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Topic:-MAGNETO HYDRO DYNAMIC POWER GENERATION (MHD )

Presented by : Muzamil Yousf Mir

Roll no. : 01-ERE-2013

Department Of Electrical Engineering

SOET,BGSBU(Rajouri)

BABA GHULAM SHAH BADSHAH UNIVERSITY

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Contents

INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

TYPES OF MHD SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE PROSPECTS

CONCLUSION

REFRENCESDepartment of Electrical Engineering

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Introduction

The concept of MHD power generation was introduced for the

very first time by Michael Faraday in the year 1832

The field of MHD power generation was initiated by Hannes

Alfvén , in 1970.

MHD power generation is a new system of electric power

generation which is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution.

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Introduction(con.)

80 % of total electricity produced in the world is hydel, while remaining 20% is produced from nuclear, thermal, solar, geothermal energy and from magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) generator.

MHD ( magneto hydrodynamic) power generation is a direct energy conversion system which converts the heat energy directly into electrical energy, without any intermediate mechanical energy conversion, as opposed to the case in all other power generating plants

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Principle of MHD Generation

The principal of MHD power generation is very simple and is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction , which states that when a conductor and a magnetic field moves relative to each other, then voltage is induced in the conductor, which results in flow of current across the terminals.

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Principle

In conventional generators, the conductors are copper windings or strips, while in case of MHD generator, the solid conductors are replaced by a gaseous conductor, an ionized gas. If such a gas is passed at a high velocity through a powerful magnetic field, a current is generated and can be extracted by placing electrodes in suitable position in the stream.

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Power Generated

The power generated per unit length by MHD generator is approximately given by, Where u is the fluid velocity, B is the magnetic flux density, σ is the electrical conductivity of conducting fluid and P is the density of fluid.

For the higher power density of an MHD generator there must be a strong magnetic field of 4-5 tesla and high flow velocity of conducting fluid besides adequate conductivity.

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Types of MHD Systems

Open cycle MHD System

Closed cycle MHD System

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Seeding

AIR

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Open cycle MHD system

SEEDING

AIR

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Closed Cycle MHD System

As the name suggests the working fluid in a closed cycle MHD is circulated in a closed loop. Hence, in this case inert gas(helium or argon) is used as the working fluid to transfer the heat. The liquid metal has typically the advantage of high electrical conductivity, hence the heat provided by the combustion material need not be too high. There is no inlet and outlet for the atmospheric air. Hence the process is simplified to a great extent, as the same fluid is circulated again and again for effective heat transfer.

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Closed Cycle MHD System

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ARGON

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AdvantagesOverall efficiency is about 50%.Less overall generation cost.Less fuel consumption.Large amount of pollution free power is generated.It has no moving parts, so more reliable and no mechanical

losses.Closed cycle system produces power, free of pollution.It has ability to reach the full power level as soon as started.Size of plant is small compared to other fossil fuel plants.

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Disadvantages

Suffers from reverse flow (short circuits) of electrons. It needs very large magnets and this is a major expense. High friction and heat transfer losses. High operating temperature. Coal used as fuel, produces molten ash which may short

circuit the electrodes. Hence, oil or natural gas are much better fuels for MHDs. Restriction on use of fuel makes the operation more expensive.

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Future ProspectsIt is estimated that in 2025, almost 70 % of the total

electricity generated in the world will be from MHD generators.

Research and development is widely being done on MHD by different countries of the world.

Nations involved: USAJapanIndiaChinaAustraliaItaly

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Conclusion

MHD power generation is a direct energy conversion system, which converts the heat energy directly into electrical energy by this generation technique large amount of power is generated without pollution.

This power resource play a minor role presently and its use on a vast scale is yet to be confirmed as it is in its childhood stage.

The magneto hydro dynamic power generation is one of the examples of a new unique method of generation of electricity.

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References Faraday, M. (1832). "Experimental Researches in Electricity." First Series, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal

Society, pp. 125–162.

Sutton, George W., and Sherman, Arthur (1965) Engineering Magnetohydrodynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New

York, OCLC 537669

Popa, C. and Sritharan, S. S. (2003) "Fluid-magnetic splitting methods for magneto-hydrodynamics" Mathematical Methods

and Models in Applied Sciences 13(6): pp. 893–917.

Roberts, Paul H. (1967) An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics Longmans Green, London, OCLC 489632043

Rosa, Richard J. (1987) Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion (2nd edition) Hemisphere Publishing, Washington,

D.C., ISBN 0-89116-690-4

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THANK YOU!!

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