MacromoleculesLipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Lipids!

Lipids

Lipids are commonly called fats and oils.They are mostly made up of Carbon and

Hydrogen, with less Oxygen than carbohydrates have.

They are linked by non-polar covalent bonds

Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they don’t mix with water

fats

Fats are called Triglycerides

Fat is a large lipid made from smaller molecules of glycerol and fatty acids.

Made of 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol molecule

Fats

Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat

Have lots of hydrogen atoms

Have only single bonds between carbons

Are made from animalsAre solid at room

temperature Include butter and lardAre very unhealthy

Have less hydrogen atoms

Have double bonds between carbons

Are made from plantsAre liquid at room temp Include olive oil,

vegetable oilAre healthier

Functions of LipidsLipids are used for energy storage,

insulation, and protective coatings.They are also the major components in

cell membranes.

PhospholipidsThey are a major component of cell membranes.

•Different from fatty acids because they…•Contain the element phosphorous•Only 2 fatty acids instead of three

ProteinsProteins are large, complex polymers

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Proteins make up our hair, teeth, and nails.

Enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions, are proteins.

Protein Function•Structure

• Hair, spiders web, tendon and ligament fibers

•Movement• Muscular movement

•Storage• egg white

•Defense• Antibodies

•Transport• Hemoglobin, carries oxygen

from your blood to your lungs and other parts of your body

•Signal• Hormones

3 dimensional structure

Of all of life’s molecules…….

Proteins are the most diverse molecule in structure and function.

Proteins are made of amino acids.

There are 20 amino acids.

Amino Acids They all have central carbon attached to:

an amino group and A Carbonyl group and An R group is the variable part of the

amino acid General structure:

Peptide Bonds•Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis

•A water molecule is removed

•Carbon and Nitrogen form a bond

•The covalent linkage is a peptide bond

•The product is called a dipeptide – 2 amino acids

•Additional amino acids can be added by using dehydration synthesis

•This creates polypeptides

Protein’s Specific Shape..

The shape of a protein determines its function

Nearly all proteins must recognize and bind to some other molecule in order to function.

Protein’s Specific Shape..

Lysozyme can destroy bacteria cells

It must first bind to specific molecules on the bacteria cell surface

Its shape allows it to recognize and bind to a specific target

The target fits in the groove you see on the right

groove

Denaturation

The protein’s dependence on shape becomes clear when the protein is altered in some way

In a process called denaturation the polypeptides become unraveled, losing it’s shape and therefore it’s function

When heating an egg… the protein goes from clear and slimey to white and solid

Once the protien is heated they become denatured and could no longer help to sustain a bird embryo

Salt, temperature, and pH level can also denature proteins

Protein Structure

The amino acid’s primary structure is its amino acid sequence

Leu-Asp-Ala-Val-Arg-Gly-Ser----

Protein Structure

The Secondary Structure of a protein is…polypeptide coiling or folding produced by hydrogen bonding

The coiling produces a alpha helix, or a beta pleated sheet

Protein Structure

The tertiary (3rd) structure is the overall shape of the polypeptide

3D shape

Protein Structure

The quaternary structure of proteins is the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein

Bonding interactions between the subunits of the protein

Nucleic Acids

A nucleic acid is a complex macromolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.There are 4 nucleotides:Adenine = ThymineCytosine = GuanineNucleotides are made up of 3 things:

◦A sugar◦A phosphate group◦A nitrogenous base