Majid Avijgan MD.

Professor of Infectious Diseases

Ashraf Sadat Sahafi

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Aban 1392, November2013

Western Medicine (Infectious Diseases):Newest findings of Medical sciences

Traditional Medicine:Oldest findings or data of Medical Sciences

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Traditional Med.

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-Western Medicine (Infectious Dis.) -----Traditional Med. -------

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Traditional Medicine is mixed and contaminated

with superstition

Aarchaeologists excavated evidence of human remains in northern Iraq (Emperor of Persia) that were buried along with a variety of herbs, a number of which have now found to be antibacterial that were used by the prehistoric people of the region to eliminate bacteria or thwart their multiplication.

It is believed that the Egyptians were the first to make prescriptions for curing infections sometime around 1550 BC.

Blend of lard, honey and lint and was used in the form of a lotion for dressing wounds.

We are aware that honey possesses 1-antibacterial properties, as it kills bacterial cells by

means of extracting water from them. Moreover, honey encloses an enzyme called inhibine that transforms Glucose and Oxygen into hydrogen peroxide - a widely accepted antiseptic. In current times, wounds have been found to be very resistant to healing by antibiotic medicaments.

2-However, honey has the aptitude to heal them quite easily. In addition, honey is also known to be a wonderful natural medication for curing infected varicose ulcers.

Several other experiments dealing with anthrax and cholera also corroborated these findings and established that harmless bacteria have the attitude to slow down the disease-causing or pathogenic bacteria.

In 1910, scientists found a more potential agent known as salvarsan, which was basically a dye, demonstrating to be very effectual in treating the sexually transmitted disease syphilis.

Nevertheless, toxicity of the substance in humans proved to be the main obstacle in developing salvarsan as well as its extensive use.

While trying to develop the bacteria Staphylococcus spp. on an agar plate (a saucer used for preparing bacterial cultures) in 1928, Dr. Fleming detected that the development of this bacterium was slowed down by a mold which had contaminated the plate by accident. He immediately made up his mind to identify the mold that was ultimately known as Penicillium notatum.

Incidentally, it took another few years for two talented researchers, Dr. Florey and Dr. Chain, who were working at Oxford University in the late 1930s and early part of 1940s, to appreciate the significance of the findings of Dr. Fleming’s research. In fact, the pioneering work of these two researchers helped to bring penicillin into clinical use. Dr. Flory was an Australian physician who had been to Oxford on a scholarship to study pathology. On the other hand, Dr. Chain was a chemist from Germany who had escaped from the Nazis in the 1930s and went to England for rest.

Before 1955, the sale of penicillin was not restricted and, hence, anyone and everyone were able to purchase it without a prescription. However, the overuse and unrestricted use of penicillin resulted in increasing resistant of bacteria.

In the meantime, in 1935, a German researcher demonstrated that a dye known as Prontosil Red was effective in treating mice infected with Streptococcus supp. - the bacteria responsible for Strep Throat.

In fact, the dye Prontosil Red was the predecessor of a group of drugs similar to Antibiotics and known as sulphonamides or sulfa drugs. Even to this day, these drugs are in use.

For instance, Septra, which contains sulfamethoxazole, is given to patients suffering from infections of the respiratory as well as the Urinary Tract.

Merck and Company helped Waksman with funds in 1939 to begin an exploration for antibiotics with a view to offer optimism to patients suffering from tuberculosis (TB). Even to this day, the antibiotic is used to treat tuberculosis.

Soon after streptomycin was clinically used in tuberculosis patients, it was found that the use of the drug resulted in side effects that were absent in the case of using penicillin, counting kidney damage as well as deafness.

Nevertheless, the major problem faced by patients in using streptomycin, and what actually limited efficiency, was resistance. In fact, the pace at which bacteria were capable of developing resistance to this drug surprised Waksman and his colleagues. Owing to this factor, they were encouraged to undertake research to find other antibiotics. This search actually led to the development of neomycin - a medicament generally used in a number of antibacterial ointments these days.

In effect, the antibiotic medicament chloramphenicol was isolated for the first time from a soil sample in a place in Caracas, Venezuela. This discovery is significant in two ways. Firstly, it helped in detecting a new antibiotic substance and second, according to the findings of the clinical trial, chloramphenicol has the potential to treat diseases that were incurable earlier - for instance, typhus. Much later, this antibiotic medicament demonstrated outstanding results in treating typhoid fever, typhus, Meningitis and Brucellosis, undulant fever .

Blood Disorders, such as anemia and even leukemia .The use of the antibiotic drug chloramphenicol is

presently restricted in the developed nations, as more expensive, but less harmful medications are available in these places.

However, in developing nations this antibiotic is still in use since its production does not entail great expenses.

However, this antibiotic medicament may also be used for treating other infections. In fact, it is possible that you have used this drug either in your ear drops or eye drops.

Benjamin M. Duggar was successful in isolating chlortetracycline from a mud sample obtained from a river in Missouri. While chlortetracycline was the first ever tetracycline, the discovery of Duggar has resulted in the isolation and then the development of numerous very potent antibiotics. Currently, these antibiotic drugs are only second to penicillin in terms of worldwide sales.

Tetracyclines results in the formation of calcium complexes in developing bone, which may cause :

permanent discoloration teeth and,lessen the growth of bone. to slow down the growth of kids.

In 1948, Brotzu made the findings of this clinical trials public and his work drew the attention of the research group formed by Dr. Florey in Oxford University. After obtaining the samples of the fungus, members of the Oxford University research group could isolate as well as purify a number of antibiotics similar to penicillin, which were known as cephalosporins.

particularly in cases where resistance to penicillin was a major worry.

in allergic reactions in approximately five per cent of patients.

Additional research undertaken in the 1960s led to the development of the second generation antibiotic drugs. These second generation antibiotics included methicillin, a partially synthetic derivative of penicillin produced to especially beat the problems of penicillin resistance. In effect, scientists hailed methicillin as a vital advancement in the fight against bacterial resistance to penicillin. Scientists were now of the view that they would be able to win the battle against bacterial infections. However, unfortunately, they were proved wrong and bacteria had the final word and today we have bacteria that are also resistant to the second generation antibiotic methicillin.

of antibiotic drugs is one of the major breakthroughs in modern medicine. It enables doctors to effectively treat many different types of infections. Unfortunately, decades of abuse and misuse have led to growing problems of bacterial mutation and resistance. Many of these "super bugs" can only be treated with the newest and most potent antibiotic drugs. Unfortunately, many of them have potent side effects as well. The key points are to select the correct antibiotic drug with least potential side effects and make sure the patient finishes the entire course of therapy.

http://acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=31958

Traditional medicine may be especially advantageous with modern complicated conditions where "bugs," "super-bugs," and "super-super-bugs" come in so many different forms that a single antibiotic fails to deal with them. The proper use of herbal formulas can not only inhibit bacterial, viral and fungal infections, but also minimize the need for antibiotics with their adverse side effects.

TB and MRSA…….http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

In addition, it also throws light on why majority of the medical researches are sponsored by the pharmaceutical firms and the reason behind medical students being taught pharmacology or the use of medicaments as the key ways of treating patients.

since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, infections still plague us. Many bacteria develop resistance to the antibiotics that once killed them. While antibiotics can be lifesaving when used appropriately, overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause widespread health problems.

Then consider the resistant's bacteria and overwhelmed Immune system

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

At 1856 first drug store has been presented in the California in USA

From the beginning of the world up to 1856.

From 1856 up to now.

1970 return to Traditional medicine

Modern chemical antibiotics have been in existence less than a hundred years, whereas

the natural herbal antibiotics prescribed by traditional healers have been used for more than 2000 years by millions of people.

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

As a pillar of modern medicine, antibiotics play a tremendous role in dealing with infections.

When the body,s immune system is overwhelmed, antibiotics can be very useful.

since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, infections still plague us. Many bacteria develop resistance to the antibiotics that once killed them.

Bacteria, Fungi, TB, H.Pylori, HCV, HBV, and so on…..

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

the fundamental concepts in traditional medicine is that "superior medicine prevents disease,

and inferior medicine treats disease."8

Many herbs and formulas that tonify immune system.

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

This compromise is that a strong immune system is fundamental if the body is to resist infections. A medicine which controls bacterial infection and sustains the immune system is always preferable

to a medicine which kills bacteria but depresses the immune system.

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

Two theories dominate the practice of medicine on infectious diseases. One theory is that germs cause infectious diseases.

The other theory is that diminished host resistance causes infectious diseases.

infection does not occur unless the host,s resistance diminishes. (TB,AIDS, ……)

http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine

Modern Medicine is consisted of Traditional Medicine plus Modern Technology, Innovation

and explorations. http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-

medicine

Major differences between modern and traditional medicine!!!

Salicylic acid and Whitlow cortex

Artemisia and Malaria

Leech Therapy for Cosmetic surgery

Immune system = Resistance to infection

Means No Infection

The first reference to infectious disease appeared in Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic), compiled in the first or second century CE.

R: ( Gilbert D, Moellering R, Sande M. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy. 29th Edition. Hyde Park, Vt.: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., 1999. )

Other: TB in Egypt Mummies and HP

Review of Traditional Medicine

"from one person to the entire household, from one household to the entire street, and from one street to the entire village.

" The disease first affects the exterior of the body and progresses to the interior, following the patterns of wei (defensive), qi (energy), ying (nutritive) and xue (blood) levels.5

…..transmitted from one person to another via "heaven [air-borne]" or "earth [direct contact],

……" and affect individuals with low immunity.6

R:Wen Re Lun (Discussion of Warm and Hot Disorders) by the apprentices of Ye Gui, 1745-1766.

Wen Yi Lun (Discussion of Epidemic Warm Disease) by Wu You-Xing, 1642.

 

recognized that these patterns of illness were significantly different from shang han (cold damage) patterns, so must be diagnosed and treated differently. Three of the most influential doctors during that era contributed to a new school of thought, namely wen bing (warm disease).2-4 Furthermore, the cause of these warm and hot disease have "no sound nor smell, and no shape nor shadow.”(6)

Wu You-Xing, also known as Wu You-Ko, circa 1580-1660. Ye Gui, also known as Ye Tian-Shi, 1666-1745. Wu Tang, also known as Wu Ju-Tong, 1758-1836.

Theory of Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Cabinet, by Zhang Zhongjing, (150-219 AD), and Treatise on Differentiation and Treatment of Seasonal Febrile Diseases, by Wu Jutong, 1798, include effective formulas for "Expelling Cold," "Clearing Heat," and "Relieving Toxicity" which are used to treat infectious diseases.

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

There are thousand of questions about human existence.

Based on the Philosophy of the TCM human is not only a holistic being but is inseparable from the nature.

The human is a collection of constant composition and decomposition and

is in a dynamic interaction between internal activities and external environment.

The Qi (or vital energy?) is the differentiation view of viable and non-viable beings.

This is the invisible view or dimension of human and nature.

(Could PVs be as bases for qi production: Avijgan-Avijgan)

They are four major constitutes for vitality and maintain the normal body activities.

In Iranian Traditional medicine, the four elements of earth, water, fire and air have nature of cold, wet, dry and Heat (hot). These characteristics can be anywhere in the body and are not limited to a specific area or location. However, TCM is based on the five elements, the five famous elements are not everywhere in the body, but they control a part or field of the body. Note that this is different from the Iranian Medicine view.

By this concept:

Yin is Cold (Earth),

Blood is wet (Water),

Yang is heat (Air) and

Qi is Dry (Fire).

This article does not intend to diminish the role of antibiotics in any sense.

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

Many of the bitter and cold herbs and formulas used to treat these warm and hot diseases are recognized today to have remarkable antibiotic effects.7

Wen Bing Tiao Bian (Systematic Differentiation of Warm Disease) by Wu Tang, 1798.

Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All-Inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction)11

Ren Shen Yang Ying Tang (Ginseng Decoction to Nourish the Nutritive Qi)12

Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment the Qi Decoction)13

10-Chen J, Chen T. Clinical Manual of Oriental Medicine 2nd Edition. City of Industry, Calif.: Lotus Institute of Integrative Medicine.

11-Chen J. Chen T. Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications. City of Industry, Calif.: Art of Medicine Press, 2009.

12-Guo Wai Yi Xue Zhong Yi Zhong Yao Fen Ce (Monograph of Chinese Herbology from Foreign Medicine), 1992;14(2):52.

13-Zhong Yi Fang Ji Xian Dai Yan Jiu (Modern Study of Medical Formulae in Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1997;520-1.

dong chong xia cao (Cordyceps)17

ren shen (Radix et rhizoma ginseng)18

dang shen (Radix codonopsis)19

huang qi (Radix astragali)20

bai zhu (Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae)21

16-Chen J, Chen T. Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. City of Industry, Calif.: Art of Medicine Press, 2004.

17-Shang Hai Yi Yao Za Zhi (Shanghai Journal of Medicine and Herbology), 1988;1:48.

18-Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998;729:736.

19-Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi (Journal of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine), 1985;5(8):487.

20-Biol Pharm Bull, 1977;20(11):1178-82.

21-Xin Yi Yao Xue Za Zhi (New Journal of Medicine and Herbology), 1979;6:60.

Astagalus fasciculifolus Boiss (ANZEROUT)3 gr with honney every morning. (Javidan P;66)

Yin Qiao San (Honeysuckle and Forsythia Powder)24

Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity)25

Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana Decoction to Drain the Liver)26

As Koshad in ITM: Infusion of one teaspoon /BID :

Increased WBC, cigarette withdrawal, antipyretic, malaria,

gonorrhea, syphilis. (javidan P:124)

23-Chen J, Chen T. Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications. City of Industry, Calif.: Art of Medicine Press, 2009. 24-Zhong Cheng Yao (Study of Chinese Patent Medicine), 1990;12(1):22. 25-Hu Bei Zhong Yi Za Zhi (Hubei Journal of Chinese Medicine), 1981;4:30. 26-Zhong Yao Yao Li Du Li Yu Lin Chuang (Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Chinese Herbs),

1991;1:5.

Commonly Used Herbal Formulas for Upper Respiratory Infections , Cinnamon Decoction (Gui Zhi Tang),

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.htmlدارچین پنيرك خطمي، گل رنگ، سه بنفشه

گل خار سر Purple conflower گياه

آلماني بابونه matericaria recutita گياه

بهار هميشه calendula Officinalis گياه

كوهي بهار هميشه arnica montana گياه

اخته ذغال هاي گياه عفونت از پيشگيري موارد برايآنتي با همراه ادراري هاي عفونت درمان در و ادراري

ها بيوتيك

Commonly Used Herbal Formulas for Upper Respiratory Infections , Cinnamon Decoction (Gui Zhi Tang),

http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html

پنيرك خطمي، گل رنگ، سه بنفشه

Mintagel.Source: Mentha PiperitaRc: سطحي اتهابات نيز و پا ران كشاله و انگشت كچلي

Leucorex

Source: Zataria Multiflora ( شيرازي (آويشن

Vaginitis due to Candida and Gardenella

Echino Cream

Echinophora platy loba

Chorin recurrent candid vaginitis

Echiherb

Source: Echinacea Purpurea

Tonification of Immune system against infection

Acupuncture

Herbal Medicine

1-Pay attention to correct diagnosis2-Perscription of correct Drugs3-administration of correct dosage and correct

duration4-they lead to:5-No resistance6-less complications7-Avoidence of advertisements of pharmaceutical

company8-Pay attention to Traditional Medicine

Courses of Traditional Medicine in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences:

Academic training of

Complementary Medicine

Herbal Medicine and

Short course of Professional skills