1. Intro to Macro molecules
Macromolecules

2. Carbon
The element of LIFE!
Found in all living organisms!
We are always looking for carbon based life forms
Organic molecules: molecules that contain carbon
C6H12O6, CO2, CH4
Some molecules are made of just CARBON and HYDROGENwe call these HYDROCARBONS
These are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)
Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
Inorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbon
H2O, NH3, O2
3. LE 4-4
Hydrogen
(valence = 1)
Oxygen
(valence = 2)
Nitrogen
(valence = 3)
Carbon
(valence = 4)
4. Structure of Carbon
Structure
Valence electrons: 4
How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?
4: single, double, or tripleas long as it has 4 lines touching it
This makes carbon a versatile atomit can make long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring structures with itself
5. LE 4-5
Propane
Ethane
Length
2-methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
Butane
Branching
1-Butene
2-Butene
Double bonds
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Rings
6. Some important words to know
Molecule
Group of covalently bonded atoms
Macromolecule
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
Functional Groups
Group of atoms within a molecule that interact in PREDICTABLE ways
Polar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
7. DNA (nucleotide)
ATP
Two REALLY Important
Molecules with
Phosphate Groups
8. 9. 10. LE 4-10aa
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO)
Ethanol, the alcohol present in
alcoholic beverages
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Is polar as a result of the
electronegative oxygen atom
drawing electrons toward itself.
Alcohols (their specific names
usually end in -ol)
Attracts water molecules, helping
dissolve organic compounds such
as sugars (see Figure 5.3).
11. LE 4-10ac
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Acetic acid, which gives vinegar
its sour taste
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Has acidic properties because it is
a source of hydrogen ions.
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
The covalent bond between
oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
that hydrogen ions (H+) tend to
dissociate reversibly; for example,
Acetic acid
Acetate ion
In cells, found in the ionic form,
which is called a carboxylate group.
12. LE 4-10ba
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Glycine
Because it also has a carboxyl
group, glycine is both an amine and
a carboxylic acid; compounds with
both groups are called amino acids.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Acts as a base; can pick up a
proton from the surrounding
solution:
Amine
(nonionized)
(ionized)
Ionized, with a charge of 1+,
under cellular conditions
13. LE 4-10bc
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Glycerol phosphate
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Makes the molecule of which it
is a part an anion (negatively
charged ion).
Organic phosphates
Can transfer energy between
organic molecules.
14. What are macromolecules made of?

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

15. Poly=many 16. Mono=one 17. Think of a beaded bracelet. 18. each bead is a MONOMER 19. The entire bracelet is a POLYMER 20. Large variety of polymers but there are less than 50 monomerskinda like the alphabetlots of words, only 26 letters 21. Polymerization: THE PROCESS OF MAKING A LARGER MOLECULE BY PUTTING TOGETHER SMALLER MOLECULES 22. Three of the four classes of lifes organic molecules are polymers:Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still macromolecules
23. 24. 25. Brief Overview of4 Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Monomer: monosaccharaides and disaccharides
Polymer: polysaccharides aka complex carbohydrates (Starches)
Proteins
Monomer: Amino acids
Polymer: Polypeptide Chain (PROTEINS)
NucleicAcids
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Lipids, fats, oils and steroids
Monomer: NONE
Polymer: NONE
26. How Would You Describe
These People?
27. Making and Breaking Polymers
Polymerization:making polymers
Dehydration Reaction
Dehydrate means water loss
When a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a monomer to another monomer
Hydrolysis
Hydro- water
Lysis- to break down
Def: to break apart or disassemble a polymer by adding water (H-OH)
28. LE 5-2
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
Longer polymer
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
29. 30. Carbohydrates
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Disaccharide or Polysaccharide
Link between monomers is called: Glycosidic Linkage
Formed by a dehydration reaction
Always have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygens
CxH2xOx
Common name: sugar
End with suffix -ose
Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storage
GLUCOSE!!!!
What all cells need for energy
31. Carbs continued
Monosaccharides
Glucose
fructose
Disaccharides
sucrose
Polysaccharides
Starch
In plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cord
Glycogen
Excess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomers
Stored in muscle and liver cells
When body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose
Cellulose
Found in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer;
building material;
aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide down
Passes through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrient
Some animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down cellulose
Carbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH)
Dissolve in water making sugary solutions
Large carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve
Think about your towels and clothes, duh!
32. Proteins
Monomer: amino acids
20 amino acids
Amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbon
Only thing different is side chainR-group
Polymer: polypeptide chains (proteins)
Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond
Made by a dehydration reaction
(between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another aa)
STRUCTURE of A.A.
Amino group on one end (-NH2)
Carboxylgroup on one end (COOH)
Hydrogen
R-group/side chain (changes)
Function of Proteins:
structural support
Storage
Transport
cellular communications
Movement
defense against foreign substances
Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
33. 34. Protein Structure
Primary structure 1
Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure 2
Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions between amino acids
HYDROGEN BONDING
Tertiary Structure 3
Gives proteins 3-D shape
VERY IMPORTANT to function of protein
Beta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on interactions between R-groups of a.a.
Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions, acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds,van der Waals forces
Quaternary Structure 4
the association of the polypeptide chains
some proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain
Each polypeptide chain in the protein is called a subunit
Two or more subunits come together for a specific function
HEMOGLOBIN
On Red blood cells
Its shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!
35. Denaturation
Unraveling/unfolding of protein
Why would this be a problem?
When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its specific function
Caused by:
Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental condition
Disrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of shape
Examples:
Frying an egg
Straightening your hair
36. 37. 38. Fats/Lipids
Made of mostly carbon and hydrogensome oxygen
Usually not soluble in water
Not a polymer but is made of molecular units
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids= FAT
Linkage is called ESTER linkage
Dehydration reaction
Function
Energy storage
Insulation
waterproofing
39. Types of Fats
Saturated
Solid at room temperature
Animal fats
All the carbons in the fatty acid chains contain the MAXIMUM # of hydrogen atoms around each atom
SATURATED with hydrogen
Only single bonds in fatty acid chain
Unsaturated/polyunsaturated fats
Liquid at room temperature
Plant oils, fish oils
One or more double bonded carbon atoms in fatty acid chain, then it is unsaturated
40. Phospholipids
41. Steroids
Chemical messengers
Structure
4 fused carbon rings
Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol
Function
structural component of mammalian cell membranes
resilience and fluidity of human membranes
mobilized for the synthesis of steroid hormones
protecting the human skin against external irritants and for holding water content
Improvement of water balance in human skin
Enhanced barrier function for stratum
Inhibition of aging of skin
Water retention for hair
42. Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotide
Structure of a Nucleotide
Made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base
Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Function
DNA
genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
Instructions to make RNA and proteins
long-term storage of information
NITROGENOUS BASES:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine
Purines: guanine and adenine
A binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA
RNA
messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomes
essential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis
Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
NITROGENOUS BASES:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil
Purines: guanine and adenine
A binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA