MACRES
Reinforced Earth Structure
About 3000 years ago the Babylonians used intertwined palm branches
to reinforce their "ziggurat". The Great Wall in China, built more than
2000 years ago, contains some sections where clay and gravel were
reinforced with tamarisk branches. The modern soil reinforcement
concept for retaining wall construction was introduced by Henri Vidal
in the early ‘60s. His researches led to the development of “reinforced
earth”, a system in which steel strip reinforcements were used.
A FASTER DESCRIPTION: The MacRes system consists of a soil reinforced with linear high
adherence reinforcements placed in the soil in successive layers and
connected to a flexible facing made in concrete panels.
To adapt to the specific characteristics of each project, the system
offers the option of using either galvanized steel reinforcements that
polymers with different strengths for greater efficiency. All are,
however, high adherence and their characteristics permit the
construction of structures, including very high and still highly charged.
Panels
Levelling Pad
Drainage behind
panels
MacRes
Reinforcements
Materiale da rilevato
Secondo specifiche
MacRes
Advantages
• Worldwide known System
• Fast Installation
• Low cost compared to
traditional structures
• Concrete Front Face for
urban areas.
• Panels with different
architectural finiture.
• Not required previous
experience for installation
Disadvantages
•Solution not integrated
with the environment..
•Preacasting area required
Possible Application
Road & Highway
Railway
Airport
Quarry
Parking area
Bridge Abutment
Case History
FORLI’
General Details
LOCATION: Tangenziale Est Forlì - Lotto1 rampa 6-7
CLIENT: Anas & Comune di Forli
CONTRACTOR: Oberosler
ENGINEER: Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 1000m2
BEST FEATURE: MacRes max height 8.3 m
DESIGN DATE: 05/2006
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 08/2006 – End 09/2006
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Access ramp to a future overpass
CREW (people): 3 foreman+ crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (m2/day): 60-80m2/day
Case History
VENICE
General Details
LOCATION: Mestre – Venice – Riqualificazione Via
Torino – Lotto 2
CLIENT: Comune di Venezia
CONTRACTOR: Carron Spa
ENGINEER: Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 520m2
BEST FEATURE: MacRes max height 6.82 m
DESIGN DATE: 01/2007
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 02/2007 End 04/2007
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Access ramp to a future overpass
CREW (people): 3 foreman+ crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (m2/day): 30-40 m2/day
Case History
FIDENZA
General Details
LOCATION: Castione Marchesi-Fidenza
CLIENT: Comune di Fidenza
CONTRACTOR: ASG
ENGINEER: Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 1022 m2
BEST FEATURE: macRes max height 5,60m + backslope height 4,02m
DESIGN DATE: 03/2007
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 09/2007 End 12/2007
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: new road
CREW (people): 4 foreman+ crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (m2/day): 40-50 m2/day
Case History PIEVE DI SOLIGO
General details
LOCATION: Pieve di Soligo (TV)
CLIENT: Comune di Pieve di Soligo
CONTRACTOR: Andreola-Brambati
ENGINEER: Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 901m2
BEST FEATURE:
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 11/2007 End 01/2008
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: new viability
CREW (people): 3 foreman + crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (m2/day): 40-50 m2/day
Case History LONGOBUCCO (CS)
General details
LOCATION: Longobucco (CS)
CLIENT: Comunità Montana e Comune di Longobucco
CONTRACTOR: SOGEMI scarl
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 12000 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 16m
DESIGN TIME: 10/2008-12/2009
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 01/2009 - End 01/2012
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New roads
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 60-80 mq/day
Case History
ARLUNO (MI)
General details
LOCATION: Arluno (MI)
CLIENT: CAVTOMI
CONTRACTOR: Oliaro Costruzioni
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 3400 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 8,91m
DESIGN TIME: 03-12/2007
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 06/2008 - End --/2008
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New overpass for bicycle
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 40-50 mq/day
Case History
BATTIPAGLIA (SA)
General details
LOCATION: Battipaglia (SA)
CLIENT: TECNIS/COGIP
CONTRACTOR: Anas
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 9000 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 12,91m
DESIGN TIME: 03-12/2010
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 06/2010 - End 06/2011
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New highway exit
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 100-120 mq/day
Case History
VILLESSE (GO)
General details
LOCATION: Villesse (GO)
CLIENT: Friulana Bitumi - Tomat
CONTRACTOR: Autovie Venete
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 2500 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 8,00m
DESIGN TIME: 01-04/2012
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 06/2012 - End 12/2012
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New highway
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 60-80 mq/day
Case History
VADO - GARDELLETTA (BO)
General details
LOCATION: Vado - Gardelletta (BO)
CLIENT: Impresa Spa
CONTRACTOR: Autostrade spa
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 1000 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 11,00m
DESIGN TIME: 01-03/2010
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 06/2010 - End 07/2010
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New overpass on railway
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 60-80 mq/day
Case History
KEMPEN – BELGIUM
General details
LOCATION: Kempen
CLIENT: JAN DE NUL
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 10.000 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 14m
DESIGN TIME: 03-12/2012
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 06/2012 - End 06/2013
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New highway
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 40-60 mq/day
Case History
FORLI’ (FC)
General details
LOCATION: Forlì (FC)
CLIENT: CMC
ENGINEER: Officine Maccaferri
PRODUCTS USED: MacRes 6.000 mq
BEST FEATURE: height max MacRes 8m
DESIGN TIME: 03-12/2011
CONSTRUCTION TIME: Start 03/2013 - End 05/2014
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: New highway
CREW (people): 3 foreman + 1 crane operator
PRODUCTIVITY (mq/day): 50-70 mq/day
Installation of the panels
Front face Concrete Elements a. CONCRETE PANELS 14 cm THICK
Manufactured vibrated concrete elements packaged in-factory
•CONCRETE: type C32-40 class XF1 with a minimum compression strength > 40 N/mm2
Type 425 Portland cement, either pozzolanic or blast-furnace. The aggregates shouldn’t be more than 25 cm. The only additives that can be used are those that don’t advise against use for pre-compressed concrete.
•GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES:
Visible surface levelness: =/- 5 mm over 1500 mm.
Difference in diagonal lengths: 10 mm. Spacer tolerance: -5 mm/ +10 mm
General tolerances: +/- 5MM. Center distance tube pivot: +/- 4 mm
•AIM OF THE CONTROLS: To verify the geometric characteristics and product integrity (without air bubbles, cracks, superficial defects). There shall be a trial of the minimum compression strength of 7 at 28 days. An attestation of the manufactured elements’ conformity to the requirements outlined in this document shall be made available at the project manager’s request.
ALL PANELS ARE CE MARKED
Front face Concrete Elements – a. Panels
Front face Concrete Elements – a. Panels – Ext. Finishes
Front face Concrete Elements – a. Panels – Ext. Finishes
Front face Concrete Elements – a. Panels – Ext. Finishes
Natural Stone
Special Elements – CORNER ELEMENT
Special Elements – COPING BEAM ELEMENT
Special Elements – COVER PLATE ELEMENT
Possible combination on
standard panels
• It’s required to take particular care of the compaction phase.
• Heavy equipment should not move close to the front face of the wall. Minimum distance 1.50/2.00m
• The direction of spreading and compacting always be parallel to the front face
• It’s required to use light compaction equipment near the front face (1.0tn)
• Compaction shall be performed with heavy machinery 1.50m behind the front face.
REINFORCEMENT TYPE
STEEL or PARAWEB Definition: does not stretch considerably
(INEXTENSIBLE REINFORCEMENT)
• Forms: Ribbed steel strip or paraweb
• Application: used in all mechanically stabilized earth applications
Reinforcements - a. Steel
METAL
The steel conforms to the European requirements of EN 10025 (December 1993), type S355JO
(equivalent to ASTM, type 50 and similar to the previous Italian Fe 52) shall have the following characteristics:
§ Tensile strength =510 MPa
§ Elastic limit =355 MPa
§ Elongation =22%
GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Nominal thickness: e= 4mm Tolerance: -0.3; +0.3mm
Nominal width: b=50mm Tolerance: -0.3; +0.3mm
SUPERFICIAL TREATMENT
Hot dip galvanized. Zinc coating = 5 g/ dm2 (guaranteed minimum of 70 micron) on
the entire surface
NATURE OF INSPECTIONS –CONFORMITY CERTIFICATES
Verification of the certificate of compliance
Verification of the geometric characteristics
Verification of the thickness of the galvanizing:
Reinforcements - a. Steel
Tie Strips For Steel Reinforcements
Reinforcements - a. Steel - Installation
Geosynthetic Reinforcement: ParaWeb®
ParaWeb strips are planar structure consisting of a core of high tenacity
polyester yarn tendons encased in a polyethylene sheath.
• Nominal resistance from 30kN to 100kN.
• The lenght of the rolls is of 100ml.
• The tensile nominal strength is printed on each roll.
GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENTS:
ParaWeb®
Reinforcements no susceptibles
to corrosion;
High durability;
Easy transportation, handling
and installation;
High interaction with the soil
Example of disposition of ParaWeb
MATERIALS SOIL
To build a MacRes Structure follow the specification inserted in “Product Standard
Specifications”. Note in particular:
• ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VALID ONLY FOR STEEL REINFORCEMENTS)
• MAXIMUM OF 20% FINES passing from the 75 micron sieve
GEOTECHNICAL CARACTERISTICS ACCORDING TO THE
AASHTO M 145 SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
1. RESISTIVITY
Backfill material satured after an hour of soil-water contact must have a
resistivity (at 100% saturation) greater than 3000 Ohm-cm
2. HYDROGENION ACTIVITY
The water from the satured soil should have Ph between 5 and 10
3. SOLUBLE SALTS CONTENT
Water soluble chloride content minor then 100 mg/Kg in water condition
200 mg/Kg in dry condition
Water soluble sulfate content minor then 100 mg/l in water condition
200 mg/l in dry condition
Water soluble nitrates content minor then 15 mg/l in water condition
15 mg/l in dry condition
Water soluble manganese content minor then 300 mg/l in water condition
300 mg/l in dry condition
ELECTROCHEMICAL CARACTERISTICS ACCORDING TO BS 5400-4