Maintaining Equipment Yenus

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MAINTAINING EQUIPMENT

&

CONSUMABLES

For

LevelII Trainees

Total Hours of the Module: 60hrs

By: Yenus Abdrhaman

2005 EC

Debrtabor poly technlque college


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Acknoledgments:

I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Daniel Mesafint, who have helped and supportedme throughout this work. I am grateful to him for his continuous support from the initial and

early stages of conceptual inception to the final stage of my work through ongoing advice and

encouragement.

Finnally, I want to thank debrtabor poly college memeber and the department of IT for helpingme for providing different materials.


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Table of Contents:

Lo1: Determine best practices for equipment and software maintenance................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction to maintain equipment and consumables ................................................................... 1

1.1.1 OHS principles and concept .................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 Equipment consumables uses and characteristics ............................................................... 2

1.1.3 Maintenance procedures and techniques ............................................................................ 3

1.2 Accessing verifying cleaning equipment supplies ............................................................................. 6

1.3 Recording and documenting maintenance action .................................................................................. 9

PC Maintenance Schedule: ....................................................................................................................... 9

LO2: Revise Practices, where appropraite .................................................................................................. 112.1 Accessing Consumables ........................................................................................................................ 11

LO3: Identify and anlyse IT system components to be maintained............................................................ 11

3.1 Identifying Equipment which requires maintenance ............................................................................ 12

3.2 Documenting Maintenance procedure ................................................................................................. 17


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Maintain Equipment and Consumables Prepared By: Yenus Abdrhaman 2005 EC

1 | P a g e D T P T C

Lo1: Determine best practices for equipment and software maintenance

1.1Introduction to maintain equipment and consumablesThese topic cover the knowledge and skills required of implement house keeping activates and

maintain equipment and consumables.

Implement housekeeping activates are:-

Regular inspection carried out in the work area according to workplaceprocedure and standards.

Areas cleaned and maintained in accordance with OHS Disposal of waste and dangerous with OHS regulators and organization

polices

Maintain equipment & consumables are:-

Execute regular maintenance activities according to scheduled plan Maintenance procedures are followed in according. With the manufacture

manual.

Complex faults or repair requirements outside area of competence are reportedfor as specialist assisting.

Maintenance and repair activities are documented and reported.

1.1.1 OHS principles and concept OHS explanation occupational health safety. OHS it is important to have an understanding of these items and how they apply day

to day activities.

It is important the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties or I tem. It is reducing west.N.B Health: - is the freedom form illness or disease.

Safety: - the freedom form dallier or injury or damage.

OHS: - istle freedom form illness, disease and junta in the workplace.


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Advice on principle of OHS risk control

Design to minimize risk based on the hierarchy of control. Designed product includes fail- to- safe action to minimize the impact of possible

failure or defect.

OHS Improves (Results):

Product quality Production capacity Use of capital Safety Space utilization Profitable laity Good house keeping and work place com

Hazard: - A source or situation with a potential harm it terms of human injury or disease.

Waste: unwanted martial

Risk: the chance of something happening that will result in damage.

- Measured in term of consequences.

1.1.2 Equipment consumables uses and characteristicso ICT equipment means desk top computer, lap tops, servers, monitors, printers, audio,

visual, (AV) equipment but IT consumables such as printer cartridges

o Consumables are any products which needs to be replaced on a regular basis Printer cartridge CD/DVD disks Pens Papers for printer Cleaning kits (CD-DRIVE and FLOPPY-DRIVE) Floppy etc


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1.1.3 Maintenance procedures and techniques

Purpose of maintenance

Maintenance is an excellent means of improving this performance and condition ofequipment and facilities.

Effective, maintained parlay identity problems long before any equipment or facilitybreaks dotcom.

Basically the principal objectives of maintaining

To extend he useful life of assets that is every parts of this site, building and equipment To assure he optimum availability of installed equipment for protection or (service) and

obtain he maximum possible return on investment.

To ensure operational readiness of all equipment required for emergency useTo ensure the safety of personal use of facilities.

1.1.3.1Maintenance procedures

1. Routine maintenance (also known as preventive maintenance) is performed on a regular

basis in order to keep things working well and reduces the chance of something going wrong.

Preventive maintenance: - maintenance performed in order to PREVEVT failures BEFDRE them

developing to a breakdown.

To reduce he number frequency of repairs on crisis situations by organization. PM itself by reducing problem behavior, data loss & computer failure and ensuring

along life, for your system.

Developing a PM program is important to every one, who uses or mange personalcomputers, systems.

PM system weeds all programmed activates documentation such as:- Work shop inventory equipment register. Technical recodes specification Drawing recodes Material spare parts records Job instructions specification Work order Inspections report card.


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2. Non-Routine maintenance (also known as Corrective maintenance) is fixing something after

it has broken or is not working properly. Therefore, the more routine maintenance carried out

the less likelihood of non-routine maintenance is required.

Maintenance in an IT environment

Some items requiring maintenance in an IT environment would be:

Printers- Printouts may be streaky or faded. The printer may need either cleaningor new cartridge.

Monitors- Fingerprints may make the text difficult to read. PC's- A PC may not boot correctly. In investigation required and possible re-

installation of the operating system.

Peripherals- A scanner or bar code reader may not be functioning properly. Floppy disk Drive- The system may not read floppy disks. The drive may need

cleaning.

Replacing paper- Printers, photocopiers and fax machines may run out of paper.

Precautions are guidelines to be followed to prevent damage to equipment or injury to people.

The following are very importantprecautions:

Before cleaning any electrical equipment make sure that it is switched off andunpluggedfrom the mains.

Allow certain equipment, such as monitors and laser printers, to cool down andlose their capacitance (charge) before cleaning them for at least 30minutes.

When cleaning inside the PC, or handling parts from a PC such as hard disk orcircuit boards, you should earth yourself using antistatic wrist strap.

Always refer to the manufactures manual before attempting to clean anyequipment, because improper cleaning or maintenance may be dangerous and alsomay invalidate your warranty.

Some equipment such as power supplies and monitors use voltages and thereforeshould only be maintained by specially trained people. It could be dangerous forany one else to open these up for maintenance.

Cleaning in an IT environment

Why clean?

Dust needs to be removed because it acts as an insulatorthat prevents air from circulating over

or through the components and this can cause overheating. If dust contains conductive particles it

can also cause ashort circuit, which ca damage components or even cause a fire.


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Removing Dust

Dust can be removed using a household vacuum cleaner with an appropriate attachment,although it is much easier to use a purpose-built computer vacuum cleaner or keyboard cleaner.

Residue from hands

The human skin produces residues that cling to surface of the computer hardware we touch,which can be removed with liquid cleaners. However, use only specifically designed cleaners for

cleaning computer equipment. Unsuitable cleaners may:

Cause dangerous fumes

Damage the plastics used in computer hardware

release ozone-damaging gases

not clean effectively

Cleaning kits

The contents of kits vary, but generally kits include:

Item How is it used?

Small brush Or dusting components of electrical equipment

Antistatic grounding strap To earth yourself while cleaning inside a PC

Lint-free foam cleaning swabs

or buds (looks like cottonbuds)

Are used with isopropyl alcohol, which is dabbed on the

bud and then used to clean such components as the edgeconnectors on cards, the contacts inside mice, and

keyboards.

Cleaning wipes Are small lint-free cloths for cleaning the system unit

casing, monitor and keyboard

Contact cleaning solution Not only helps clean the edge connectors and electrical

contacts inside the PC but also helps to promote reliable

connections.

Compressed air Is used for blasting dust out of obscure corners which

might not be able to reach with a mini vacuum cleaner.

Cleaning disks for 3.5 and 5

1/4 disk drives

Consists of an outer shell and replaceable inner material on

to which you put a few drops of special cleaning fluid.CD-Cleaning kit Cleans dust and grease from the CD. Also keep the CDs in

their cases, handle them by edges and periodically clean

them using the cleaning kit.

Cleaning sheets for laserprinters, plain-paper fax

machines and photocopiers

Are fed through the device in the normal way for paper,but they remove toner, dirt and dust from the paper path,

which improves the print quality.


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Chemical hazards: - a chemical or substance can be hazardous because of any one of the

following intrinsic properties:-

o Corrosiveo Explosiveo Gas, stored under pressureo Cryogenic liquido Oxidizing

1.2Accessing verifying cleaning equipment suppliesCleaning means:-One of the most important operations in a good preventive maintenance

program is regular and through cleaning the system.

Dust build up on the internal components con leas to several problem:-o System coolingo Shortens he life of sensitive, componentso Dust can contain conductive elements that ay cause partial shortcut and

physically damage important element.

o Other elements in dust and dolt can accelerate corrosion of electrical contactresulting in improper connections.

Keep the computer room as creak as possible he following rules must be strictlypillowed.

o Try to keep the computer room as free from dust as possible.o Have coulees for the computers prepared and always covers them immediately

use.

o Wash your hands before using he computero Avoid having blackboards chalk ovary other sourly of dust in the computer

centre.

o Never smoke inside the computer room.o Use a mouse pad to roll he mouse over.


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Cleaning Peripherals

Monitors

Carefully clean dust away from the vents in the monitor's enclosure using a vacuum cleaner.

Anything other than a vacuum cleaner (e.g. a rag or air blower) is likely to push the dust insidethe enclosure where it can lie on electrical components, causing failure. You should clean the

glass screen with one of the cleaners described previously.

If you use a spray to clean a monitor you should be careful to spray the wipe.

Printers

You will get the greatest benefit from cleaning a printer if you can remove any dust from thepaths of moving parts. To do this you may need to remove covers or paper trays.

However, at all times refer to the printer manual. It will contain the instructions for removingparts and may even have some tips on cleaning. Do not use any liquid cleaner on a printer unless

the manufacturer recommends it.

Laser Printers

To clean laser printers:

1. Switch off and unplug the printer, and wait at least 30 minutes for it to cool.2. Wear disposable plastics gloves.3. Clean the outer casing of the printer using a dampened paper towel or a lint-free

cloth with a little detergent on it.4. Check for, and remove any loose bits of paper.5. Vacuum inside the printer using a static-safe vacuum cleaner.6. Use a lint-free swab dipped in isopropyl alcohol to clean the corona wire.

Keyboards

The keyboard tends to not only accumulate a lot of dust and skin residue but also some hair and

lint form clothing. Loose matter can generally be removed with the vacuum cleaner.

Mouse

The mouse tends to accumulate a mixture of dust and skin residue from the surface it rolls on.Therefore to properly clean the mouse:

1. Turn the mouse upside down and push down and away the roller-opening hatchwith two fingers until you see the panels open.

2. Use a soft, dry, lint free cloth to wipe the ball clean. Never use cleaning fluid orsolvent. Gently blow into the mouse housing to remove any dust.


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3. To clean the steel rollers carefully use a cotton swab to remove the material buildup.

4. Replace the ball in it its housing, and then re-insert the retaining panel. When thepanel is in place push it down and backwards until it locks firmly.

Scanners and photocopiers

The glass top flatbed scanners, like those of monitors and photocopiers, can get pretty dirty with

finger marks. Usually you would use a lint-free cloth dabbed with whatever chemical themanufacture recommends to wipe it clean.

Power Supplies

Maintenance for the power supply to PCs includes:

Vacuuming dust from the vent holes

check the cables coming out of them are not worn or broken

Check the power socket is clear of dust and dirt.

Hard disk

It is ways advisable to perform regular checks of he hard drive b/c this device where allour information is stored.

These checks include use of the system tools, to verity disk integrity and organization. There are 3main system tools that you can use to keep your hard disk in good ship

1. Disk cleanup2. Error checking3. Disk defragmenter

Defragmenting files

File are split in to many noncontiguous areas on the One of the best ways to protect both your hard disk, and he data on it is to periodically

defragment the files on the disk.

Rearranges the files sallied on disk. This serves tow purpose:-

All the files are stored in contiguous sectors on the disk A disaster in boyish he file system is severely damaged if the files are contiguous.


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The three main functions in most defragmentation programs are as follows:-o File defragmentationo File packing (free space consolidation)o File sorting.

Disk cleanup means: - a simple tool to help cloning your disk from unnecessary files.

Run the willows un essay files disk cleanup helps free, up space on your hard disk, whichsearches he system file you can satiety delete such as:-

o File in he recycle bino Temporary internet fileo Windows temporary fileo Install programs for previously downloaded and installed programso Compress old files

Error checking

Error checking (use to be scandisk):-Checks the hard disks for logical and physicalerrors and can repaired the damaged areas.

o Start windows exploreo Right click on he disk you wan to checko Select propertieso Select the tab toolso Click check now.

1.3 Recording and documenting maintenance action

PC Maintenance Schedule:

Here is a schedule for maintaining your computer, it is highly recommended that your follow

these routines to have a healthy computer.

Recommended Maintenance Schedule

Frequency Task

DailyVirus Scan

Adware / Spyware Scan

Weekly

Data BackupsAntivirus Software Updates

Adware/Spyware Software Updates

Windows Updates

Office Updates

Disk Cleanup

Deleting Temporary Internet Files, History, Cookies

Monthly Disk Defragment


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Schedule For Workstations and personal computer:

FREQUENCY MAINTENANCE ACTION

Weekly

Update virus definitions - There have been an average of about 19 new

viruses per day on Windows systems since 1995.

Run and install Windows Updates - This will fix security flaws in

Windows, reduce crashing and can solve compatibility issues. You do

not need to install all of the "Recommended Updates" but you shouldinstall ALL "Critical Updates"

Mac Users: "Software Update" Control Panel - This is the Macintosh

equivalent for Windows Update. Open this control panel and choose"Update Now". When the list of available software appears, choose to

install all "Security Updates"

Bi-WeeklyRun Scandisk (Standard Scan) - Fixes some kinds of incorrect file

information and provides early detection of potential hard drive crash.

Quarterly

Run Disk Defragmenter - This will increase the efficiency and decrease

the wear on the hard drive. On Windows this is a Utility inStart/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/Disk Defragmenter. On Mac

OS 9, Norton Utilities has a good tool. On Mac OS X, Micromat v.1.1can be used but it is not necessary if you setup your drive as UFS (notHFS).

Run Scandisk (Thorough Scan) - This thoroughly scans the hard drivefor bad physical sectors and will provide early detection of potential hard

drive crash.

Yearly

Disk Cleanup - This frees up space on your hard drive by displaying

and, if you desire, removing unnecessary or unused programs, temporaryfiles and Internet cache files. Located in Accessories/System Tools on

Windows.

Check Fans and System Temperature (hard drive and CPU) - This

can usually be done in the system BIOS at startup and varies from PC toPC. Insurance of proper operation of this hardware can help prevent

hardware freezes and costly hardware repair.
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Upgrades - There are usually upgrades for drivers and firmware released

annually. Installation of these will usually make your system morecompatible and reliable and can get rid of a huge assortment of problems.

Check with the hardware manufacturer for upgrades for each device.

LO2: Revise Practices, where appropraite

2.1 Accessing Consumables

Ribbon (computing)

In GUI-based application software, a ribbon is an interface where a set oftoolbars are placed ontabs in a tab bar. Recent releases of some Microsoft and Autodeskapplications have popularized

this form with a modular ribbon as their main interface. A ribbon provides the user interface of

an application with a large toolbar filled with graphical representations of control elements

which are grouped by different functionality. Ribbons can contain tabs to expose different sets ofcontrol elements, eliminating the need for many different icon-based tool bars. Some of these

tabs are contextual and appear only when a certain type of object is selected, providing specific

tools for items such as tables or images.

LO3: Identify and anlyse IT system components to be maintained

One of the great strengths of the PC platform, that has led to its overwhelming success in themarketplace, is its modularity. Most PCs are made up of many different individual components,

which can be mixed and matched in thousands of different configurations. This lets you

customize the PC you either buy or build to meet your exact needs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_%28GUI%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_%28GUI%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface


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External view of a complete, modern PC system.

This section discusses some of the major components of a typical, modern PC. Some PCs have

some of these combined into one physical unit, but inside, somewhere, you'll find most if not all

of these pieces. (Most modern PCs also have components not listed here; I'll be expanding thislater on to include more device types).

3.1 Identifying Equipment which requires maintenance

System Case

The box or outer shell that houses most of the computer, the system case is usually one of themost overlooked parts of the PC. While it may seem inconsequential, the case actually performs

several important functions for your PC, including protection for the computer circuits, cooling,

and system organization. In addition, the system case is normally purchased together with thesystem power supply, and must also be matched with the size, shape and electrical requirements

of your motherboard. Therefore, it has an impact on your options with these important

components as well.

Power

Your computer is obviously an electronic device, and its many components of course require

power. Like the case, most people don't give much thought to the power supplied to the system.

The power supply in your PC can be compared to the officials at a baseball game: if they are
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doing their jobs properly nobody really notices them, but if they aren't, everybody knows it and

isn't very happy about it.

There are two aspects to power in the PC:

External Power: External powerrefers to the power that is delivered to the back of thesystem case. There are several considerations regarding this power and how it is supplied

that will determine if your internal power supply is going to work the way it should.

Power Supply: The power supply is the small box that sits inside your case and takes theexternal power you supply to the computer. Its main job is to transform this power into a

form the rest of the computer can use.

Motherboard and System Devices

The motherboard is the base of the modern computer system. It is amazing how little attentionthis criticalcomponent gets in mainstream circles, considering how much it does--though this

situation is now improving, fortunately. If the processor is the "brain" of the computer, then themotherboard is the central nervous system and circulatory system, plus much more, all rolledinto one. Here are the main parts of the motherboard and its related devices:

Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board in the computer whereeverything comes together. This is where you plug in your processor, memory, cache,

video card and other cards. It is also where you connect your peripherals.

System Chipset and Controllers: The chipset and other motherboard circuitry are the"smarts" of the motherboard. Their job is to direct traffic and control the flow of

information inside the computer. These circuits control the processor's access to memory,

the flow of data to and from peripheral devices and communications lines, and much

more. The chipset is a critical part of any computer, because it plays a big role indetermining what sorts of features the computer can support. For example, which

processors you can use, which types of memory, how fast you can run the machine, and

what kind of system buses your PC can use, are all tied in to the type of chipset themotherboard uses.

System Buses: The system buses are the electrical channels through which various partsof the computer communicate. The physical part of these buses, the part you see, is theset of slots in the back of the machine into which you put your video card, sound card and

other cards. It is over the system buses that your video card gets information from the

processor, the processor saves data to your hard disk, etc. The architecture chosen for

each of the system buses has a great impact on the performance of your PC, as well asdictating your choices for video cards and other devices.

BIOS: The system BIOS (which stands forBasic Input/Output System and is pronounced"bye-oss" or "bye-ose") is a computer program that is built into the PC's hardware. It is

the lowest-level program that runs on your computer. Its job is to act as an intermediarybetween your system hardware (the chipset, motherboard, processor and peripherals) and

your system software (the operating system). By doing this, the operating system doesn't

have to be made different for every machine, which is why DOS will load on any PC.The BIOS is what runs when you turn on your computer, and what loads your operating
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system (for example, DOS). The BIOS also allows you to set or change many different

parameters that control how your computer will function. For example, you tell the BIOS

what sort of hard drives you have so it knows how to access them.

Cache: The system cache is a small, high-speed memory area that is placed between theprocessor and the system memory. The value of the cache is that it is much faster than

normal system memory. Each time the processor requests a piece of data from thememory, the system first checks the cache to see if the information is there. If it is, thenthe value is read from cache instead of memory, and the processor can get back to work

that much sooner. If it isn't, then the data is read from memory and given to the

processor, but it is also placed into the cache in case the processor needs it again in thenear future.

System Resources: System resources are not actual physical devices; they are nothingyou can reach into the machine and touch. But they are very important for two reasons.

First, they dictate how your PC organizes its access to various memory areas and devices.Second, they are one of the most common areas where people have problems with the

setup of their PCs: so-called resource conflicts. These are the four types of resources that

various parts of your computer can sometimes decide to fight over:o Interrupts (IRQs): As described in the example in the chapter on how the PC

works, a device requests time from the processor using these interrupt requests.

Under traditional designs, each device has a different IRQ number. If two try to

use the same one, a conflict can result. Newer technologies can allow multipledevices to share an IRQ channel.

o Direct Memory Access (DMA)Channels: Some devices have the ability to readand write directly from the system memory, instead of asking the processor to doit for them. Cutting the "middle man" out in this manner improves the efficiency

of the system. Each device that does this needs its own DMA channel.

o Input/Output (I/O) Addresses: Devices exchange information with the systemby putting data into certain specific memory addresses. For example, when wepressed the letter "M" in the example mentioned above, the keypress was stored in

a certain memory address until it was time for the processor to deal with it. Any

time information goes into or out of the machine, to your modem or hard drive orprinter for example, it uses these I/O addresses. Again, each device needs its own

memory area.

o Memory Addresses: Similar to I/O addresses, many devices use blocks ofmemory as part of their normal functioning. For example, they may map hardware

programs (BIOS code) into memory, or use a memory area to hold temporary data

they are using.
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The Processor

One of the smallest parts of the computer but the one that gets most of the attention, theprocessoris often thought of as the "brain" of the computer. An extremely sophisticated piece of

miniaturized electronics, the processor (often called the CPUorCentral Processing Unit) is at

the bottom of all tasks the PC performs. The processor reads instructions (commands) frommemory that tell it what it needs to do to accomplish the work that the user wants, and then

executes them.

System Memory

The system memory holds all of the "active" information that the computer is using. When you

turn the computer on the memory is empty. Each program or data file you load uses part of the

system memory. When you close a program the memory is freed up for other uses. Generally,

the more memory your system has, the more things you can do with it simultaneously. Increasingthe amount of memory in the system also improves performance in most cases.

Video Cards

Yourvideo cardperforms the function of displaying the screen you see on the monitor. Inside

the video card is a special kind of memory called video memory, where information is stored thatrepresents what you see on the screen. If you look closely at the screen you can see that it is

made up of many dots, orpixels. Each pixel's color and brightness is stored in the video memory.

When the computer wants to display something, it calculates how it needs to change the color

and brightness of the different pixels, and changes the values in the video memory. The video

card then presents the new pixels to you on the monitor. In modern computers, this calculating

job is shared between the processor and the video card itself. Having the video card do thecalculation can often be much faster, because the video card is specialized to do these types of

calculations. Also, while the video card is doing this work, the processor can go on to otherthings.

Monitors

In simple terms, the monitor, sometimes also called a CRT after the main technology used in

making them, is a specialized, high-resolution screen, similar to a high-quality television. Many

times per second, your video card sends the contents of its video memory out to your monitor.The screen is made up of a matrix of red, green and blue dots. The information your video card

sends controls which dots are lit up and how bright they are, which determines the picture you

see.
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Hard Disk Drives

Your hard disk drive is your computer's main "long term memory"--it holds your operatingsystem, programs and data files. Hard drives are the fastest form of long-term storage your

computer uses. They have currently increased in size and speed to values unheard of just a few

years ago. Hard disks are (usually) permanent--they stay in one place inside your computer andcannot be removed the way floppy disks or CD-ROMs can.

Floppy Disk Drives

Floppy disks are your computer's smallest and slowest form of long-term storage. Floppy disksprovide a simple, convenient way to transfer information, install new software, and back up

small amounts of files. Floppy disks are not as important a part of the computer as they were

many years ago. This is largely because the floppy disk still holds the same amount it did five

years ago, while most users' needs for storage, software installation and backup, have increasedten-fold or more in that period of time. One great advantage floppy drives have is universality:

virtually 100% of PCs made in the last 10 years use a standard 1.44 MB floppy drive.

CD-ROM Drives

CD-ROM stands forCompact Disk - Read Only Memory. As the name implies, CD-ROM drivesuse compact disks, similar to the ones that hold music, to hold computer information. And also

as the name implies, they are a read-only medium. You can read information from them but not

write to them (except for some special exceptions). CD-ROMs are currently the most popularway that computer companies distribute applications and games, and are ideal for multimedia

information like videos, music and large graphics files

Peripheral I/O

Peripherals are external devices that you connect to your PC. (Well, technically your hard driveand CD-ROM etc. are peripherals too, but often people use the term to refer to devices outside

the main box). There are two main ways that you can connect peripherals to your machine:

through a serial connection, or through a parallel connection:

Serial Communications: A serial connection sends information over the line one bit at atime. It is a simple way to send information in or out of the computer, but is not as fast asother ways the computer can communicate. Serial connections are typically used for

devices such as mice and modems.

Parallel Communications:

A parallel connection is faster than a serial one because it sends many bits in parallel. Theadvantage of this is that it is faster, but the disadvantage is that it is more complicated to do.
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Parallel connections are used most often for printers and removable storage drives, which need

more speed than serial peripherals.

Keyboards

The keyboard is the main input device for most computers. It is used to input textual informationto the PC. Keyboards are pretty much standard affairs these days, although they can vary greatly

in quality and appearance, and some have significant additional features.

Mice ORMouse

Until the invention of graphical operating systems, the keyboard was the only way that mostpeople input information into their PCs. Mice are used in graphical environments to let users

provide simple "point and click" instructions to the computer. The main advantage of a mouse

over the keyboard is simplicity. There are also some operations that are much easier to performwith a mouse than a keyboard (such as picking an item on a screen or choosing from a list ofoptions).

3.2 Documenting Maintenance procedure

Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and correcting problems. The best troubleshooters areusually people who have been exposed to most problems. They have seen different types of problems

and their solutions. Therefore, if they run into a particular problem, they might see it before and canquickly address the problems.

Most of the solutions are quite simple, so you don't have to be a technical expert to work with yourPC in good condition. If you want to be a good troubleshooter, just follow the procedures detailed in

this book.

Every technician [computer users] has his or her own way to troubleshoot. Some people use their

instincts while others need an advice from other people. But let us see a common Maintenance

Procedure.

DATA GATHERING:

Ask the customer the following questions to define the problems:

Can you tell me something about the problem?What did you do to your computer lastly [Before it stopped working]?

How often does this happen? Have you installed new software Have you deleted some files?Have you added a new hardware device?

Have you made any other changes to the computer recently?
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DEFINE IF THE PROBLEM IS A HARDWARE OR SOFTW RERELATED

Is it a startup problem?

Is it windows problem?

Is it a program problem?

Is it a device problem?

FIND OUT THE PROBLEM AND SOLVE IT!

Ifthe problem is hardware related, determine which component is failing and try to solve theproblem.

Ifthe problem is software related; determine which is corrupted or missed and try to solve theproblem.

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
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