Dr. UMASHANKAR .N ,

ASSOCIATE PROFFESOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGYDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY,AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE HASSAN.

Energy crops•Plant species that are efficient users of solar energy for converting CO2 into biomass, which can be used as a source of energy are called energy crops.

High yield of oil %.

Least risk of failure.

Least cultivation inputs.

High acceptability of farmers.

Suitability of oil for diesel.

Wide adaptability to stress.

Fast growing &Short rotation.

Availability of seed materials.

Least disease occurrence.Jatropha curcas

Different generations of biofuels

1.• First generation Biofuels.

2.• Second generation biofuels.

3.• Third generation biofuels.

4.• Fourth generation biofuels.

•First generation biofuels

•Biofuels obtained from such crops that accumulate sugar, starch or oil and are also used as human food or animal feed are called first generation biofuels.

First generation biofuel

1. BIOETHANAL

From

• Sugarcane• Sugar beet• Maize• Wheat

2. BIODIESEL

From

• Palm oil• Vegetable oil• Rape seed oil• Sunflower oil

3. BIOGAS

From

Energy crop• Maize• Sugar beet

2. BIOMASS TO

LIQUID

From

• Wood

The Biofuels are produced from lignocelluloses biomass that is not edible and oil produced from non food plants like jatropha are called Second generation Biofuels.

•second generation biofuels

SECOND generation biofuel

1.NON FOOD FEEDSTOCKS

Residues from already existing biomass stocks E.g. • Food waste • Farm slurry• Chicken litter• Waste wood

2.IMPROVED CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGY

• More complete conversion of cellulosic plant fraction.

• Grow on marginal land

3.IMPROVED GHG PERFORMANCE

Compared to 1st

generation

Non edible oil tree species

• Neem (Azadirachta indica),

• Karanj (Pongamia pinnata ),

• Meswak (Salvadora species ),

• Mahua (Madhuca indica ),

• Rubber ( Hevea species ),

• Castor (Ricinus communis ),

• Palm oil / Rice bran oil ,

• Jatropha (Jatropha curcas ).

They are derived from microalgae, which give high biomass yield and do not compete with agricultural production system.

•Third generation biofuels

•The fourth generation biofuels are likely to involve harvesting of solar energy to produce hydrogen or electricity by making an ingenious use of the photosynthetic apparatus.

•Fourth generation biofuels

wood

sugar and starch crops

hydrocarbon producing crops

WOOD

It is obtained from fast growing trees like Butea, Casurina, Leucaena, Eucalyptus, etc.

The predominant mode of utilization of wood as an energy source is in the form of firewood, which is rather in efficient.

Eucalyptus

Casurina

SUGAR AND STARCH CROPS

•These crops are generally efficient converters of solar energy and produce either fermentable sugars, (e.g. sugarcane sugar beet ) or starch (e.g. cereals, millets, roots and tuber crops etc. ) which can be converted into fermentable sugars.

•These crops are used to produce bioethanol but they also have uses as food, feed, etc., which may often compete with biofuel production.

Hydrocarbon producing crops• some plants like Euphorbia lathyris, milk weed and tree

legume produce hydrocarbons which can be converted into and used as diesel, called biodiesel.

Tree legume Common milk weed

• In addition, some freshwater and marine algae are also known to accumulate hydrocarbons.

•Some algae like Chlamydomonasand anaerobic bacteria like Clastridium produce hydrogen gas, which can be used as a pollution free fuel. if algae are used to produce hydrogen from sunlight, they could be regarded as energy crops as well.

Clastridium

Biofuel plants

Species % of Oil

• Pongamia pinnata 35-40

• Jatropha curcas 35-40

• Madhuca indica 25-30

• Azadirachta indica 30-35

• Simarouba glauca 60-65

• Calophyllum inophyllum 55-65

• Mesua ferrea 55-65

• Aphanamixis polystachya 40-45

Important species

Uses :•Biofuel•Cake as manure•Green manure•Soap preparation•Leather industry•Medicine•Lighting lamps•pesticides

Pongamia pinnata (Honge)

• The Pongamia cake has multiple uses , it can be used as a quality fertilizer, if it available in large quantity .

• Pongamia can grow any where – Road side , Borders of cropland, School compound surroundings etc.

• Pongamia oil is a deep yellow , or reddish brown oil extracted from the seeds of east Indian tree Pongamia.

• The various physical properties of Pongamia oil have been determined experimentally and are compared with those of Diesel.

• Most of the properties except its viscosity are nearer to diesel properties which makes it so suitable for diesel.

COMPARITIONPROPERTIES PONGAMIA DIESEL

DENSITY (Kg/m ) 925 850

VISCOSITY (C S ) 2.0 to 6 1.2 to 2

NET CALORIFIC VALUE (KJ/Kg ) 37000 42000

GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE (KJ/Kg ) 40000 44000

MOISTURE AND VOLATILE MATTER 0.1 % 25 %

ACID VALUE 2 0.06

IODINE VALUE 105 38.3

3

Jatropha curcas

• Family : Euphorbiaceae

• Flowering: May-August

• Harvesting: August-October

• Yield : 3yr onwards

Seed yield / tree

• 3 yr. : 150-300kg

• Oil percentage : 20-25%(seed),

40-45%(kernel)

Uses:

•Biofuel

•Cake as manure

•Medicine

•Insecticide

•Live fence

• jatropha curcas - Jatropha is a genus of about 175 plants . It is a small shrub native of Central America and a member of the Euphorbia family

• It is a hardy, drought and pest-resistant plant.

• It produces seeds containing up to 35 to 40% oil., it living up to 50 years and growing on marginal soils.

• Oil: Not Edible.

Grows almost anywhere including wastelands, gravelly, sandy, and saline soils.

Complete germination is achieved within 9 day.

Survives and thrives on a mere 250 mm (10 inches) of rain a year.

Botanical features:• Large green to pale-green leaves

• Flowering plant

• Fruits are produced in winter or throughout the year depending on temperature and soil moisture.

• Seeds become mature when the capsules change from green to yellow.

The Production Process

Azadirachta indica

Family : meliaceae

Flowering: March-May

Harvesting: June-August

Yielding : 5 yr. onwards

Average seed yield ? tree

After 10yrs : 5-10kg

After 20yrs : 25-30kg

Oil %age : 15-20%(seed)

25-35%(kernel)

Uses:Biofuel

MedicineCake

Green manureInsecticide

Timberfurniture

Madhuca indica

Family : sapotaceae

Flowering: March-April

Harvesting: July-August

Yielding : 10yr onwards

Average see yield/tree

After 10 yrs. : 5-10kg

20yr onwards : 50-60kg

Oil %age : 20-25%(seed)

30-40%(kernel)

Uses:Biofuel

Medicine

Cake

Agricultural

implements

Soap making

Timber

Ethanol production

Simarouba glauca

Family : simaroubaceae

Flowering: Dec. - Feb.

Harvesting: March-April

Yielding : 4 yr. onwards

Average seed yield/tree

After 6yrs : 5-10kg

10 yrs. onwards : 15-25kg

Oil percentage : 18-20%(seed)

50-60%(kernel)

Uses: Biofuel

Edible oilMedicine

Cake as manureInsecticide

Timber

Flowering : March-July

Harvesting : Dec. - Jan.

Gestation period: 8th yrsUses :Biofuel

Medicine

Cake

Soap making

Timber

Mesua ferrea

Family : meliaceae

Flowering : June-Aug.

Harvesting: Dec. - Jan.

Yielding: 7-8yr onwards

Average seed yield?tree

• After 10yrs : 8-10kg

• After 20yrs : 20-25kg

• Oil % : 40-45%

Aphanamixis polystachya

Uses :Biofuel

Medicine

Cake

Soap making

Timber

Family : clusiaceae

Flowering: March-April

Harvesting: Feb. - March

Yielding: 4yr onwards

Average seed yield ? tree

• After 10yrs : 10-15kg

• After 20yrs : 40-50kg

• Oil %age : 25-35%(seed)

40-50%(kernel)

Caolophyllum inophyllum(Surahonne)

Uses :• Biofuel

• Medicine

• Cake

• Painting

• Ornamental

• soap making

Castor bean

• Drought-resistant, annual

plant of tropical origin

with immense spread-out.

The plant can grow

between 2 to 5 m.

• Oil: soluble in alcohol (no

heat) – fit for biodiesel

• Oil content: ~55%

• Oil: Not Edible (high level

of Ricin oleic Acid – 85%).

Canola/Rapeseed• Rapeseed is a member of the

mustard family.• Canola is a variety of rapeseed

bred to have low levels of erucicacid and glucosinolates (both of which are undesirable for human consumption)

• Both spring and winter varieties grow

• Good oil yield• Premium cold flow properties• 70% of feedstock for EU

biodiesel production

THANKYOU