Macmillan Law Masters

Employment Law

MACMILLAN LAW MASTERS Series Editor: Marise Cremona

Business Law (2nd edn) Stephen Judge Company Law (3rd edn) Janet Dine Constitutional and Administrative Law (3rd edn) John Alder Contract Law (3rd edn) Ewan McKendrick Conveyancing (3rd edn) Priscilla Sarton Criminal Law (2nd edn) Jonathan Herring and Marise Cremona Employment Law (3rd edn) Deborah J. Lockton Environmental Law and Ethics John Alder and David Wilkinson Evidence Raymond Emson Family Law (2nd edn) Kate Standley Housing Law and Policy David Cowan Intellectual Property Law Tina Hart and Linda Fazzani Land Law (3rd edn) Kate Green Landlord and Tenant Law (3rd edn) Margaret Wilkie and Godfrey Cole Law of the European Union (2nd edn) Jo Shaw Law of Succession Catherine Rendell Law of Trusts Patrick McLoughlin and Catherine Rendell Legal Method (3rd edn) Ian McLeod Legal Theory Ian McLeod Social Security Law Robert East Torts (2nd edn) Alastair Mullis and Ken Oliphant

Employment Law

Third Edition

Deborah J. Lockton LLB, MPhil

Law series editor: Marise Cremona Senior Fellow, Centre for Commercial Law Studies Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London

MACMIllAN

© Deborah Lockton 1994, 1996, 1999

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

The author has asserted her rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First edition 1994 Reprinted once Second edition 1996 Reprinted twice Third edition 1999 Published by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

(eBook)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00

ISBN 978-0-333-75358-3 ISBN 978-1-349-15002-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15002-1

Contents

Preface Table of Cases Table of Legislation

Part I INTRODUCfION

1 Sources and Institutions of Employment Law 1.1 Common Law 1.2 Legislation 1.3 Codes of Practice 1.4 European Community Law 1.5 Employment Tribunals 1.6 The Employment Appeal Tribunal 1.7 The Civil Courts 1.8 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) 1.9 Central Arbitration Committee 1.10 Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members 1.11 Commissioner for Protection against Unlawful

Industrial Action 1.12 The Commissions Summary Further Reading

Part II THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP

v

Xl

xiv xx

1

3 3 4 4 4 5 8 8 9

10 10

11 11 12 12

13

2 The Nature of the Relationship 15 2.1 Distinction between Employees and Independent Contractors 15 2.2 Tests for Determining Status 16 Summary 21 Exercises 21 Further Reading 21

3 Terms of Contract 22 3.1 Express Terms 22 3.2 Collective Agreements 26 3.3 Incorporation of Other Documents 31 3.4 Statutory Statement of Terms and Conditions 34 3.5 Custom 35 3.6 Implied Terms 36 Summary 37 Exercises 38 Further Reading 38

4 Implied Duties in the Contract of Employment 4.1 Personal Nature of the Contract

39 39

vi Contents

4.2 Duties of the Employer 4.3 Duties of the Employee Summary Exercises Further Reading

41 72 81 82 82

Part III CONSTRAINTS ON THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSllP 83

5 Discrimination 5.1 The Concept of Discrimination 5.2 Direct Discrimination 5.3 Indirect Discrimination 5.4 Victimisation 5.5 Acts of Discrimination 5.6 Other Unlawful Acts 5.7 Genuine Occupational Qualifications 5.8 Exceptions to the Legislation 5.9 Enforcement and Remedies 5.10 Discrimination on the Grounds of Disability Summary Exercises Further Reading

6 Equal Pay 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Equal Pay Act 1970 6.3 The Male Comparator 6.4 Like Work 6.5 Work Related Equivalent 6.6 Work of Equal Value 6.7 Defences 6.8 European Law and Equal Pay Summary Exercises Further Reading

7 Employment Protection 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Guaranteed Week 7.3 Medical Suspension Pay 7.4 Maternity Rights 7.5 Right Not to Suffer a Detriment 7.6 Time-off Provisions Summary Exercise Further Reading

Part IV TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

8 Termination at Common Law

85 85 89 96

102 102 106 108 110 111 113 120 120 121

122 122 122 123 124 126 126 128 132 136 136 136

137 137 137 138 138 142 145 147 147 147

149

151

8.1 Termination by Operation of Law 8.2 Termination by Agreement 8.3 Repudiation 8.4 Resignation 8.5 Common Law Dismissal 8.6 Reasons for Dismissal 8.7 Procedure for Dismissal 8.8 Remedies for Wrongful Dismissal Summary Exercises Further Reading

9 Unfair Dismissal 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Continuity of Employment 9.3 Excluded Employees 9.4 Has There Been a Dismissal? 9.5 Reasons for Dismissal 9.6 The Concept of Reasonableness 9.7 Automatically Unfair Dismissal 9.8 Dismissal During a Strike, Lock-Out or

Other Industrial Action 9.9 Remedies for Unfair Dismissal Summary Exercises Further Reading

10 Redundancy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Qualification to Claim 10.3 Definition of Redundancy 10.4 Misconduct and Redundancy 10.5 Suitable Alternative Employment 10.6 Trial Period in New Employment 10.7 Lay-Off and Short-Time Working 10.8 Redundancy Compensation 10.9 Consultation Summary Exercises Further Reading

11 Duties of Ex-Employees 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Express/lmplied Duty of Fidelity 11.3 Restraint of Trade Covenants 11.4 Reasonable Between the Parties 11.5 Reasonable in the Public Interest 11.6 Enforceability 11.7 Enforcement Summary

Contents Vll

151 153 155 158 158 161 162 164 165 166 166

167 167 171 183 187 190 203 218

223 227 232 233 234

235 235 235 236 240 241 242 243 243 244 248 249 250

251 251 .251 251 253 254 256 258 259

viii Contents

Exercises Further Reading

Part V TRADE UNIONS AND THE LAW OF INDUSTRIAL ACTION

12 Trade Unions 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Status ofthe Trade Unions 12.3 Listing 12.4 Independent Trade Unions 12.5 Recognition of the Trade Unions 12.6 The Political Fund 12.7 Trade Union Accounts 12.8 The Rule Book 12.9 Inter-Union Disputes 12.10 Trade Union Amalgamations 12.11 Trade Union Elections 12.12 The Right to Information 12.13 The Closed Shop Summary Exercises Further Reading

13 The Rights of Trade Union Members 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Enforcement of the Union Rule Book 13.3 Exclusion and Expulsion 13.4 Discipline of Union members 13.5 Commissioner for the Rights of Union Members 13.6 Action Short of Dismissal Summary Exercises Further Reading

14 Industrial Actiou 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Industrial Action and the Contract of Employment 14.3 Industrial Action and the Economic Torts 14.4 Statutory Immunities 14.5 Trade Union Liability 14.6 Loss of Trade Union Immunity 14.7 Picketing 14.8 Remedies Summary Exercises Further Reading

Index

260 260

261

263 263 264 266 266 268 270 273 274 275 276 277 279 281 282 283 283

284 284 284 286 288 290 291 293 293 294

295 295 297 300 308 315 317 320 324 326 327 327

328

ix

Preface to Third Edition

The third edition of this text has been written to take into account, once again, the rapid changes in this area. The change of government in May 1997 has led to the passing of a great deal of legislation, all of which will be in force during the currency of this text. There has also been a number of important decisions from the European Court of Justice, including, at page proof stage, the long-awaited decision in R. v. Secretary of State for Employment ex parte Seymour-Smith and Perez. Furthermore, the government published Fairness at Work in May 1998, which led to the publication of the Employment Relations Bill 1999 . The provisions of the Bill have been incorporated into the text where possible. The ECJ in Seymour-Smith suggested that the two-year continuity requirement in respect of unfair dismissal was not indirectly discriminatory to women. Fairness at Work, however, recommended reducing the continuity period in unfair dismissal to one year. This has not been incorporated into the Employment Relations Bill, although it is thought that the continuity period will be reduced to one year by statutory instrument during this parliamentary session.

As usual there are many people to thank for their patience and under­standing. My students and colleagues have always supported me through my frustrations when there were frequent changes meaning yet another update to an update. Keith, as usual, has been calmness itself during the whole process and has provided the necessary caffeine at frequent intervals. Last but not least, my thanks goes to James, who arrived early and therefore set this manuscript back a little and who has given me little sleep but a lot of happiness. Despite all of this help any mistakes are my own.

The law is as I understand it to be on 1 March 1999.

Deborah J. Lockton

x

Table of Cases

A. v. Company B Ltd [1997] IRLR 405 AB v. South Western Water Services Ltd [1993] 1 All ER 609 Abrahams v. Performing Rights Society [1995] IRLR 486 ACAS v. Taylor (1998) IRLB 594 Adams v. Lancashire County Council and BE

Catering Services [1997] IRLR 436 Adamson v. B & L Cleaning Services [1995] IRLR 193 Addis v. Gramophone Co. Ltd [1909] AC 488 Adekeye v. Post Office [1997] IRLR 105 Adivihalli v. Export Credits Guarantee Department

213 112

161, 165 105

180 80

164 87,88,89

(1998) IDS Brief 620 215 Ainsworth v. Glass Tubes and Components [1977] IRLR 74 124 Airfix Footwear Ltd v. Cope [1978] IRLR 396 19 Alboni v. Ind Coope Retail Ltd [1998] IRLR 131 190 Alcan Extrusions v. Yates [1996] IRLR 327 156, 188 Alexander v. Home Office [1989] IRLR 190 112 Alexander v. Standard Telephones and Cables pIc [1990] IRLR 291 41 Ali v. Christian Salvesen Food Services Ltd [1997] IRLR 17 31,37 Alidair v. Taylor [1978] IRLR 82 192 Allen v. Flood [1898] AC 1 298, 300, 302 Alsop v. Star Vehicle Contracts Ltd [1990] IRLR 83 48 Amalgamated Asphalt Companies Ltd v. Dockrill (1972) ITR 198 46 Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v. Osborne [1910] AC 87 271 American Cynamid Co. v. Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 258, 324 Annamunthodo v. Oilfield Workers Union [1961] AC 954 289 Ansell Rubber Co. v. Allied Rubber Industries [1967] VR 37 254 Appleyard v. Smith (Hull) Ltd [1972] IRLR 19 201 Arnold v. Beecham Group Ltd [1982] IRLR 307 126 Artisan Press v. Strawley and Parker [1986] IRLR 126 231 Associated British Ports v. Palmer [1993] IRLR 336 282, 292 Associated British Ports v. Palmer [1995] IRLR 258 282, 292 Associated Dairies v. Hartley [1979] IRLR 171 69 Associated Newspapers Ltd v. Wilson [1993] IRLR 336 282, 292 Associated Newspapers Ltd v. Wilson [1995] IRLR 258 282, 292 Association of Patternmakers and Allied

Craftsmen v. Kirwin Ltd [1978] IRLR 318 Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial

Staff v. Parkin [1984] ICR 127 Auguste Noel Ltd v. Curtis [1990] IRLR 326 Austin Rover Group Ltd v. HM Inspector of Factories

[1990] 1 AC 619 Avon County Council v. Howlett [1983] IRLR 171 Aziz v. Trinity Taxis [1988] ICR 534

246

272 215

70 47

102

BAALPE v. NUT [1986] IRLR 497 Baker v. Cornwall County Council [1990] IRLR 194 Baldwin v. British Coal Corporation [1995] IRLR 139 Bannerman Co. Ltd v. Mackenzie (1995) IDS Brief 552 Barber v. Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group

[1990] IRLR 240 Barber v. NCR (Manufacturing) [1993] IRLR 95 Barlow v. A.J. Whittle [1990] IRLR 79 Barton v. Wandsworth Council (1995) IDS Brief 549 Batchelor v. BRB [1987] IRLR 136 Bath v. British Transport Commission [1954] 2 All ER 542 Batisha v. Say [1977] IRLR 6 Baverstock v. Horsley Smith & Co. COlT 910/112 Baxter v. Harland & Wolff pIc [1990] IRLR 516 BBC v. Hearn [1977] 1 WLR 1004 BBC v. Farnworth (1998) IDS Brief 624 BBC v. Ioannou [1975] ICR 267 BBC v. Kelly-Phillips [1998] IRLR 294 Beard v. London General Omnibus Co. [1900] 2 QB 530 Beaverbrook Newspapers v. Keys [1978] ICR 582 Beetham v. Trinidad Cement Ltd [1960] AC 132 Bentley Engineering Co. Ltd v. Crown [1976] IRLR 146 Benton v. Sanderson Kayser Ltd [1989] IRLR 19 Bents Brewery v. Hogan [1945] 2 All ER 570 Berriman v. Delabole Slate [1985] IRLR 305 Berry v. Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13

Table a/Cases xi

264 87

161 49

111, 132, 133, 134 130 48

143 183 56

103 202 56

311,312 238 185

185, 186 63

314 310 172 243

301,313 181,220

60 Berwick Salmon Fisheries Co. Ltd v. Rutherford [1991] IRLR 203 Betts v. Brintel Helicopters [1997] ICR 792

173 178, 179

Bhatt v. Chelsea & Westminster Health Care Trust and Charing Cross Medical School [1997] IRLR 660

Bick v. School for the Deaf [1976] IRLR 326 Biggs v. Somerset County Council [1996] IRLR 203 Bilka-Kaufhaus v. Weber von Hartz [1987] ICR 110 EO Birch and Humber v. University of Liverpool [1985] IRLR 165 Blackman v. Post Office [1974] IRLR 46 Blackpool and Fylde College v. NATFHE [1944] IRLR 227 Bliss v. South East Thames Regional Health Authority [1987]

ICR 700 Blue Circle Staff Association v. Certification Officer

[1977] ICR 224 Blue Star Ship Management Ltd v. Williams [1979] IRLR 16 Blumestead v. John Cars Ltd (1967) 21TR 137 BOC Ltd v. McConnon (1989) EAT 613/89 Bonner v. Gilbert (H.) Ltd [1989] IRLR 475 Bonsor v. Musicians' Union [1956] AC 104 Borders Regional Council v. Maule [1992] IRLR 199 Bork (P) International NS v. Foreningen af Arbejdsledere

i Danmark [1989] IRLR 41

186 86

134 100 153 191 317

54, 193

267 194 175 214 241

265,288 146

181

xii Table o/Cases

Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co. v. Ansell (1888) 39 Ch. 339

Bouchaala v. Trusthouse Forte Hotels Ltd [1980] IRLR 382 Bowater Containers Ltd v. McCormack [1980] IRLR 50 Bowen v. Hall (1881) 6 QBD 333 Bowes & Partners v. Press [1894] 2 QB 202 Bowler v. Lovegrove [1921] 1 Ch. 642 Bowman v. Harland & Wolff pIc [1992] IRLR 349 Boyo v. Lambeth London Borough Council [1994] ICR 727 BP Chemicals v. Gillick [1995] IRLR 128 Bracebridge Engineering Ltd v. Darby [1990] IRLR 3 Bradford v. Robinson Rentals Ltd [1967] 1 All ER 267 Bradley v. NALGO [1991] IRLR 159 Bradshaw v. Rugby Portland Cement Ltd [1972] IRLR 46 Braham v. Lyons & Co. Ltd [1962] 3 All ER 281 Braithwaite v. Electrical, Electronics and

Telecommunications Union [1969] 2 All ER 859 Brassington v. Cauldron Wholesale Ltd [1978] ICR 405 Bratko v. Beloit Walmsley [1995] IRLR 629 Breach v. Epsylon Industries Ltd [1976] IRLR 180 Breen v. AEU [1971] 2 QB 175 Brennan v. Dewhurst Ltd [1984] ICR 52 Briggs v. Oates [1990] IRLR 472 Brimelow v. Casson [1924] 1 Ch 302 British Aircraft Corporation v. Austin [1978] IRLR 332 British Coal Corporation v. Smith [1996] IRLR 404 British Gas pIc v. Sharma [1991] IRLR 101 British Home Stores v. Burchell [1978] IRLR 1379 British Industrial Plastics v. Ferguson [1938] 4 All ER 504 British Labour Pump Co. Ltd v. Byrne [1979] IRLR 94 British Leyland (UK) v. Ashraf [1978] IRLR 330 British Leyland UK Ltd v. McQuilken [1978] IRLR 245 British Midland Airways Ltd v. Gilmore [1981] EAT 173/81 British Motor Trade Association v. Salvadori [1949] 1 All ER 208 British Road Services v. Loughran [1997] IRLR 92 British Syphon Co. Ltd v. Homewood [1956] 1 WLR 1190 British United Shoe Machinery Co. Ltd v. Clarke [1978] ICR 70 Bromby v. Hoare & Evans [1972] ICR 113 Bromley v. H & J Quick [1988] IRLR 249 Brooks v. British Telecommunications pIc [1992] IRLR 66 Brooks & Son v. Skinner [1984] IRLR 379 Broome v. DPP [1974] AC 587 Brown v. Rentokil [1995] IRLR 211/[1998] IRLR 445(EO) Brown v. Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council [1988] IRLR 263 Brown v. Rolls-Royce Ltd [1960] 1 All ER 577 Browning v. Crumlin Valley Collieries [1926] 1 KB 522 Bryan v. Birmingham City District Council [1987] IRLR 191 Budgen & Co. v. Thomas [1976] IRLR 174

53, 75, 162 201 202 300 298 254

56 157

16,104 106 58

290 199 57

288 292 184 42

288 104 252 303

54 124 112

190, 191 302 211

154,155 26

208 302 131 80

230 238 126 184 210

321,324 95,96

218 62 51

172 213

Table of Cases xiii

Burrough's Machines Ltd v. Timmoney [1977] IRLR 404 Burton v. De Vere Hotels [1996] IRLR 596 Burton Group Ltd v. Smith [1977] IRLR 191 Bux v. Slough Metals [1973] 1 WLR 1358

Cabaj v. Westminster City Council (1996) IDS Brief 567 Cadoux v. Central Regional Council [1986] IRLR 131 Cain v. Leeds Western Health Authority [1990] IRLR 168 Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Vieillesse des Travailleurs

Salaries v. Thibault [1998] IRLR 399 Calder v. James Finlay Corporation [1989] IRLR 55

29 105 30

54,62

211 32

206

Calder v. Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery [1993] IRLR 212 Caledonia Bureau Investment & Property v. Caffrey [1998] IRLR 110 Caledonian Mining Co. Ltd v. Bassett and Steel [1987] IRLR 165 Cambridge & District Co-operative Society Limited v. Ruse

96 88

131 96

154

[1993] IRLR 156 Campey & Sons v. Bellwood [1987] ICR 311 Caparo Industries v. Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568 Capper Pass v. Allan [1980] IRLR 236 Capper Pass v. Lawton [1977] ICR 83 Carmichael and Leese v. National Power pIc [1998] IRLR 301 Carron Co. v. Robertson (1967) ITR 484 Carson v. John Lewis & Co. (1977) EAT 266n7 Carter v. Law Society [1973] ICR 113 Cassidy v. Minister of Health [1951] 2 KB 343 Cast v. Croydon College [1998] IRLR 318 Cavaciuti v. London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham

(1991) EAT 246/91 Cawley v. South Wales Electricity Board [1985] IRLR 89 Chant v. Aquaboats [1978] ICR 643 Chapman v. Goonvean & Rostowrack China Clay Ltd

[1973] 1 WLR 678 Cheall v. United Kingdom [1986] 8 EHRR 74 Church v. West Lancashire NHS Trust [1998] IRLR 492 City & Hackney Health Authority v. National Union of

Public Employees [1985] IRLR 252

242 226 52

125 124 19

242 195 265

17 88

227 190,216

221

239 286 239

City of Bradford Metropolitan County v. Arora [1989] IRLR 442 40

112 288

114, 115, 116 Clark v. NATSOPA (SO GAT 82) [1986] ICR 12 Clark v. Novacold Ltd [1998] IRLR 420 Clark Tokesley Ltd t/a Spell Brook Ltd v. Oakes

[1998] IRLR 577 175 Clarke v. Chadburn [1984] IRLR 350 275 Clarke v. Eley (IMI) Kynoch [1982] IRLR 482 96, 98 Clarke v. Trimoco Motor Group Ltd [1993] IRLR 148 213 Clay Cross (Quarry Services) v. Fletcher [1979] ICR 1 128, 129, 130 Clift v. West Riding County Council (1964) The Times, 10 April 31 Clymo v. Wandsworth London Borough Council [1989] IRLR 241 101 Coales v. John Wood & Co. [1986] IRLR 129 44

xiv Table of Cases

Coates v. Modern Methods and Materials [1982] IRLR 318 Cobb v. Secretary of State for Employment and Manpower

Services Commission [1989] IRLR 464 Coddington v. International Harvester Co. of Great

Britain Ltd (1969) 6 KIR 146 Coleman v. Magnet Joinery Ltd [1974] IRLR 343 Coleman v. Post Office Engineering Union [1981] IRLR 427 Collier v. Sunday Referee Publishing Co. Ltd [1940] 2 KB 647 Commercial Plastics Ltd v. Vincent [1965] 1 QB 623 Commission for the European Communities v. United Kingdom

[1982] IRLR 333 Commission for European Communities v. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [1994] ICR 664 Commission for Racial Equality v. Dutton [1989] IRLR 122 Compton v. McClure [1975] ICR 378 Controlled Demolition Group Ltd v. Lane and Knowles

(1991) EAT 418/91 Converform (Darwen) Ltd v. Bell [1981] IRLR 195 Conway v. George Wimpey [1951] 1 All ER 56 Conway v. Wade [1909] AC 506 Coomes (Holdings) Ltd v. Shields [1978] IRLR 263 Cornelius v. University College Swansea [1987] IRLR 141 Cornwall County Care Ltd v. Brightman [1998] IRLR 228 Cory Lighterage Ltd v. TGWU [1972] 1 WLR 792 Cotter v. NUS [1929] 2 Ch. 58 Council for the Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the

Civil Service [1985] AC 374

225

101

61,63 229 272

41 255,256

4, 126

244 86 65

221 192,209

64 313,314

125 102 181 310 286

164 Courtaulds Northern Spinning Ltd v. Sibson

[1988] IRLR 305 37,53,74,188,197 Courtaulds Northern Textiles Ltd v. Andrew

[1979] IRLR 84 Cowell v. Quilter Goodison Co. Ltd and QG Management

Services Ltd [1989] IRLR 392 Cox v. Post Office (1998) IDS Brief 609 Cranleigh Precision Engineering Ltd v. Bryant [1965] 1 WLR 1293 Cranston v. Harwich Dock Co. Ltd [1998] IRLR 567 CRE v. Prestige Group [1989] IRLR 166 Crees v. Royal London Mutual Insurance Society Ltd Crofter Handwoven Harris Tweed v. Veitch [1924] AC 435 Cresswell v. Board of Inland Revenue [1984] IRLR 190 Crompton v. Truly Fair (International) Ltd [1975] IRLR 250 Cunard SS Co Ltd v. Stacey [1955] 2 Lloyds Rep 247 Curling v. Securicor Ltd [1992] IRLR 549

Dakri (A.) & Co. Ltd v. Tiffen [1981] IRLR 57 Daniels v. Whetstone Entertainments (1962) 106 SJ 284 Davidson v. City Electrical Factors Ltd [1998] IRLR 108 Davie v. New Merton Board Mills [1959] AC 604

54

179 115 77

171 113

96, 140 306

25, 73 175 300 242

51 64

168 58

Davison v. Kent Meters Ltd [1975] IRLR 145 Davy v. Collins Builders Ltd [1974] IRLR 324 Dawkins v. Department of Environment [1993] IRLR 284 De Souza v. AA [1986] IRLR 103 Deane v. Ealing London Borough Council [1993] ICR 329 Deeley v. British Rail Engineering Ltd [1980] IRLR 147 Defrenne v. SABENA [1976] CMLR 98 Dekker v. VJV Centrum [1991] IRLR 27 Delaney v. Staples (trading as De Montfort Recruitment)

[1992] 1 AC 687 Devis and Sons Ltd v. Atkins [1977] IRLR 314 Devonald v. Rosser & Sons [1906] 2 KB 728 Dimbleby & Sons Ltd v. NUJ [1984] 1 WLR 427 Dimskal Shipping v. IlWF [1992] IRLR 78 Dines v. Initial Health Care Services [1994] IRLR 336

Table of Cases xv

191,208 159 86

101,106 112 24

122, 132, 134 93

49 190

Diocese of Hallam Trustee v. Connaughton [1996] IRLR 505 Discount Tobacco and Confectionery Ltd v. Armitage [1990] IRLR 1 Dixon v. BBC [1979] ICR 281

42,51 308 308 177 124 220 185

DJM International Ltd v. Nicholas [1995] IRLR 76 Dobie v. Burns International Security Services (UK) Ltd

[1984] ICR 812 Donelan v. Kerby Constructions Ltd [1983] IRLR 191 Donnelly v. Kelvin International Services [1992] IRLR 496 Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Donovan v. Invicta Airways [1970] 1 Lloyds Rep 486 Dorrell v. Engineering Developments Ltd [1975] IRLR 234 Doughty v. Rolls Royce pIc [1992] IRLR 126 Down v. Dudley Coles Long (1969) (unreported) Dr Sophie Redmond Stitchting v. Bartol [1992] IRLR 366 Drake v. Morgan [1978] ICR 56 Dryden v. Greater Glasgow Health Board [1992] IRLR 469 Dugdale v. Kraft Foods [1977] ICR 48 Duke v. Reliance Systems Ltd [1982] IRLR 347 Duke v. GEC Reliance [1988] AC 618 Duport Steels Ltd v. Sirs [1980] 1 All ER 529 D'urso v. Ecole Marelli Elettro-meccanica Generale SpA [1992] IRLR 136 Dutton v. Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd [1978] IRLR 390

Eagland v British Telecom [1993] ICR 644 East Berkshire Health Authority v. Matadeen

(1992) The Times, 1 July East Lindsey District Council v. Daubney [1977] IRLR 191 Eaton Ltd v. Nuttall [1977] IRLR 71 Eclipse Blinds Ltd v. Wright [1992] IRLR 133 ECM (Vehicle Delivery Services) Ltd v. Cox (1998) IRLB 596 Edwards v. Derby City Council (1998) IDS Brief 624) Edwards v. SaGA T [1971] Ch. 354

87

202 45

172 54 53

200 93,133

55 176 274 57

125 27

134 314,315

181 146

35

198,204 208,209 125, 126

193 179 124 287

xvi Table of Cases

EEPTU v. Times Newspapers [1980] 1 All ER 1097 Egg Stores Ltd v. Leibovici [1977] ICR 260 Electrolux v. Hutchinson [1977] ICR 252 Elliot v. Richard Stump Ltd [1987] IRLR 215 Ellis v. Brighton Co-operative Society Ltd [1976] IRLR 419 Emerald Construction Ltd v. Lowthian [1966] 1 All ER 1013 Emmerson v. Inland Revenue Commissioners [1977] IRLR 458 Emmott v. Minister for Social Welfare and Attorney General

[1991] IRLR 387 Enderby v. Frenchay Health Authority and

Secretary of State for Health [1994] 1 All ER 495 Enderby Town Football Club v. Football Association

[1971] Ch.591 Enessy Co. S.A. v. Minoprio [1978] IRLR 489 Equal Opportunities Commission v. Robertson [1980] IRLR 44 Esso Petroleum Ltd v. Harper's Garage (Stourport) Ltd

[1968] AC 269 Evans v. National Union of Bookbinding and Printing

Workers [1938] 4 All ER 51 Examite Ltd v. Whittaker [1977] IRLR 312 Express and Star v. Bunday [1988] ICR 379 Express and Star v. NGA [1986] ICR 589 Express Newspapers Ltd v. McShane [1980]AC 672

Faccenda Chicken Ltd v. Fowler [1987] Ch 117 Falkirk Council v. Whyte [1997] IRLR 560 FaIT v. Hoveringham Gravels Ltd [1972] IRLR 104 Fellowes & Son v. Fisher [1976] 2 QB 122 Ferguson v. John Dawson Ltd [1976] IRLR 346 Financial Times Ltd v. Byrne (No.2) [1992] IRLR 163 Finch v. Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Co. Ltd

[1949] 1 All ER 452 Fisscher v. Voorhuis Henglo BV [1994] IRLR 662 Fitch v. Dewes [1921] 2 AC 158 Fitzgerald v. Hal~ Russell & Co. Ltd [1970] AC 984 Fitzpatrick v. British Railways Board [1990] ICR 674 Flack v. Kodak Ltd [1986] IRLR 255 Franklin v. Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 Foord v. JA Johnston & Sons (1998) IDS Brief 611 Foot v. Eastern Counties Timber Co. Ltd [1972] IRLR 83 Ford v. Warwickshire County Council [1983] 2 AC 71 Foreninggen a.f Arbejdsledere I Danmark v. Daddy's

Dance Hall a/s [1988] ECR 739 Forster & Sons v. Sugget (1918) 35 TLR 87 Foss v. Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461 Foster v. British Gas pIc [1991] ICR 84 EO Fox v. C. Wright (Farmers) Ltd [1978] ICR 98

266 151 125 206

197,201 301,302

145

135

97,130,131

289 229 107

253

288 309 224 317

314,315

76,251,253 97

202 254,256

18 128

59 132,135

256 172 221 173 57

114 202 172

182 253

275,285,286 5,93,133

45

Table of Cases xvii

Fozard v. Greater Manchester Police Authority (June 1997 Personnel Management)

Francovich v. State of Italy [1992] IRLR 84 Frank Wright & Co. (Holdings) Ltd v. Punch [1980] IRLR 217 Freeman v. Sovereign Chicken Ltd [1991] IRLR 408 Fuller v. Stephanie Bowman Ltd [1977] IRLR 7 Fulton v. Strathclyde Regional Council [1986] IRLR 315 Futty v. Brekkes Ltd [1974] IRLR 130

G F Sharp & Co Ltd v McMillan [1998] IRLR 632 Gallacher v. Department of Transport [1994] IRLR 231 Galloway v . . Miller (Contractors) (1980) COlT 243/80 Galt v. Philp [1984] IRLR 156 Gardiner v. Newport Borough Council [1974] IRLR 262 Garland v. British Rail Engineering Ltd [1982] IRLR 257 Gates v. Wirral Borough Council (1982) (unreported) Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council v. Mills

(1995) IDS Brief 551 Gascol Conversions Ltd v. Mercer [1974] IRLR 155 General Cleaning Contractors v. Christmas [1953] AC 180 General Engineering Services Ltd v. Kingston & Saint

Andrew's Corporation [1989] IRLR 35 General of the Salvation Army v. Dewberry [1984] IRLR 222 Gibbons v. Associated British Ports [1985] IRLR 376 Gilbert v. Kembridge Fibres Ltd [1984] IRLR 52 Gilford v. GEC Machines [1982] ICR 725 Gillespie v. Northern Health and Social Services Board [1996] IRLR 214 Gillespie v. Northern Health and Social Services Board

(No.2) [1997] IRLR 410 Goodwin v. Patent Office [1999] IRLR 4 Goult v. Reay Electrical [1977] IRLIB 80 Grant v. South-West Trains Ltd [1998] IRLR 206 Grant v. South-West Trains [1998] IRLR 206 Greaves v. Kwik Save Stores Ltd [1998] IRLR 245 Green v. Broxtowe DC [1977] IRLR 34 Greer v. Sketchley Ltd [1979] IRLR 445 Greig v. Community Industries [1979] IRLR 158 Greig v. Insole [1978] 1 WLR 302 Gregory v. Ford [1951] 1 All ER 121 Gregory v. Wallace [1998] IRLR 387 Grunwick Processing Laboratories v. ACAS [1978] AC 655 Gubala v. Crompton Parkinson Ltd [1977] IRLR 10 Gunton v. London Borough of Richmond [1981] 1 WLR 28 GWK Ltd v. Dunlop Rubber Co Ltd (1926) 42 TLR 376

Haden Ltd v. Cowan [1982] IRLR 314

117 94

189 185 242 99

159

153 292 195 322 199 132 103

154 31 58

64,297 171 29

185 217

124

124 114 105

90,132 90,91

96, 140 126 255

89,119 301,303

52 164, 165

268 105

33, 157 304

25,74,238

xviii Table of Cases

Hadjioannou v. Coral Casinos Ltd [1981] IRLR 352 Hadmor Productions Ltd v. Hamilton [1981]

2 All ER 724 (CA) [1982] IRLR 162 (HL) Hall v. Lodge (1977) IRLIB 76 Hall (Inspector of Taxes) v. Lorimer [1994] IRLR 171 Hampson v. DES [1989] IRLR 69 Hancill v. Marcon Engineering Ltd [1990] IRLR 15 Handels-og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i. Danmark v.

Dansk Arbejdsgiver-forening [1992] ICR 332 Handels-og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark

(acting on behalf of Larsson) v. Dansk Handel & Service (acting on behalf of Fotex Supermarket NS) [1997] IRLR 643

Hanlon v. University of Huddersfield (1998) (unreported) Hanover Insurance Brokers Ltd v. Schapiro [1994] IRLR 82 Hare v. Murphy Brothers [1974] IRLR 342 Harmer v. Cornelius (1858) 5 CBNS 236 Harris and Shepherd v. Courage [1981] IRLR 153 Harrods Ltd v. Remick and Others [1997] IRLR 583 Hart v. A R Marshall & Sons (Bulwell) Ltd [1977] IRLR 51 Hawkins v. Ross Castings Ltd [1970] 1 All ER 180 Hayes v. Malleable Working Men's Club & Institute

[1985] IRLR 367 Hayward v. Cammel Laird Shipbuilders [1988] AC 894 Heath Computing Ltd v. Meek [1981] ICR 24 Heaton's Transport v. TGWU [1973] AC 15 Hebden v. Forsey & Sons [1973] IRLR 344 Hellyer Brothers Ltd v. McLeod [1987] 1 WLR 728 Hendry v. Scottish Liberal Club [1977] IRLR 5 Herbert Clayton & Jack Waller Ltd v. Oliver [1930] AC 209 Herbert Morris Ltd v. Saxelby [1916] 1 AC 688 Hewcastle Catering v. Ahmed [1992] ICR 626 High Table Ltd v. Horst [1997] IRLR 513 Higham v. International Stores [1977] IRLIB 97 Highland Council v. Walker (1998) IDS Brief 606 Hill v. c.A. Parsons & Co. Ltd [1972] Ch 305 Hillier v. Martintrux Ltd (1978) IRLIB) 108 Hillyer v. Governors of St Bartholomew's Hospital [1909] 2 KB 820 Hilton v. Thomas Burton (Rhodes) Ltd [1961] 1 WLR 705 Hindle v. Percival Boats [1969] 1 WLR 174 Hivac Ltd v. Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd [1946] Ch 169 Hogg v. Dover College [1990] ICR 39 Hollister v. National Farmers' Union [1979] ICR 542 Holmes v. HO [1984] IRLR 260 Holmes v. Sita (GB) Ltd & FM Conway (1998) IDS Brief 606 Holmes v. Whittingham & Porter Ltd (1998) IDS Brief 609 Home Counties Dairies Ltd v. Skilton [1970] AC 403 Hooper v. British Railways Board [1988] IRLR 517 Hopkins v. National Union of Seamen [1985] IRLR 157

205

307,312 189,216

20 100 175

93

95 115 257 152 75

198 87

152 61

92 123, 127

313 274,316

152 20

219 41

253 16, 171

240 211 178 40

183 17 65

238 79

156, 187 202 98

179 116,117

257 34

275

Table o/Cases xix

Horne v. Lec Refrigeration Ltd [1965] 2 All ER 898 Horrigan v. Lewisham London Borough Council [1978] ICR 15 Horsey v. Dyfed County Council [1982] IRLR 395 Hough v. Leyland Oaf [1991] IRLR 194 Howard v. Pickford Tool Co. Ltd [1951] 1 KB 417 Hubbard v. Pitt [1976] QB 142 Hudson v. Ridge Manufacturing Co. Ltd [1957] 2 QB 348 Hugh-Jones v. Saint John's College, Cambridge [1979] ICR 848 Hughes v. Gwynnedd AHA [1978] ICR 161 Hughes v. London Borough of Hackney (198) (unreported) Hughes v. London Borough of Southwark [1988] IRLR 55 Hulme v. Ferranti Ltd [1918] 2 KB 426 Huntley v. Thornton [1957] 1 All ER 234 Hurley v. Mustoe [1981] IRLR 208 Hutchings v. Coinseed Ltd [1998] IRLR 190 Hutchins v. British Railways Board [1974] IRLR 303 Hyland v. J H Barker (North West) Ltd [1985] IRLR 403

Ibex Trading v. Walton [1994] IRLR 564 Iceland Frozen Foods v. Jones [1983] ICR 17 Igbo v. Johnson Matthey Chemicals Ltd [1986] IRLR 215 Initial Services Ltd v. Putterill [1968] 1 QB 396 Institu Cleaning Co v. Heads [1995] IRLR 4 International Sports Co. Ltd v. Thomson [1980] IRLR 340 Irani v. Southampton & South West Hampshire

Health Authority [1985] IRLR 203 Ironmonger v. Movefield Ltd t/a Deering Appointments

[1988] IRLR 461 Irving v. Thwaite Holme Kitchens (1995) IRLB 518

James v. Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] 2 AC 751 James W. Cook & Co. (Wivenhoe) Ltd v. Tipper [1990] ICR 716 Janata Bank v. Ahmed [1981] IRLR 457 Janciuk v. Winterite Ltd [1998] IRLR 63 Jean Sorrel v. Rybak [1991] IRLR 153 Jeffrey v. Laurence Scott & Electromotors Ltd [1977] IRLR 466 Jenkins v. Kingsgate Clothing Productions [1981] IRLR 228 (ECJ) Jenkins v. Kingsgate Clothing Productions Ltd [1981] IRLR 388 Jennings v. Westwood Engineering [1975] IRLR 245 JH Walker Ltd v Hussain [1996] IRLR 11 Joel v. Cammel Laird [1969] IlR 206 John Michael Design pIc v. Cooke [1987] ICR 445 Johnson v. Nottinghamshire Combined Police Authority [1974] IRLR 20

Johnson Matthey Metals Ltd v. Harding [1978] IRLR 248 Johnstone v. Bloomsbury Area Health Authority

62 74, 197 89,104

217 156 322

61 110 139 105 41 51

306 90 80

212 171,173

180 203

155, 184 78

106 192

40

153 189

91 230

75 164 170 189 97

129 15, 16

111 27

254

239 206

[1991] ICR 269 23,24,61 Johnstone v. Chief Adjudication Officer (No.2) [1995] IRLR 157) 135

xx Table of Cases

Jones v. Associated Tunnelling Co. Ltd [1981] IRLR 477 Jones v. F. Sirl & Son (Furnishers) Ltd [1997] IRLR 493 Jones v. Lee and Guilding [1980] IRLR 67 Jones v. University of Manchester [1993] IRLR 218 Jury v. EEC Quarries Ltd [1980] EAT 241/80

Kampelmann v. Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe [1998])

24 187

33,40,214 98

195

IRLR 333 35 Kavangh v. Hiscock [1974] QB 600 321 Kelly v. NATSOPA (1915) 84 ilKB 2236 288 Kelman v. Care Contract Services [1995] ICR 260 177 Kent Management Services Ltd v. Butterfield [1992] ICR 272 49 Keppel Bus Co. v. Sa'ad Bin Ahmed [1974] 1 WLR 1082 64 Kerr v. Lister [1977] IRLR 259 125 Kerr v. Nathan's Wastesavers Ltd (1995) IDS Brief 548 143 Khanna v. MOD [1981] ICR 653 87 King v. Smith and Another (1994) The Times 3 November 58 Kidd v. DRG (UK) [1985] IRLR 190 98 King v. Great Britain China Centre [1991] IRLR 513 87 Kirker v. British Sugar pIc [1998] IRLR 624 119 Kores Manufacturing Co. v. Kolok Manufacturing Co. [1959] Ch 108 256 Kwik Fit (GB) Ltd v. Lineham [1992] IRLR 156 158

Ladbrooke Racing Ltd v. Arnott and Others [1983] IRLR 154 Langston v. Chrysler United Kingdom [1974] 1 All ER 980

197 41,42

258 55,56,57,62,69

Lansing Linde Ltd v. Kerr [1991] IRLR 80 Latimer v. AEC [1953] AC 643 Laughton and Hawley v. Bapp Industries Supplies Ltd

[1986] IRLR 245 Lavery v. Plessey Telecommunications Ltd [1983] IRLR 202 Lawrence David Ltd v. Ashton [1989] IRLR 22 Laws v. London Chronicle [1959] 1 WLR 698 Laws Stores Ltd v. Oliphant [1978] IRLR 251 Lazarus v. Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co. Ltd (1963) The Times, 2 May Lee v. Chung & Shun Chung Construction and Engineering Co Ltd

[1990] IRLR 236 Lee v. Showman's Guild of Great Britain [1952] 2 QB 329 Leighton v. Michael [1996] IRLR 67 Lenehan v. UCATT [1991] ICR 378 Lethaby v. Horsman, Andrew & Knill Ltd [1975] IRLR 119 Leverton v. Clwyd County Council [1989] IRLR 28 Levez v. T H Jennings (Harlow Pools Ltd) [1996] IRLR 499

[1999] IRLR 36 (EO) Lewis v. Mason & Sons [1994] IRLR 4 Limpus v. London General Omnibus Co. (1862) 7 LT 641 Lindsay v. Dunlop Ltd [1980] IRLR 93 Lister v. Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co. Ltd [1957] AC 555

196 139 259

73 197

59

20 288 87

278 216 123

135 225

63 197

37, 75

Table of Cases XXI

Litster v. Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co. Ltd [1989] IRLR 161 180 194

254,257 Litster v. Thorn & Sons Ltd [1975] IRLR 47 Littlewoods Organisation Ltd v. Harris [1978] 1 All ER 1026 Littlewoods Organisation Ltd v. Egenti [1976] IRLR 334 Littlewoods Organisation v. Traynor [1993] IRLR 154 Living Design v. Davidson [1994] IRLR 69 Lloyds Bank Ltd v. Secretary of State for Employment

[1979] IRLR 41 Lock v. Cardiff Railway Co Ltd [1998] IRLR 358 Logan Salton v. Durham County Council [1989] IRLR 99 London Borough of Lambeth v. CRE [1990] IRLR 231 London Borough of Lambeth v. d'Souza [1999] IRLR 240 London Borough of Tower Hamlets v. Bull [1993]

Personnel Today, 10 August London International College v. Sen [1993] IRLR 333 London Underground v. Edward (No.1) [1995] IRLR 355 London Underground v. Edwards (No.2) [1998] IRLR 364 Long v. Smithson (1918) 118 LT 678 Lonhro v. Shell Petroleum (No.2) [1982] AC 173 Lonrho v. Fayed [1991] 1 All ER 303 Lowndes v. Specialist Heavy Engineering Ltd [1977] ICR 1 Lucas (T.) & Co. Ltd v. Mitchell [1974] Ch.129 Luke v. Navy, Army & Airforce Institutes (1990) EAT 223/90 Lumley v. Gye (1853) 2 E&B 216 Lyons (J) & Sons v. Wilkins [1899] 1 Ch 255

Macer v. Abafast Ltd [1990] IRLR 137 Macfisheries Ltd v. Findlay [1985] ICR 160 Machine Tool Industry Research Association v. Simpson

[1988] ICR 559 MacLelland v. NUJ [1975] ICR 116 Malik v. BCCI [1997] IRLR 462 Malloch v. Aberdeen Corporation [1971] 1 WLR 1578 Managers (Holborn) Ltd v. Hohne [1977] IRLR 230 Mandla v. Dowell Lee [1983] 2 AC 548 Mansfield Hosiery Mills Ltd v. Bromley [1977] IRLR 301 Margorrian v. Eastern Health and Social Services Board

[1998] IRLR 86 Market Investigations Ltd v. MSS [1969] 2 OB 173 Marleasing S.A. v. La Commercial Internacional

de Alimentacion S.A. [1992] 1 CMLR 305 Marley v. Forward Trust [1986] IRLR 369 Marley Home Care Ltd v. Dutton [1981] IRLR 380 Marley Tile Co. Ltd v. Johnson [1982] IRLR 75 Marley Tile Co. Ltd v. Shaw [1980] ICR 72 Marriott v. Oxford & District Co-operative Society Ltd

[1970] 1 OB 186 Marsh v. National Autistic Society [1993] ICR 453

208 88

252

173 210 155 110 102

194 170 111 99

300 306

306,307 75,208

258 193 300 322

175 238

228 274 164 163 236

86,101 208

135 18,20

94 29,237

212 252 221

25 162

xxii Table of Cases

Marshall (Cambridge) Ltd v. Hamblin [1994] IRLR 260 Marshall v. English Electric Ltd [1945] 1 All ER 653 Marshall v. Harland & Wolff Ltd [1972] 1 WLR 899 Marshall v. Industrial Systems and Control Ltd [1992] IRLR 294 Marshall (Thomas) (Exports) Ltd v. Guinle [1979] Ch.227

161 35

151,209 196 156

Marshall v. Southampton & South West Hampshire Area Health Authority [1986] OB 401

Marshall (Thomas) (Exports) Ltd v. Guinle [1979] Ch 227 Martin v. Yeoman Aggregates Ltd [1983] IRLR 49 Mason v. Provident Clothing and Supply Co. [1913] AC 724 Massey v. Crown Life Insurance Co [1978] ICR 590 Mathieson v. W.J. Noble & Son Ltd [1972] IRLR 76 McAlwane v. Boughton Estates Ltd [1973] ICR 470 McAndrew v. Prestwick Circuits Ltd [1988] IRLR 514 McCarthy v. Smith [1981] OB 15 McClaren v. National Coal Board [1988] IRLR 215 McCormick v. Horsepower [1981] IRLR 217 McGibbon and McCoy v. O.I.L. Ltd (1995) IDS Brief 541 McKenzie v. Crosville Motor Services Ltd [1989] IRLR 516 McKindley v. William Hill (Scotland) Ltd [1985] IRLR 492 McLaughlin v. London Borough of Southwark (1997

The Times, 11 December McMaster v. Manchester Airport pic [1998] IRLR 112

5, 93, 133, 135 77, 156

159 254

18 201 153 237

122, 124 227 226 202 225 243

McMeechan v. Secretary of State for Employment [1997] IRLR 353 Mead v. Haringey BC [1979] 2 All ER 1016

112 161

19,20 300

Meade and Baxendale v. British Fuels Ltd [1977] IRLR 505 (CA) [1998] 3 WLR 1070 (HL)

Meade-Hill v. British Council [1997] IRLR 522 Mears v. Safecar Security Ltd [1982] IRLR 183 Meatyard v. St Edmunds College (1998) IDS Brief 624 Meer v. Tower Hamlets [1988] IRLR 399 Melon v. Hector Powe Ltd [1981] ICR 43 Mercury Communications Ltd v. Scott-Garner [1984] Ch 37 Merkur Island Shipping Co v. Laughton [1983] IRLR 26 Mersey Docks & Harbour Board v. Coggins & Griffith Ltd

[1947] AC 1 Methven v. Cow Industrial Polymers Ltd [1980] IRLR 289 Meyer Dunmore International Ltd v. Rogers [1978] IRLR 167 Middlebrook Mushrooms v. TGWU [1993] IRLR 232 Midland Cold Storage v. Steer [1972] Ch 630 Midland Cold Storage v. Turner [1972] ICR 230 Midland Electric Manufacturing Co. Ltd v. Kanji [1980] IRLR 185 Midland Foot Comfort Centre v. Moppett [1983] All ER 294 Miles v. Wakefield Metropolitan District Council [1987] IRLR 193 Miller v. Hamworthy Engineering Ltd [1986] IRLR 461 Milligan v. Securicor Cleaning Ltd [1995] IRLR 288 Mitchell v. Arkwood Plastics (Engineering) Ltd [1993] ICR 471 MOD v. Jeremiah [1980] ICR 13

181,182 25,98

35,37,50 164 97

174 311,325

301

65 129 210 303 300

264,265 155 199

23,299 28

219 193

89,101

Table of Cases xxiii

Mogul Steamship Co v. McGregor Gow & Co [1892] AC 25 Moon v. Homeworthy Furniture (Northern) [1976] IRLR 298 Moore v. C&A Modes [1981] IRLR 71 Monie v. Coral Racing Ltd [1981] ICR 109 Morgan v. Fry [1968] 2 QB 710 Morgan v. Manser [1948] 1 KB 184 Morley v. C T Morley Ltd [1985] ICR 499 Morris v. Breaveglen [1993] IRLR 350 Morris v. Walsh Western UK Ltd [1997] IRLR 562 Morris Angel & Son v. Hollande [1993] ICR 71 Morrish v. Henlys (Folkestone) Ltd [1973] IRLR 61 Morse v. Wiltshire County Council [1998] IRLR 352 Morton Sundour Fabrics v. Shaw (1966) 2 KIR 1 Moss v. McLachlin [1985] IRLR 77 Moyes v. Hylton WMC [1986] IRLR 482 MRS Environmental Services Ltd v. Marsh [1997] ICR 995 Murphy v. Bord Telecom Eireann [1988] IRLR 267 Murphy v. Epsom College [1985] ICR 80

NAAFI v. Varley [1976] IRLR 408 Nagarajan v. London Regional Transport [1998] IRLR 73 Nagle v. Fielden [1966] 2 QB 633 Nairne v. Highland & Islands Fire Brigade [1989] IRLR 366 NALGO v. Courtney-Dunn [1991] IRLR 114 National Sailors and Firemen's Union of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland v. Reed [1926] 1 Ch 56 National Union of Gold and Silver Allied Trades v.

Albury Brothers Ltd [1979] ICR 84 NCB v. Galley [1958] WLR 16 NCB v. Ridgway [1987] ICR 736 Neale v. Hereford & Worcester County Council [1986] ICR 471 Neil v. Ford Motor Co. [1984] IRLR 339 Nethermere (St Neots) Ltd v. Taverna and Another

[1984] IRLR 240 News Group Newspapers Ltd v. SOGAT'82 [1986] ICR 716 Noone v. North West Thames Regional

Health Authority [1988] IRLR 195 Nordenfe1t v. Maxim Nordenfe1t Guns and

Ammunition Co. [1894] AC 535 Norris v. Southampton City Council [1982] IRLR 141 North Riding Garages v. Butterwick [1967] 2 QB 56 North Yorkshire County Council v. Fay [1985] IRLR 247 Norwest Holst Group Administration Ltd v. Harrison

[1985] IRLR 240 Notham v. London Borough of Barnet [1980] IRLR 65 Nova Plastics Ltd v. Froggatt [1982] IRLR 146 NUGMW v. Gillian [1946] KB 81 NUT v. Avon County Council [1978] IRLR 55

305,307 236 199

195,215 299 152 154 65

171, 173 259

74 116,118

154 321 214 219 128 238

129 102

41,287 229 290

313

245 28,298

292 204

126, 127

19 322,323

112

253 152 238 239

157, 189 184 195

265,266 246

xxiv Table of Cases

NUTGW v. Charles Ingram & Co. Ltd [1977] IRLR 147 NWL v. Woods [1979] ICR 867 NWL Ltd v. Nelson and Laughton [1979] 3 All ER 614

O'Brien v. Associated Fire Alarms [1968] 1 WLR 1916 O'Brien v. Barclays Bank [1995] 1 All ER 438 O'Brien v. Sim-Chem Ltd [1980] IRLR 373 O'Dea v. ISC Chemicals [1995] IRLR 599 Office Angels Ltd v. Rainer-Thomas and O'Connor

[1991] IRLR 214 O'Hare v. Rotaprint Ltd [1980] IRLR 47 Ojutiku v. Manpower Services Commission [1982] IRLR 418 O'Kelly and Others v. Trusthouse Forte pic [1983] IRLR 369 Ole Rygaard v. Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening [1996] ICR 333 O'Laoire v. Jackel International Ltd [1990] IRLR 70 O'Neill v. Governors of St Thomas More RC Voluntary

Aided Upper School [1996] IRLR 372 O'Neill v. Symm & Co Ltd [1998] IRLR 233 O'Reilly v. National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 Osborn Transport Services v. Chrissanthors (1977) EAT 412/77 O'Sullivan v. Sainsbury pic (1990) IRLIB 393 Ottoman Bank Ltd v. Chakarian [1930] AC 277 Owen & Briggs v. James [1982] IRLR 502

P. v. Nottinghamshire County Council [1992] IRLR 362 P. v. S. and Cornwall County Council [1996] IRLR 347 Palmer v. Southend-on-Sea Borough Council [1984] ICR 373 Paris v. Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Parker v. Westland Helicopters Ltd IDS Supp. 15

245 325 311

237 184 126 221

254,255,257 239 100

19 177 231

95 114, 115, 116

55,59 197 124 74

103,119

206 90

228

Parr v. Whitbread pic t/a Threshers Wine Merchants [1990] IRLR 39 Parsons (C.A.) & Co. Ltd v. McLoughlin [1978] IRLR 65

55 209 195 210 242 301 206 272

Paton, Calvert & Co. v. Westerside [1979] IRLR 108 Patrick Stevedores Operation Pty Ltd v. ITWF (1998) IDS Brief 613 Paul v. East Surrey Health Authority [1995] IRLR 305 Paul v. NALGO [1987] IRLR 43 Peake v. Automotive Products [1978] QB 223 Pearse v. Bradford Metropolitan District Council [1988] IRLR 379 Pearson v. Kent County Council [1993] IRLR 165 Pedersen v. London Borough of Camden [1981] ICR 674 Pel Ltd v. Modgill [1980] IRLR 142 Perera v. CSC [1983] IRLR 166 Performing Rights Society v. Mitchell and Booker [1924] 1 KB 762 Perry v. Intec Colleges Ltd [1993] IRLR 56 Pickstone v. Freemans pic [1988] IRLR 357 Piddington v. Bates [1961] 1 WLR 162 Piggott v. Jackson [1992] ICR 85 Polkey v. A.E. Dayton Services Ltd [1987] IRLR 503 Poparm Ltd v. Weeks [1984] IRLR 388

32,89 98

172 42

105 97 17

179 124, 128

321 204 211 175

Table a/Cases xxv

Porcelli v. Strathc1yde Regional Council [1985] ICR 177 106 Port of London Authority v. Payne [1994] IRLR 9 231 Porter v. NUJ [1979] IRLR 404 274 Post Office v. Fennell [1981] IRLR 221 205 Post Office v. Roberts [1980] IRLR 515 54 Post Office v. UCW [1990] 1 WLR 981 319 Post Office v. Wallser [1981] IRLR 37 184 Potter v. Hunt Contracts Ltd [1992] IRLR 108 46 Poussard v. Spiers & Pond (1876) 1 QBD 410 151 Powell v. Brent London Borough Council [1988] ICR 176 40 Power Packing Casemakers Ltd v. Faust [1983] IRLR 117 224 Preston v. Wolverhampton Healthcare NHS Trust [1997] IRLR 233 135 Preston v. Wolverhampton Healthcare NHS Trust

[1998] IRLR 197 (EO) 135 Price v. CSC [1978] IRLR 3 96 Printers & Finishers Ltd v. Holloway [1964] 3 All ER 731 77 Proctor v. British Gypsum [1991] Personnel Today, 3 December 205 Provincial Insurance pic v. Loxley (1990) EAT 161/90 236 Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v. Lorentz (1971) 11 KIR 78 300

QuaIcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v. Haynes [1959] AC 743 Quereshi v. London Borough of Newham [1991] IRLR 264 Quinn v. Leathern [1901] AC 495 Quinnen v. Hovells [1984] IRLR 227

60 87

306 16,87

R. v. CAC ex parte BTP Tioxide Limited [1982] IRLR 60 279 R. v. CRE ex parte Westminster City Council [1985] IRLR 426 104 R. v. East Berkshire Health Authority ex parte Walsh

[1984] IRLR 278 164 R. v. Mara [1987] 1 All ER 478 70 R. v. Secretary of State for Defence ex parte Perkins

[1998] IRLR 508 90, 91 R. v. Secretary of State for Employment ex parte EOC

[1994] IRLR 176 134,168 R. v. Secretary of State for Employment ex parte

Seymour-Smith and Perez [1995] IRLR 464 (CA) [1997] IRLR 315 (HL) 99,100,133,168,169,170

R. v. Secretary of State for Employment ex parte Seymour-Smith and Perez [1999] IRLR 253 (EO) 99,100,133,168,169,170

R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Office ex parte Benwell [1985] IRLR 6 164

R. v. Secretary of State for Social Services and Others ex parte Clarke and Others [1988] IRLR 22 130

R. v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ex parte Unison [1996] IRLR 438 245

R. v. Swan Hunter Shipbuilders Ltd and Telemeter Installation Ltd [1982] 1 All ER 264 69, 71

xxvi Table of Cases

Rainey v. Greater Glasgow Health Board Eastern District [1987] AC224 Rank Xerox Ltd v. Goodchild and Others (1979] IRLR 185 Rank Xerox (UK) Ltd v. Stryczek [1995] IRLR 568 Ratcliffe v. Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191 Ratcliffe v. North Yorkshire County Council [1995] IRLR 439 Rayware Ltd v. TGWU [1989] IRLR 134 Re Famatina Development Corporation [1914] 2 Ch 271 Re Hartlebury Printers Ltd [1992] ICR 559 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v.

MPNI (1968] 2 QB 497 Redland Roof Tiles v. Harper [1977] ICR 349 Reed Packaging Ltd v. Boozer [1988] IRLR 333 Reedman v. Fresh Connection Ltd (1997) (unreported) Reilly v. EXI Ltd (1997) (unreported) Reiss Engineering Co. Ltd v. Harris (1985] IRLR 232

129 213 229 146 129 324

52 245

17,19,39 125 130

115,116 117

Rex Stewart Jefferies Parker Ginsberg Ltd v. Parker [1988] IRLR 483 Richards v. NUM (1981] IRLR 247

81 252 272 163 Ridge v. Baldwin [1964] AC 40

Ridgeway v. Hungerford Market (1835) 3 Ad. & El. 516 Rigby v. Ferodo Ltd [1988] ICR 29 Rinner-Kuhn v. FWW Spezial Gebudereinigung GmbH

[1989] IRLR 493 Roadburg v. Lothian Regional Council [1976] IRLR 283 Roadchef Ltd v. Hastings [1987] IRLR 142 Robb v. Green (1895] 2 QB 315 Robert Cort v. Charman (1981] IRLR 437 Robertson v. Blackstone Franks

Investment Management Ltd [1998] IRLR 376 Robertson and Jackson v. British Gas Corporation (1983] IRLR 302 Robertson v. Securicor Transport Ltd [1972] IRLR 70 Robinson v. Flitwick Frames Ltd [1975] IRLR 261 Roebuck v. NUM (Yorkshire Area) (No.2) [1978] ICR 676 Roger v. Wicks and Wilson COlT 228 90/97 Rogers v. Chloride Systems (1991) EAT 67/91 Rogers v. Northumbria Leisure Ltd t/a Border Travel

162, 190 157

132 103 244

76 165, 183

46,49 35

158 202 289

72 225

(1990) EAT 321/90 228 Rolls-Royce Ltd v. Walpole [1980] IRLR 342 198 Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Ltd v. Price (1993] IRLR 203 217 Rookes v. Barnard [1964] 1 All ER 367 112, 299, 304, 305, 307 Rose v. Plenty [1976] 1 WLR 141 65 Ross v. Aquascutum Ltd [1973] IRLR 107 160 Rothwell v. APEX [1976] ICR 211 276 Rowell v. Hubbard Group Services Ltd [1995] IRLR 195 217 RS Components v. Irwin [1973] IRLR 239 201

Safeway Stores pIc v. Burrell [1997] IRLR 200 Sagarv. Ridehalgh [1931] 1 Ch. 310

238 35

Table of Cases xxvii

Saint Matthias Church of England School v. Crizzle [1993] ICR 401 Samways v. Swan Hunter Shipbuilders Ltd [1975] IRLR 190 Sanders v. Parry [1967] 2 All ER 803 Sarker v. South Tees Acute Hospitals NHS Trust [1997] IRLR 328 Saunders v. Earnest A. Neale Ltd [1974] IRLR 236

101 36 76 22

Saunders v. Richmond-upon-Thames Borough Council [1978] ICR 75 Scally and Others v. Southern Health & Social Services Board

235 102

and Another [1991] 3 WLR 778 Schmidt v. Austicks Bookshops Ltd [1977] IRLR 360 Schmidt v. Spar-und Leihkasse der Fruheren Amter Bordesholm,

Keil und Cronshapen [1995] ICR 237 (EO) Scott v. Coalite Fuels and Chemicals Ltd [1988] IRLR 131 Scott Packaging Ltd v. Paterson [1978] IRLR 465 Scottish Special Housing Association v. Cooke and Others

[1979] IRLR 264 Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail (1986) Ltd v. Laird

[1996] IRLR 665 Scullard v. Knowles [1996] IRLR 344 Scully UK Ltd v. Lee [1998] IRLR 259 Secretary of State for Employment v. ASLEF

28 90

177, 178 153, 154

202

198

211 123

254,256

(No.2) [1972] 2 QB 455 32, 72, 73, 298 Secretary of State for Employment v. Crane [1988] IRLR 238 46 Secretary of State for Employment v. Spence [1987] QB 179 180 Securicor Guarding Ltd v. R. [1994] IRLR 633 199 Seide v. Gillette Industries [1980] IRLR 427 86 Serco Ltd v. Blair (1998) IDS Brief 624 19 Sheffield v. Oxford Controls [1979] IRLR 133 158 Shell UK Ltd v. Lostock Garage Ltd [1977] 1 All ER 481 37 Shepherd (F C) & Co. Ltd v. Jerrom [1986] 3 WLR 801 152 Sherrier v. Ford Motor Co. [1976] IRLR 146 206 Shields Furniture Ltd v. Goff [1973] ICR 187 243 Shirlaw v. Southern Foundries Ltd [1939] 2 KB 206 36 Shoner v. B&R Residential Lettings Ltd [1992] IRLR 317 94 Showboat Entertainment Centre v. Owens [1984] 1 WLR 384 92,107 Sim v. Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council

[1986] IRLR 391 Sime v. Sutcliffe Catering Scotland Ltd Simmons v. Hoover [1977] QB 284 Simpson v. Roneo Ltd [1972] IRLR 5 Simpson & Son (Motors) v. Reid and Findlater [1983] IRLR 401 Sinclair v. Neighbour [1967] 2 QB 279 Singh v. British Steel Corporation [1974] IRLR 131 SIP (Industrial Products) v. Swinn [1994] ICR 473 Skyrail Oceanic Ltd v. Coleman [1981] IRLR 398 Smith v. Austin Lifts Ltd [1959] 1 All ER 81 Smith v. Carpets International UK pIc (1998) IDS Brief 611 Smith v. Gardner Merchant [1998] IRLR 510 Smith v. Phil's TV Service (1991) IDS Brief 447

23,37,73 65

241,299 200 217 160 28 48

105 58

117 90,92

157

xxviii Table of Cases

Smith v. Scott Bowyers Ltd [1986] IRLR 315 Smith v. Stages and Another [1989] IRLR 177 Smith v. Vange Scaffolding & Engineering Co. Ltd

and Another [1970] 1 WLR 733 Snowball v. Gardener Merchant Ltd [1987] IRLR 397 Soros v. Davison [1994] IRLR 264 Sougrin v. Haringey Health Authority [1992] IRLR 416 South West Launderettes Ltd v. Laidler [1986] IRLR 305 Southampton and South West Area Health Authority v.

Marshall (No.2) [1991] ICR 136 Spencer v. Marchinton [1988] IRLR 392 Spijkers v. Gebroeders Benedik Abattoir CV [1986] CMLR 296 Spillers-French v. USDA W [1980] ICR 31 Spring v. Guardian Assurance Co. [1994] 3 All ER 129 Spring v. National Amalgamated Stevedores and

Dockers Society [1956] 2 All ER 221 Squibb UK Staff Association v. Certification Officer [1979] ICR 235 St Budeaux Royal British Legion Club Ltd v. Cropper

(1995) IDS Brief 552. Stadt Lengerich v. Helming [1995] IRLR 216 Standard Telephones & Cables v. Yates [1981] IRLR 21 Stapp v. Shaftesbury Society [1982] IRLR 326 Steel v. UPOW [1978] ICR 181 Stenhouse Australia Ltd v. Phillips [1974] AC 391 Stevenson, Jordan & Harrison Ltd v. Macdonald and Evans

(1952) 1 TLR 101 Stewart v. AUEW [1973] ICR 128 Stewart v. Cleveland Guest Engineering [1994] IRLR 440 Stirling v. Dietsman Management Systems Ltd [1991] IRLR 368 Stokes v. Guest, Keen & Nettlefold (Bolts & Nuts) Ltd

[1968] 1 WLR 1776 Stone v. Taffe [1974] 1 WLR 1575 Strange v. Mann [1965] 1 All ER 1069 Strathclyde Regional Council v. Wallace [1998]

60 65

54 106 230

88 175

112 255

177, 178 247

52

276 267

24,26 132 242 183 100 256

17 315 106

176, 177

56 65

253,254

1 WLR259 Stratford v. Lindley [1965] AC 269 Stubbes v. Trower, Still & Keeling [1987]

IRLR 321

130 299,301,303,304,310,324

Sunderland Polytechnic v. Evans [1993] IRLR 196 Superclean Support Services pIc v. Lansanna and

Wetton Cleaning Services (1997) IDS Brief 596 Superlux v. Plaisted (1958) The Times, 12 December Suzen v. Zehnacker Gebaudereinigung GmbH

Krankenhausservice and Lefarth GmbH [1997] ICR 662 System Floors Ltd (UK) v. Daniel [1981] IRLR 475

Taff Vale Railway Company v. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants [1901] AC 246

23 48

178 75

178, 179 35

263,265,315

Table of Cases XXIX

Talbot v. Hugh M. Fulton Ltd [1975] IRLR 52 Tanks and Drums Ltd v. TGWU [1991] ICR 1 Tanner v. Kean [1978] IRLR 110 Tarling v. Wisdom Toothbrushes Ltd t/a Wisdom (1997)

IDS Brief 597 Tarmac Roadstone Holdings Ltd v. Peacock [1973] 2 All ER 485 Tarnesby v. Kensington, Chelsea & Westminster AHA

[1981] IRLR 369 Taylor v. Furness, Withy & Co. Ltd (1969) 6 KIR 488 Taylor v. Kent County Council [1969] 2 QB 560 Taylor v. NUM (Derbyshire Area) (No.2) [1985] IRLR 65 Taylor v. NUM (Derbyshire Area) (No.3) [1985] IRLR 99 Taylor v. NUM (Yorkshire Area) [1984] IRLR 445 Taylor v. NUS [1967] 1 WLR 532 Taylor v. Rover Car Co. [1966] 2 All ER 181 Taylorplan Catering (Scotland) Ltd v. McInally [1980] IRLR 53 Tayside Regional Council v. McIntosh [1982] IRLR 272 Teesside Times Ltd v. Drury [1980] IRLR 72 Ten Dever v. Stichting Bedriffspensionfunds voor

het Glazenwassers [1993] IRLR 601 Tennants Textile Colours Ltd v. Todd [1989] IRLR 3 Terrapin Ltd v. builders Supply (Hayes) Ltd (1959) (unreported) Terry v. sheldon School (1998) (unreported) TGWU v. Nationwide Haulage Ltd [1978] IRLR 143 The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64) Thomas v. National Coal Board [1981] IRLR 451 Thomas v. National Coal Board [1987] IRLR 45

32,210 318 159

114,118 44,45

153 22,25

241 273 275 285 289 59

209 194 175

133 127 77

116 246

36 125 124 274 Thomas v. NUM (South Wales Area) [1985] IRLR 136

Thomson v. Deakin [1952] Ch 646 Thorn v. Meggit Engineering Ltd [1976] IRLR 241

300,302,303 322,323,324

Ticehurst v. British Telecommunications pIc [1992] IRLR 219 Times v. Hodgson [1981] IRLR 530 Tithebarn Ltd v. Hubbard (1992) (unreported) TNT Express v. Downes [1993] IRLR 432 Tobacco and Confectionery Ltd v. Williamson [1993] ICR 371 Todd v. British Midland Airways Ltd [1978] IRLR 370

72,298 109 196 227

47

Todd v. Eastern Health and Social Services Board [1997] IRLR 410 Todd v. North Eastern Electricity Board [1975] IRLR 60

183 124 206

Torquay Hotels Ltd v. Cousins [1969] 2 Ch 106 Tottenham Green Under Fives' Centre v. Marshall

[1991] IRLR 162 Tower Boot Co. Ltd v. Jones [1995] IRLR 529 (EAT) Tower Boot Ltd v. Jones [1997] IRLR 168 (CA) Tracey v. Crosville (Wales) Ltd No.2 [1997] IRLR 691 Tracey v. Zest Equipment Co. [1982] IRLR 268 Treganowan v. Robert Knee & Co Ltd [1975] IRLR 247 Trotter v. Forth Ports Authority [1991] IRLR 419 Turner v. Mason (1845) M & W 112

300,302,303

110 64

64,108 226,227

155 5,167,202

161 53

xxx Table of Cases

Turner v. Sawdon [1901] 2 KB 728 Tyldesley v. 1ML Plastics [1996] IRLR 395 TYnan v. Balmer [1967] lOB 91

United Bank v. Ahktar [1989] IRLR 80 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority v.

Claydon [1974] IRLR 6 Universe Tankships of Monrovia v. International

Transport Workers' Federation [1983] AC 366 University College of Buckingham v. Phillips (1981 ) EAT 608/81 University College London Hospitals NHS Trust v.

UNISON (1998) IDS Brief 624 University of Glasgow v. Donaldson and McNally (1995) IDS Brief 543

Vaux Breweries Ltd v. Ward [1968] ITR 385 Vauxhall Motors Ltd v. Ghafoor [1993] ICR 370 Vinnyey v. Star Paper Mills [1965] 1 All ER 175 Vroege v. NCIV Instituut voor Volkshuisvesting BV

[1995] ICR 635

W.A. Goold (Pearmak) Ltd v. McConnell [1995] IRLR 516 Wadcock v. London Borough of Brent [1990] IRLR 223 Wadman v. Carpenter Farrer Partnership [1993] IRLR 374 Waite v. GCHO [1983] IRLR 341 Walden Engineering v. Warner [1993] IRLR 420 Walker v. Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 Walls Meat Co. Ltd v. Khan [1979] ICR 52 Walters v. British Steel Corporation IDS Brief 150 Wandsworth London Borough Council v. NASUWT

(1993) The Times, 26 April Warnes v. Trustees of Cheriton Oddfellows Social Club

[1993] IRLR 58 Waters v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis

[1997] IRLR 589 Waltons and Morse v. Dorrington [1997] IRLR 488 Watson Rask and Christiansen v. ISS Kantineservice NS

[1993] IRLR 133 Weathersfield Ltd t/a Van Truck Rentals v. Sargent

[1998] IRLR 14 Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1990] IRLR 124 (EA1) Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1993] IRLR 27 Webb v. EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd [1995] IRLR 645 Weddel v. Tepper [1980] IRLR 96 Weevsmay Ltd v. Kings [1977] ICR 244 Wessex National Ltd v. Long (1978) 13 ITR 413 West Midlands Co-operative Society Ltd v. Tipton

[1986] IRLR 112

41,42 130 321

25,197,237

236

308,312 212

312

218

238 211

55

132,135

34,54 41

106 184 180 61

228 145

310,313

189

102,108 57

177, 182

92, 107 93

94,124,134 94, 124

190 46

172

33,214

Table of Cases xxxi

Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v. Harp [1978] IRLR 27 Wheeler v. Patel [1987] ICR 631 Whent v. T Cartledge [1997] IRLR 153 Whitbread & Co. pIc v. Mills [1988] IRLR 501 White v. Kuzych [1951] AC 585 White v. Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd [1991] ICR 733 White (Marion) Ltd v. Francis [1972] 3 All ER 857 Whitehouse v. Blatchford & Sons Ltd (1998) IDS Brief 620 Whitlow v. Alkanet Construction Ltd [1975] IRLR 321 Whitwood Chemical Co. v. Hardman [1891] 2 Ch 416 Wickens v. Champion Employment [1984] ICR 365 Wignall v. British Gas Corporation [1984] IRLR 493 Willcox v. Hastings [1987] IRLR 298 Wilcox v. Humphrey & Gasgow Ltd [1975] IRLR 211 William Muir (Bond 9) Ltd v. Lamb [1985] IRLR 95 Williams v. Compair Maxam Ltd [1982] IRLR 83 Williams v. Watsons Luxury Coaches Ltd [1990] IRLR 164 Williamson v. Alcan (UK) Ltd [1977] IRLR 303 Wilson v. Maynard Shipbuilding Consultants AB [1978] QB 665 Wilson v. Racher [1974] IRLR 114 Wilson v. St Helens Borough Council and Meade

and Baxendale v. British Fuels Ltd [1997] IRLR 505 (CA) [1998] 3 WLR 1070 (HL)

Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co. v. English [1938] AC 57 Wiluszynski v. London Borough of Tower Hamlets [1989] IRLR 259 Winterhalter Gastronom v. Webb [1973] IRLR 120 Wileman v. Minilec Engineering Ltd [1988] IRLR 144 William Hill Organisation Ltd v. Tucker [1998] IRLR 313 Witham v. Hills Shopfitters (unreported) Wood v. York City Council [1978] IRLR 228 Woodcock v. Committee of the Friends School [1987] IRLR 98 Woodhouse v. Peter Brotherhood Ltd [1972] 2 QB 520 Woods v. W.M. Car Services [1982] IRLR 413

188 220

29 215 289 25

257 220 199 40

19,20 145 235 205 214 217 151 209 182 160

181, 182 57 23

192 106,112

42 33

171 176 174

Wright and Cassidy v. Dunlop Rubber Co. and ICI (1972) 13 KIR 255 Wylie v. Dee & Co. (Menswear) Ltd [1978] IRLR 103

53 56

109

Yetton v. Eastwoods Froy [1967] 1 WLR 104 165 Young & Wood Ltd v. West [1980] IRLR 201 18 Young, James and Webster v. United Kingdom [1983] IRLR 35 282

Zafar v. Glasgow City Council [1998] IRLR 36 87 Zucker v. Astrid Jewels Ltd [1978] IRLR 385 221

xxxii

Table of Legislation

UK Legislation

Access to Medical Reports Act 1988

Combination Acts 1799-1800 Combination Act 1825 Combination Laws Repeal Act 1824 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 Construction (Working Places) Regulations 1966 Contracts of Employment Act Control of Pollution act 1974 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

s.l1 Criminal Law Act 1977

s.l Criminal Law Amendment Act

Disability Discrimination Act 1995 s.l(l) s.1(2) s.2 s.4(l) s.4(2) s.5 s.6 s.8 s.l1 s.12 s.13 s.55 s.57 s.58 s.68 sch 1 para 2 sch 1 para 4

Employer's Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 Employer's Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969 Employment Act 1980

s.17 Employment Act 1982

s.219 Employment Act 1988

s.266

193,209

263 263 263

263,306,322 18,54

137 70 80 81

305 263

12,86,113 114 114 114 118 118

115, 116, 117, 118 117,118

119 119 119 119 119 119 119 115 114 114

59 59

281,307,315 315

264,281,307,309 316

273,290 10

Employment Act 1990 s.266

Employment Protection Act 1975 s.1 ss.181-5

Table of Legislation xxxiii

224,290,315,316 11

9,11,137,244,268,279,284 9

279 Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978

s.140(1) 155 Employment Protection (Part-Time Employees)

Regulations 1995 Employment Rights Act 1996

s.1 ss.l-6 s.3 s.8 s.9 s.9(5) s.l1 s.13 s.13(I) s.13(6) s.14 s.15 s.16 s.17-22 s.22 s.27 ss.28-35 s.28 s.29 s.29(3) s.29(4)(a) s.29(5) s.31 s.31(3) s.33 s.36 s.40 s.43B s.43C s.43D s.43E s.43F s.43G s.43H s.43J ss.44-47 s.44(1) s.46

168 44,46,78,137,235

34 28

33,54 44 8

44 44

33,48 46,47

47 47,48

46 47 48 48

48,49 51

137 137,146

137 137 138 138 138 176

143,223 143, 223

78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79

142 143 143

xxxiv Table of Legislation

s.47 s.47B s.47C s.48(3) s.49 s.52 s.55(1) s.55(2) s.57A s.58 s.59 s.60 s.61 s.62 s.63 s.64 s.64(2) s.65(3) ss.66-68 s.71 s.73 s.74 s.75 s.76(4) s.77 s.78 s.79 s.80 s.81(2) s.82(5) s.82(8) s.86 s.87 s.95 s.96 s.96(2) s.96(3) s.97(1) and (4) s.97(2) s.98 s.98(1)(b) s.98(4) s.99 s.99(4) s.100 s.101 s.102 s.103

144 144 144 143 143 146 141 141 147 146 146 146 146 147 147 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 139 139 139 139 139 140 140 140 140

160,244 161 187 141 141 141 182 183 219 201

3,116,203 95

141 222 223 223 223

s.103(A) s.104 s.105 s.107 s.108 s.109 s.110 s.111(2) s.111(2)(b) s.114(2) s.115(2) s.116(5) and (6) s.117 s.117(1)(b) ss.117(5) and (6) s.118 s.118(3) s.122(4) s.123 s.123(1) s.125 s.127 s.l28(l) s.136 s.138 s.139 s.139(1) s.139(4) s.140(1) s.140(2) s.140(3) s.141(2) (3) s.143 s.147 s.148 s.158 s.163(2) s.166 s.184 s.196 s.197 s.197(1) s.203 s.203(3) s.211(2) s.218 s.218(2) s.218(3)

Table of Legislation xxxv

79,223 223

199,216 203 227

183,227 34

170 227 229 229 229 231 231 231 231 231 244 230 230 231 34

232 235

206,242 240

199,236 153,235

240 241 241 241 241 243 243 244

199,235 244 244 183 185 185

8,24,28,184 8,185

243 174, 176

174 174

xxxvi Table of Legislation

s.218(4) s.218(5) s.218(6) s.221 s.222 s.224 s.229(2) s.230(1) s.230(3) s.234 s.234(3)

Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) Act 1998 s.2 s.3 s.4 s.5 s.7 s.8 s.9 s.13

Employment Tribunals Act 1996 s.3(2) s.3(6) s.4(3) s.4(3) (d) s.4(5) s.18 s.28(4) s.28(5) s.33

Employment Tribunals (Extension of Juridisction) Order 1994

Equal Pay Act 1970 s.l(l) s.1(2) s. 1(2) (a) s.1(2)(b) s. 1(2) (c) s.1(3) s.1(4) s.1(6) s.2(4)

Equal Pay (Amendment) Regulations 1983 European Communities Act 1972

Factories Act 1961

174 174 174 45 45 45 46

167 46 45 45

5,186 7 7 7 7 9

9, 10 8

34,214 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8

5 24,85,98,103,113,122

122, 128 122 128 128 128

129,131 124 123 134

4,5,85 4,122

62

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 s.2 s.2(1) s.2(2) s.2(2)(e) s.2(3) sA s.5 s.6 s.7 s.16

Highways Act 1980 s.137

Industrial Relations Act 1971

s.65 Industrial Training Act 1964 Industrial Tribunals Act 1996

Table of Legislation xxxvii

3,9,11,54,68,78,145 69 69

69, 70 58 71 70 70 71 71

138

320

26,72,167,223,264,265,266,281 284,296,299,310,313

287 5 6

Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 62

Merchant Shipping Act 1894

National Minimum Wage Act 1998 s.l s.2 s.9 ss.lO and 11 s.12 s.17 ss.19-22 ss.23, 24 and 25 ss.31-33 sAl

Patents Act 1977 s.39 sAO sAl

Pension Schemes Act 1993 s.l

Police Act 1964 s.51(3)

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 sA

Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 Public Order Act 1986

300

20 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 43

80 80 81 81

143

321

321 78,144,223

322

xxxviii Table of Legislation

s.l 322 s.2 322 s.3 322 sA 323 s.5 323

Race Relations Act 1965 Race Relations Act 1976

s.l(l)(a) s.l(l)(b) s.1(2) s.3(l) s.3(4) sA sA(l)( a) sA(l)(b) sA(l)(c) sA(2) (a) sA(2) (b) sA(4) s.5 s.28 s.29 s.30 s.31 s.32 s.33 s.38(2) s.78

85 11,16,24,64,85,86,114,115,118,274

89,90,92 96,97

105 86 92

102 102 103 103 104 105 110 109 107 107 107 107

Redundancy Payments Act 1965 Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1968

107, 108 108 104 87

235 218

78

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 s.l s.l(l)(a) s.l(l)(b) s.2 s.3 sA s.5(3) s.6 s.6(1)(a) s.6(1)(b) s.6(1)(c) s.6(2) (a) s.6 (2) (b) s.7

11, 16, 24, 85, 86, 92, 111, 114, 115, 118, 274 86

86,90,92 96,97

86 86

107,108 92,94,95

102 102,104

103 103 104 105 103

s.7(4) s.37 s.38 s.39 s.40 s.41 s.42 s.48 s.82

Sex Discrimination Act 1986 s.6(4)(A)

Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1996

Social Security Act 1986 Social Security and Housing Benefits Act 1982 Statutory Maternity Pay Regulations Statutory Sick Pay Act 1994

Trade Disputes Act 1906 Trade Union Act 1871 Trade Union Act 1984

article 11(3) Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974

Table of Legislation xxxix

110 107 107 107 107 107 108 104 87

24, 85, 109, 184 111

111 141 50

141 50

264,296,307,315 263,265,266,271

297 264

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 s.l(a) 264

266 267 266 266

s.2 s.5 s.6 s.8 s.lO s.l1 s.12 s.13(3)(b) s.20(2) s.20(6) s.21 s.22 s.23 s.24 s.29 s.30 s.32A s.37A s.45 s.45A s.45B s.46 s.47

26,265 287 265 307 316 325 316 316 266 278 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 278 278

xl Table of Legislation

s.48(1) s.49 s.50 s.50(4) s.51 s.51A s.52(2) s.55 s.56 s.56(4) s.68 s.69 s.71(l) s.72(l) ss.75-78 s.83 s.63(1) ss.65-7 s.97 s.97(1) s.97(2) s.98(1) and (2) s.109 s.109 s.110 s.l11 s.123 ss.137-43 ss.144-5 s.146 s.146(1) s.149(2) s.150(1) and (3) s.152 s.152(1) s.152(2) s.152(3) s.153 s.160 s.161 s.168 s.174 s.176 s.176(6) s.178(1) s.179(1) s.180 s.182

278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 279 271 274 271 271 271 272 289 290 276 277 277 191 200

200,291 291 291 266 282 320

291,292 292 291 292

145,200 220 221 220

200,217 191,203

232 145 287 290 287

26 26

31,35 280

s.183 s.185 ss.186-7 s.188 s.188(4) s.188(7) s.189(6) s.195(1) s.199 s.209 s.210 s.211 s.212 s.213 s.214 s.219 s.220 s.221(1) s.222(1) s.222(3) s.223 s.225 s.226 s.226A s.227 s.228 s.229 s.230(1) s.230(2) s.231 s.235 s.235(1) s.235(4) and (5) s.235A s.235B s.236 s.237 s.238 s.241 s.244(1) s.244(1)(c) s.244(2) s.244(3) s.244(4) s.244(5) s.259 s.266 s.296

Table of Legislation xli

280 10

320 218,244

246 247 246 246

10 9 9 9 9 9

10 308,315 323,324

325 320 320 320 320 285 317 317 318 318 167 318

175,318 176 185 224

11 11

39,41 224,320

224 322

309,311 310

310,313 313 310

310,312 10 10

265

xlii Table of Legislation

Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993 s.65 s.66(4) s.103(2) s.104 s.105 s.123 s.148 s.152 s.174 s.178 s.181 s.181(2) s.181(4) s.184 s.185 s.199 s.209 s.210 s.211 s.212 s.213 s.214 s.226 s.226C s.233 s.233(1) s.234A s.234A(5) s.235A s.235A(4) s.235A(6) s.235B s.238 s.241 s.251A s.259 s.266 schAl sch Al para 11

Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 s.146 s.152 s.178(3)

9,11,269,271,273,318 290 290 277 277 277 266 292 282 290 279 279 279 280 280 280

10 9 9 9 9 9

10 285 318 319 318 319 319

11 325,326

326 11,325

157 322

9 10 10

144,232,269 269

264,265,266,281 268 268 268

Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 4,29,174

46 Truck Acts 1831-1940

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 s.2

Wages Act 1986 Working Time Regulations 1998

Employment Relations Bill 1999 cl3 cl4 cl5 cl7 cll1-14 cl13 cl15 cl16 cl17 cl24 cl25 cl28 cl29 cl30 sch 1 sch 1, para 101 sch 1, para 106 sch2 sch3 sch 4

EC Legislation

Table of Legislation xliii

63 24

46 20,66,67,68

292 318 319 232

34,213 144 227 144 186

9 11,291,326

20 231 230

144,222,232,269,270 144 144

282,292 142,147,223

227,299

Acquired Rights Directive (77/87) 176 Approximation of Laws Relating to Redundancies Directive (75/129) 244

Burden of Proof in Sex Discrimination Directive (97/80/EC) 88

Equal Pay Directive (EEC 75/207) Equal Treatment Directive (EEC 76/207)

article 4(b)

Pregnancy Directive (92/85/EEC) article 10 article 11(3)

Treaty of Rome article 119 article 189

Working Time Directive (93/104/EC)

Young Workers' Directive (94/33/EC)

4,90,168 85,90,93,168

85

95 95

124

85 111, 122

85

43,66

66