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MACMILLAN

ListofMaps vii The Jacobin Commission 16British Intervention in St Domingue 17

Preface to the Third Edition viiiToussaint Louverture 17

European Rivalry in the Caribbean in 1Toussaint's rise to power 17

the Eighteenth CenturyToussaint's domination of St Domingue 18Toussaint's Constitution 18

Relative positions of the European powers Napoleons attitude to Toussaint 19in the Caribbean 1 The attempted 'pacification of St Domingue 19

Naval power 3 Lec1erc'sexpedition to St Domingue 19Economie aims of the powers 3 Christophe and Dessalines take over 19The effects of the eighteenth -century wars Haitian independence 21on the West Indies 3 The priee of independence 21The War of Spanish Succession 3 Loss oflife 21

The War ofJenkins' Ear 4 Politieal chaos 22The War of Austrian Succession 4 Economie ruin 23The Seven Years' War 6 The boost to other sugar producers 23The effects of the Seven Years' War 6The War of Ameriean Independence 7 Effects of the Haitian Revolution onThe effects of the War of Ameriean other countries 24Independence 8

3 Europe and the United States in theThe United States and the Caribbean in the Caribbean, 1783-1823 26eighteenth century 9

The French Revolutionary WarsThe position in 1783 9 26Factors favouring an aggressive policy 10 Vietor Hugues and Julien Fedon 26Factors favouring a peaceful poliey 11 The Black Carib revolt in St Vincent 27

Seizure of the Dutch, Danish andBecoming a Caribbean power 11Swedish colonies 28'Manifest Destiny' 11The widening of the war in the Caribbean 28

Conc1usion 12 The West India Regiments 28

The Haitian Revolution 13The Napoleonie Wars 29

2

The French Revolution 13 The economic effects of the Revolutionary

The effect of the Revolution in the Frenchand Napoleonie Wars 29

Caribbean 13 The United States and the Caribbean 30The effect of the Revolution in St Domingue

Spanish Ameriean independence 3114 The Monroe Doctrine 31The effect on the white population 14 The United States and Cuba 32The effect on the coloured population 14The effect on the slave population 15 4 The Control and Treatment of Slaves 33The coloured revolt of 1790 15

Slavery and the law 33The slave rising around Cap Fran~aisin 1791 16 Slave laws and codes in the British Caribbean 34

The origin of the slave codes 35 The 1831 revolt in Jamaica, the 'WesternThe features of the slave codes 35 Liberation Uprising ,

54Punishments 35 Conclusion 56Manumission 36Marriage and divorce 37 6 Slavery Challenged 59Religion 37

Attitudes towards slavery 59Education 38Pre-eighteenth -century attitudes 59

Forces of law and order 38 Acquisition and justification 59The MHitia 38 Racial attitudes 60British troops 39 Eighteenth -century attitudes 60Constables 39 Arguments used to condone slavery 62

Other forms of slave control 39 Arguments used to condemn slavery 63Pro-slavery alliances 39 The British anti-slavery movement 63

Amelioration 40 The Quakers 63The Huggins and Hodge cases 41 The Clapham Sect, or 'The Saints' 64

Industrialists 64Slave codes in the non -British Caribbean 41

The Spanish Code 41 The campaign for the abolition of the

The French Code 42 slave trade 64The Dutch and Danish Codes 42 The campaign outside Parliament 64

The campaign in Parliament 66Conclusion 43 The West India Interest 67

5 Resistance and Revolt 45 The abolition of the slave trade 68

Response to slavery 45Difficulties in enforcing the abolitionof the slave trade 68

Passive resistance 45Amerindian influence on resistance 46 Better days for the free coloureds 70Resistance through African culture 46 7 The Emancipation of Slaves 72Active resistance 46

Amelioration 72Marronage 47 The Registration of Slaves 72The Maroons in Jamaica 47 The Amelioration Bill 73

The First Maroon War 48 The faHure of amelioration 73The Second Maroon War 48 Missionaries in the British West Indies 74

The Bush Negroes of Surinam 50 Nonconformist missions 74

Slave rebellions 50 The persecution of missionaries 75

The 1763 rebellion in Berbice 51 Other obstacles faced by the missionaries 75

The spread of the rebellion 52 Conclusion 76

The arrival of troops 52 The emancipation of slaves 77The death of Kofi 53 Immediate causes 77ANational Hero 53 The Emancipation Act, 1833 77

The late slave rebellions in the British Compensation 78

West Indies 53 The apprenticeship system 79The 1816 revolt in Barbados 53 Reasons for apprenticeship 79The 1823 revolt in Demerara 54 Apprenticeship at work 80

Special magistrates 80 10 Problems of the Caribbean SugarThe end of apprenticeship 81 Industry 111

Abolition and emancipation in the British West Indian sugar before 1846 111non -British Caribbean 82 Sugar prices 112

The French islands 82 The Sugar Equalisation Act, 1846 113The Spanish islands 82 Free trade 113The Dutch colonies 85 Results of the 1846 Act 113The Swedish and Danish islands 86 Surviving the crisis 114

Condusion 86 The Encumbered Estates Act, 1854 1148 Post-Emancipation Adjustments 87 Foreign competition 115

The immediate post -emancipation period 87 Cuba 115The new labouring dass in 1838 88 The natural advantages of Cuba 116The attitude of the labourers 89 The man-made advantages of Cuba 116The attitude of the planters 89 The sugar revolution in Cuba 117The effect on sugar production 90 The Dominican Republic 118Wages and fringe benefits 92 Louisiana and Brazil 118Sugar cultivation by independent blacks 93 European beet sugar 119

The 'free village' movement 93 The backwardness of the British West

Free villages in Jamaica 94 Indian sugar industry 120Free villages in other colonies 94 Causes 120

The Royal Commission of 1882-83 121The labour situation after emancipation 96 The Norman Commission of 1896 122

9 Immigrant Labour 97 The need for alternative crops 122Official reaction to immigration 97 Before the Norman Commission 122

Small farming and alternative crops 123Immigration schemes 98 The importance of the Norman

European labour 98 Commission 123Madeirans and Maltese 98Free African immigration 98 11 Constitutional Developments in theChinese immigration 99 British Caribbean in the NineteenthIndian immigration 99 Century 124The contracts 101 Breakdown of the representative system ofOrganisation of Asian immigration government 124schemes 102 The representative system 124

'The New Slavery' 103 Non -co operative Assemblies 125Immigration to non-British colonies 104 The judiciary 126

The Dutch colonies 106 Localgovernment 128The French colonies 106 Status of Trinidad, St Lucia and BritishCuba 106 Guiana 128

The effects of immigration in the British Trinidad 128colonies 108 St Lucia 128

On the sugar industry 108 British Guiana 128On culture and society 109 The Morant Bay Rebellion 129

The hardships of the 1850s and 1860s 129 Religious and cultural divisions 152The key personalities 130 The absence of social mobility 152Events leading to the rebellion 131 The emergence of a diverse culture 153The rebellion 131 West Indian soldiers 153The repression 133 Social patterns 154Judgement on Eyre 133 Marriage 154

The change to Crown Colony government 134 Matrifocal families 155Crown Colony government in Jamaica 134 Segregation of the sexes 155Crown Colony government in the Kinship 155Windward Islands 135 The 'yard' 155Crown Colony government in the Social welfare 155Leeward Islands 135 Education 156Bahamas, Bermuda and Barbados 135 Charity schools 156

Crown Colony government at work 135 Mission schools 157

Conc1usion 136 The training of teachers 157School attendance 157

12 Religion in the British Caribbean in The dual system 158the Nineteenth Century 137 Education under Crown Colony

The Anglican Church 137 government 159

Church of England missions 137 Secondary education 159Curriculum 160Reforms in the Anglican Church 138 Social results of education by 1914 160The creation of two dioceses 138

Post -emancipation period 138 Public health and medical services 161The disestablishment of the Church of Public works 162England 139 Communications 163Barbados 139 Railways 163

Nonconformist Churches 140 Sea transport 164The MoraYians 140 Posts and telegraphs 164The Wesleyan Methodists 140 Emigration 165The Baptists 141 Background to emigration 165Nonconformist missions 141 Trinidad and British Guiana 165Persecution ofNonconformist Churches 142 Panama 165Post -emancipation 144 Central America 166

The Roman Catholic Church 144 Cuba and the Dominican Republic 167

Immigrant religions 145The United States 167

Hinduism 145 Conc1usion 167Islam 147Hinduism and Islam in the West Indies 148 Revision Questions 169

13 Sodal Life and Changes, 1838-1914 150 Further Reading 171

After emancipation 150 Index 173Divisions in society 150The anti-Portuguese riot in BritishGuiana 151

1 The Caribbean at the beginning of theeighteenth eentury 2

2 The independent United States in 1783 10

3 StDomingue 15

4 The Caribbean in 1815 20

5 The strategie importanee of Cuba tothe United States 32

6 Jamaiea and the Maroon Wars 49

7 The principal soure es of Asian immigrants 105

8 Eastern Jamaiea at the time of the MorantBay Rebellion 132

9 Emigration from the British Caribbeanislands, 1838 to 1914 168