Date post: | 13-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | ralf-stokes |
View: | 220 times |
Download: | 0 times |
MACROMOLECULES
Matter and energy are one in the same
Functional Groups
Functional groups
Functional groups tend to be POLAR and therefore HYDROPHILIC (water loving)
Macromolecules can easily dissolve in water
Protein shape influenced by their placement.
Organic compound MONOMERS
Fatty acid
Amino acidMonosaccharide
Four Macromolecules
1) Polysaccharides (Sugars)
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
How polymers are made:DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS All monomers have hydrogen (H) and
hydroxyl (OH) groups. Water is REMOVED to JOIN monomers These CREATE covalent bonds
How polymers separateHYDROLYSIS Water is ADDED to BREAK monomers apart These break covalent bonds, releasing
monomers.
Taste?
Function?
Monosaccharides examples:
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
examples: Sucrose, maltose, lactose
WHAT’S THE SAME ABOUT THESE NAMES?
Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Many sugar molecules bonded together into long chains. Have many Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds! (Energy!!!)
Storage of energy Slow “time release” mechanism for supplying energy. Stored in granules – large masses of macromolecules ___Starch __ in plants Glycogen _ in animals
Fiber Cellulose in plant cell walls Arranged like: cables Good for: structure and strength
Forming Polysaccharides:DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS!
Effects on blood sugar levels
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes don’t mix with water because: Consist mainly of H-C bonds which are nonpolar
because of equal sharing Hydrophobic!!!!!!
Lots of energy – high density of __C-H bonds. 1 gram of fat stores 2x as much energy as a
starch!!! Long term energy storage, generally used after
carbs.
Fats (Triglycerides)
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids
Formed through dehydration synthesis!
Not equal…
Saturated vs. Unsaturated?
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats ? Saturated – only single bonds. Maximum # of
hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated – some double bonds Less than maximum
# H atoms
Oils vs. solids!!!
Lipids – other functions Other functions:
Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids
Waxes – coating for fruits and animals to resist water
Steroids – ring structures 3 six-sided, 1 five-sided carbon ring Cholesterol is the starting material for building!
Phospholipids Have a hydrophilic head (phosphate group is
polar!!!!) And a hydrophobic tail (fatty acids!) This allows them to form a membrane bilayer.
If lipids are hydrophobic, how do they travel in the bloodstream?
Lipids get around in molecules which are surrounded hydrophilic phospholipids and proteins (lipoproteins)
Because proteins/phospholipids are hydrophilic, they surround lipids, so they can carry them in the bloodstream
How do lipids get around?
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL = “ Good cholesterol”)
Act as:
Cholesterol ???HDL LDL
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL = “Bad cholesterol”)
They can get:
Steroids
used by many organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants
Include hormones – control and regulate activity of certain cells/organs Ex. testosterone, estrogen
Catabolic steroids – break down muscle mass
Anabolic steroids – build muscle mass
Steroids
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Testosterone
Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic Steroids Synthetic variants of testosterone When prescribed, used to treat general anemia
and diseases that destroy muscle mass Athletes use to build muscle mass
Benefits include: increased strength, stamina, and aggressiveness
Side effects include: “steroid rage”, deep depression, liver damage leading to
cancer reduced output of natural hormones leadin to: shrunken
testicles, reduced sex drive, infertility, and breast development in men.
In teens, bones may stop growing, stunting growth.
Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids
Saturated
Formula Common Name
CH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid
CH3(CH2)12CO2H myristic acid
CH3(CH2)14CO2H palmitic acid
CH3(CH2)16CO2H stearic acid
CH3(CH2)18CO2H arachidic acid
UnsaturatedFormula Common Name
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H palmitoleic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H oleic acid
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linoleic acid
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H linolenic acid
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2CO2H arachidonic acid
Lipids
CarbohydratesName Type of sugar (mono =1 or di =2 sugar units) Chemical formula of sugar
Glucose Monosaccharide C6H12O6
Fructose Monosaccharide C6H12O6
Galactose Monosaccharide C6H12O6
Lactose Disaccharide (glucose + galactose) C12H22O11
Sucrose Disaccharide (glucose + fructose) C12H22O11
Maltose Disaccharide (glucose + glucose) C12H22O11
Ratio of Elements in Carbohydrates and Lipids
Lipids
Carbohydrates 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
1:2:very few ratio of C:H:O
Proteins Not a lot of energy available
due to low density of ___________ __________.
Mega important for variety of reasons ! See functions _______________ - absorb
and reflect sunlight _______________– help
biochemical reactions.
If used for energy, tissue or molecules are destroyed. Think of your car using:
34
Proteins• Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Amino acids How many
different kinds?
Label areas:
PROTEINS
36
• Are polymers of molecules called amino acids
• All amino acids have an amino group at one end –NH2 and a carboxyl group at the other end –COOH
• There are 20 amino acids found in nature
• The R group section distinguishes one amino acid from another.
20 Amino Acids
Polypeptide chains formed through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS!
39
Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Proteins perform numerous functions! Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory: hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
40
Proteins (Polypeptides)Four levels of protein
structure:A. Primary StructureB. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM
41
Primary StructureAmino acids bonded
together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
Primary Structure
Insulin
43
Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding
arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
44
Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and
folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)
Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
45
35. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more
“subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous
environments Example: enzymes
(hemoglobin)subunits
Examples of Proteins Hemoglobin: transports oxygen
Pigments gathersunlight
Enzymes catalyze reactions Substrate(s) bind to_________ __________;
this lowers the __________ __________ (EA ) Bonds broken/formed; molecule(s) released Reusable Requires optimum ______ and ____________
49
Nucleic Acids
Contain the elements : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.
50
Nucleic acids Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
DNA contains the cells’ master instructutions
RNA copies those instructions to take to the ribosome (to make proteins)
51
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.
Nucleotides are removed by hydrolysis
Form phosphodiester bonds
Dehydration Synthesis (condensation reaction)
53
Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:
phosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:
DNA RNAadenine (A) adenine (A)thymine (T) uracil (U)cytosine (C) cytosine (C)guanine (G) guanine (G)
54
NucleotideKnow how to number the Carbons!!!!!!!
OO=P-O O
Phosphate Group
NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar(deoxyribose)
DNA Structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Hydrogen bonds hold 2 strands together A pairs with T (or U in RNA) G pairs with C
56
DNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
RNA vs. DNA
RNA vs. DNA RNA:
Single-stranded Uracil A, U, C, G Leaves nucleus
DNA: Double-stranded Thymine A, T, C, G Cannot leave nucleus