
of the
Crookes's
tube
shifted. The
two
photographic
shadow-pictures,
thus obtained
from
two
different
points,
could
now
be combined
into
a
phantom-picture
of
the
mouse,
in
which
the
whole
skeleton
appears
in
marvellously
distinct and
solid outlines. By the injection of substances into the blood-vessels,
these
also could
be obtained.
The
pictures
obtained
in
this
manner
would
never,
of
course,
rival the
perfection
of
the
photographs
taken
by
my
old
method,
but
on
the other
hand,
the
process
is
incomparably simpler,
it
necessi
tates
no
detailed
preparations,
and,
most
important
of
all,
in
many
cases,
photographs
by
it
may
be
obtained
of
a
living,
undissected
man.
Naturally
I
have also
attempted
to
obtain
two
R?ntgen
shadow
pictures
of the
same
anatomical
object
on
a
fluorescent
screen,
and
by
the
intermediation
of
photography
to
combine
the
two
directly
into
a
stereoscopic
result.
But
the
attempt
failed,
owing
to
the
weakness
of the
fluorescence
even
at
short
distances
from
the
source
of
radiation.
Beyond
doubt, however,
means
will
be
devised
for
augmenting
the fluorescent
effect,
probably
by
the
construction
of
windows
of different
material
from
glass,
which
greatly
obstructs
the
passage
of
the
,#-rays
nd
permits only
a
small fraction of their
effect
to
issue
from
the Crookes's
tube.
Then
a
surgeon
may
ob
tain
a
direct
stereoscopic
view,
say,
of
a
stone
in the bladder
and of
the
position
of
his
operating
instrument.
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4/4
on
the
stereoscopic application
of
r?ntgen's
rays.
323
It
is difficult
to
determine
whether the
x-rays
are
longitudinal.
Since
they
can
neither be
refracted
nor
reflected,
there
is
little
hope
of their
being
polarised.
But
so
long
as
the
absence
of
polarisation
is
not
demonstrated,
it
cannot
be asserted that the
^c-rays
are
longi
tudinal.
The
jc-rays
cannot
consist
of isolated
impacts,
as
Huygens
con
ceived
light
\
but
they
must
be
periodic
and
short-waved,
for
other
wise such
sharp
shadows could
not
be
produced.
As
yet,
no
dif
fraction has been shown.
The
non-appearance
of
??ttv
ction-bands
might
be
explained
by
composition
from
widely-varying
wave-lengths.
But
the
separation
of the
wave-lengths
by
absorption
also
appears
to
present
formid
able
difficulties. There
can scarce
be
a
thought
of
short-waved
ultra-violet
light,
for ultra-violet
light
can
be
refracted,
and
just
the
shortest
waves are
absorbed
by
thin laminae of
air.
In
fact,
the
ques
tion
grows
constantly
more
difficult
and
more
interesting.
Rarely
has a discovery so fascinated me, and I should take great pleasure
in
experimenting
on
these
questions,
were
that
not
primarily
R?nt
gen's
own
privilege.
E. Mach.
Vienna.
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