Major Features of Major Features of Hamilton’s Economic Hamilton’s Economic

PlanPlan

Major Features of Major Features of Hamilton’s Economic Hamilton’s Economic

PlanPlan

The Tariff 1789• Designed to protect domestic

manufacturing– Discouraged competition from

abroad– Forced foreign competitors to raise

prices– Provided much needed income for US

Report on Public Credit• US owed an enormous amount of

money to creditors– $20 million to individual states– $11 million to foreigners– $40 million to private individuals

• Hamilton used this report to suggest that US pay off its domestic and foreign debt.

Report on Manufacturers

• Hamilton envisioned a program for growth and development of manufacturing– Tariffs, loans, grants to businesses– Excise tax to raise money to aid

businesses and government– Infrastructure development

Creation of National Bank

• Contribute to steady and balanced growth of the economy.

• Chartered by the US and controlled:– US government 20%– Private US citizens 60%– Private foreign citizens 20% - many

Americans opposed to this!

Revolution of 1800• Election went to the House of Reps

when the presidential and vice-presidential candidates tied for electoral votes

The Jeffersonian Movement

• Spirit embodied in the Democratic-Republican party, represented the common man

• Anti-capitalistic• Limitations on Federal power/strict

interpretation of Constitution• Francophile – party favored support of

France

The Hamiltonian Movement

• Spirit embodied in the Federalist party, represented capitalist class

• Expansion of federal power/loose interpretation of Constitution

• Future of nation dependent on developing manufacturing and industry

• Anglophile, party favored Great Britain

AP TIP

Key Events in Jefferson’s Presidency

• 1st term- carried out domestic and foreign policies of predecessors– Kept Bank of US– Stayed out of foreign alliances and

stayed neutral• Used this as an excuse to reduce size of

government

– Whiskey Tax eliminated

Key Events in Jefferson’s Presidency

• Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Key Events in Jefferson’s Presidency

• Lewis and Clark

The honeymoon is over: Jefferson’s

Second Term• US had to pay bribes to Barbary

Ships (Pirates) to protect American merchant vessels

Conflict between France and Britain

AGAIN• Essex Decision 1805 – British ruled

that trade closed during peace time could not be opened during war – No American trade with West Indies

• Leopard-Chesapeake Incident 1807 – British navy short on sailors– Impressment of American sailors

Conflict between France and Britain

AGAIN• Orders in Council 1806 and 1807

– Britain blockaded the ports of France and its allies, thereby preventing neutral nations from trading with these nations

Conflict between France and Britain

AGAIN• Berlin Decree 1806 – France

responded in kind to the Orders in Council

• Milan Decree 1807 – France announced it would seize any ships that had obeyed Britain’s Orders in Council

Punish France and Britain with Trade Acts

• Nonintercourse Act 1806 – This halted the importation of many British commodities but failed to influence the British

• Embargo Act 1807 – Prohibited all foreign trade

Punish France and Britain with Trade Acts

• Nonintercourse Act 1809 – Trade was opened with all nations except the belligerents, Britain and France. Jefferson agreed to trade with either nation so long as it repealed its trade restrictions against American shipping.

Punish France and Britain with Trade Acts

• Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Replaced the Nonintercourse Act with his own plan to open trade with both Britain and France.– Agreed to suspend trade with the

enemy of the nation that first agreed to cease its violations of American Rights

Marshall Court• Vested rights in contract clauses• Expanding the Court’s jurisdiction• Judicial nationalism over states’ rights• Blocking state regulations that limited

property rights• Freeing American commerce from

restraints placed on it by the state

Marbury v. Madison

Fletcher v. Peck 1810• The Court ruled that a state could

not pass laws that invalidated a contract

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee 1816

• Established the supremacy of federal courts over state courts.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819

• Reaffirming the Fletcher decision, the Court ruled that a state cannot alter or invalidate a contract.

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

• The Court ruled that the government possessed the implied power to create a national bank; that the bank could not be taxed by a state because this would give the “power to destroy” to the bank; and that federal law is absolute over state law.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

• The Court recognized the federal government’s authority over interstate trade.

Cohens v. Virginia 1821• Much to the dismay of the states’

rightists, the Court asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of state supreme courts in issues dealing with the authority of the federal government

Connecting the Dots• The period from 1788 to 1808 was

problematic for the new nation. Washington’s administration had experienced infighting between various political leaders and their followers. Jefferson’s second term witnessed serious foreign challenges to the sovereignty of the US.

Connecting the Dots• Yet the nations was developing,

physically (LA Purchase), politically (Judicial Branch). After another war with Britain the US emerged with a sense of nationalism.

Reflection Time• What led up to Hamilton’s Report

on Public Credit, what was it, and what impact did it have?

Report on Public Credit• The US was in debt after the American

Revolution. The US owed over $71 M to individuals, states, and foreign governments. This report of our debts was used by Hamilton to suggest that we pay off all of our debts. Paying off debts would improve our credit rating allowing us to borrow more money and give loans to businesses. Southern State’s were against the federal government paying off all of these debts, because they had already paid off most of theirs. The North argued that all would enjoy the benefits of an improved economy. In the end, an agreement was worked out, the Assumption Bill & Bank of US: Southerners agreed to support Hamilton’s proposal if the capitol was moved to the South.

Reflection Time• What led up to the Whiskey

Rebellion, what was it, and what was the impact?

Whiskey Rebellion• Hamilton’s plan placed a high tax on Whiskey.

This was a good way for the US to make money on what some thought of as a frivolous commodity. The farmers though distilled alcohol from corn and rye for a cheaper way for them to get their crops to market. Several farmers began to rebel against this tax in a way reminiscent of the Stamp Tax days. This was a test for the federal government. Washington sent troops to put down the rebellion. The Rebellion was quickly put down. The consequences were much larger than the Rebellion itself. The government commanded more respect, but critics condemned the brutality.

Reflection Time • What caused Pinckney’s Treaty of

1795, what was it, and what was the impact?

Pinckney’s Treaty• Concerned that the animosity between Britain

and the US was thawing because of Jay’s Treaty, Spain made a series of concessions in negotiations with the U.S. ambassador to Spain, Thomas Pinckney. The treaty opened up the lower Mississippi and the important port city of New Orleans to American trade and shipping. It also granted Americans the right of deposit – a transfer of goods – in New Orleans without having to pay a tax to the Spanish. Spain further agreed to accept the 31 st parallel as Florida’s northern border and to stop inciting Native American tribes.

Reflection Time• Jay’s Treaty

Jay’s Treaty• Chief Justice John Jay was sent by

Washington to negotiate with the British an end to their practice of seizing American ships and impressing American sailors into the British Navy. The British did agree to remove their forts on America’s western frontier, but made no guarantees that seizures and impressments would end. The U.S. Senate narrowly ratified the treaty, but the American public was so incensed by Britain’s disdain for American neutral rights that support for the French cause in the US swelled. Nevertheless, the US was able to maintain its neutrality in the Anglo-French War.

Reflection TimeImplied powers

Implied Powers• The founders of the US knew that they could not

predict every future event or problem so they incorporated implied powers into the constitution. The Elastic Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) of the Constitution grants such powers. This Clause gives the federal government the power to make laws that are necessary and proper for the running of the government. This clause was put to the test early on with the controversy between the Loose Constructionist (Hamilton) and the Strict Constructionists (Jefferson). Through the rulings of the Marshall Supreme Court the Federalist position regarding implied powers became part of the national fabric.

• You might want to include the issue the Jeffersonians brought up about the 10th Amendment.

Reflection Time3/5 Compromise

3/5 Compromise• In order to persuade the Southern (large) States into

signing the new Constitution a series of compromises had to take place. One of those compromises was the 3/5 Compromise. The Southern states wanted the House of Reps that was based on population to be based on the states entire population, including slavery. The Northern states would not hear of this. In order to solve this problem, the 3/5 compromise was agreed upon. This was one of a series of concessions made to the South to entice them to stay in the Union. The 3/5 Compromise said that 3/5 of the state’s slave population would be counted for representation and taxes. A fugitive slave law also required that runaway slaves who escaped to a free state must be returned to their owners. The issue of slavery was a hot-topic even before the Constitution was signed, but the Union could not survive without the southern states. Because of this, the north compromised out of necessity and began putting off the problem of slavery one compromise at a time until the issue finally erupted into a civil war.

Reflection TimeGreat Compromise

Great Compromise• The large southern states wanted

representation based upon population and the smaller northern states wanted equal representation. The Great (Connecticut) Compromise combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plans for the Constitution into a more equitable solution. This Compromise created a House of Reps that is based upon population and a Senate that has equal representation with 2 senators from each state. All money bills would originate in the House and direct taxes on states would be assessed according to population. The outcome was the current US Constitution which has survived for 218 years.

Reflection TimeEdmund Charles Genet

Edmund Charles Genet• The Franco-American alliance of 1778 bound the US to

defend the French West Indies from all foes. Washington, in his wisdom, knew that the US could not yet withstand another war and declared the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793. This document proclaimed the US officially neutral, but warned American citizens to be impartial toward both camps. Citizen Edmond Genet, a representative of the French Republic landed in Charleston and was welcomed by the Jeffersonian Republicans. Believing that this was the way all American felt, he began to fit privateers and take advantage of the Franco-American alliance. He recruited armies to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British Canada. Washington, Jefferson, and Madison soon became tired of this and Washington demanded that Genet be replaced. This illustrated that when both sides have something to gain that alliances are good, but alliances do not last when both sides have nothing to gain.

Reflection TimeWashington’s Farewell Address

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Washington felt that a president should only serve two terms so he would not become too king like. This was a tradition that held until Franklin Roosevelt. In this farewell address, Washington advised the avoidance of “permanent alliances” like the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. He was not opposed to all alliances; but cautioned against permanent alliances. This became sound advice for the young nation. This advice was followed for the most part until the Monroe Doctrine. He also warned about the divisiveness of political parties, but in fact political parties is what made our democracy strong.

Reflection Time• Hamilton’s election scheme of

1796

Hamilton’s election scheme of 1796

• The tradition during the early days of the US was that presidential candidates did not campaign for themselves. The campaigns played out in newspapers, editorials, and pamphlets. All attention was on the mid-Atlantic states because it was clear that Jefferson would carry the South while the New England states would certainly go to Adams. In those days, most southern states chose presidential electors to the electoral college by direct vote. In the mid-Atlantic states, however, state legislatures selected the presidential electors, and the election of 1796 would be decided by the political scheming within those assemblies. In the electoral college balloting, Jefferson came in second to Adams (71 to 68 votes), principally because Adams had won the behind-the-scenes battle for the New York legislature. While the vice president received only two electoral votes south of the Potomac, Jefferson won only eighteen votes outside of the South, thirteen of which came from Pennsylvania. In those days, the candidate receiving the second-highest vote became the vice president. In a scheme to deny Adams the presidency, Alexander Hamilton influenced South Carolina's Federalist electors to withhold their votes from Adams. This would have made Adams's running mate, Thomas Pinckney, President, with Adams as vice president. But New England Federalists, learning of the scheme, withheld their votes from Pinckney to counter Hamilton's ploy. As a result of the Federalist intraparty conflicts, Jefferson compiled more votes than Pinckney for second place and became vice president.

Reflection Time• Alien Act

Alien Act• After Jay’s Treaty it became clear that the US-French

relations were in trouble. The Federalists were pro-British and Pres. Adams was a Federalist. Adams sent a special envoy to France to help reduce tensions. The envoy was met by Agents X,Y,&Z. These men demanded a bribe of $250,000 and millions in loans for the privilege of meeting with Talleyrand. Two years later Adams sent another envoy and met with Napoleon and relations improved. The Federalists, in the meantime, sought to silence opposition to their policies from the Democratic-Republicans. Inspired by the ideas of Hamilton, the Federalists drafted a series of acts to neutralize any challenges to their dominance. One of those acts was the Alien Act. This act gave the president the authority to deport individuals whom he considered a threat to the US. The Alien Enemies Act provided for the deportation or imprisonment of any individuals in a time of declared war. This was a serious threat to the Bill of Rights. This plan backfired; Jefferson was elected in the next Presidential election. You might want to write about the Naturalization Act also.

Reflection Time• Sedition Act

Sedition Act• This one will begin much the same way as the

Alien Act. On a test I will most likely combine the Alien and Sedition Acts into one. The Sedition Act was probably the most insidious of the acts. This legislation stated that speaking, writing, or publishing criticisms of the government were at the very least misdemeanors and possibly treasonous. This was an infringement on 1st Amendment Rights. This act temporarily silenced political opposition, but they lost the 1800 election. The Marshall Court finally put these laws to rest.

You Know what to do• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• In the same year of the Alien and Sedition Acts the Kentucky legislature adopted a resolution by Thomas Jefferson questioning the federal government’s authority to pass such legislation. The Virginia legislature, guided by James Madison, went even further and articulated what has become know as the “compact” theory of government. The logic of the argument is that the federal government was created by the states. There are instances when conflicts arise between the rights and laws of the states and the authority of the federal government. When such conflicts arise, the interests of the states take precedence over the laws and actions of the federal government. Therefore, a state has the right to declare national laws null and void. This theory was later used by South Carolina during the Jackson Presidency (Nullification Crisis) and then by the Southern states to break away from the Union.

You Know what to doXYZ Affair

XYZ Affair• After Jay’s Treaty tension between France and the US

was high. In an attempt to reduce tensions, Adams sent a special mission to France in 1794. Upon arriving in France the three US commissioners, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles Pinckney, were asked by the French Minister Talleyrand, through his agents, X,Y,&Z, for a bribe of $250,000 and millions in loans even before negotiations could begin. Pinckney purportedly declared: “No, no, not a sixpence.” Later, the outraged American public and government memorialized the US response with the slogan “Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute.” Again, the nation geared up for war. Hamilton, never far from the center of the action, pressed Adams to arm American merchant ships and raise an army. His rationale was that the further the US moved from France the closer it would move to a more lucrative commercial relationship with Britain. But, Adams refused to declare war on France. The Federalists were very angry with Adams and this issue caused the party to eventually fall apart.

You Know what to doQuasi-War

Quasi-War• After the XYZ Affair, the American public was outraged. Congress

enacted a series of measures to raise an army and authorize a Navy Department. It also unilaterally abrogated treaties with France, authorizing privateers and public vessels to attack French ships found competing with American commerce. Between 1798 and 1800 the U.S. Navy captured more than 80 French ships although neither country officially declared war.

• The British delighted in the anti-French uproar in America and moved to assist the United States against a common foe, revolutionary France. President Adams wanted to avoid a major war, confident that had France wanted war it would have responded to American attacks on French ships. Talleyrand feared that limited hostilities with the United States might escalate into a full-scale war and let it be known that he would accept a new American diplomatic representative. Adams nominated a new representative to France despite public and Federalist disappointment that there would be no war, but conceded to Federalist demands and expanded the single nomination into a commission of three. Although the Franco-American negotiations were initially deadlocked, France finally agreed to cancel the Treaty of Alliance of 1778 if the United States dropped financial claims resulting from recent seizures of American merchant shipping. The resulting Convention of 1800 terminated the only formal treaty of alliance of the United States. It would be nearly a century and a half before the United States entered into another formal alliance.

You Know what to doBank of the US Controversy

Bank of the US Controversy

• The creation of the a Bank of the US raised a serious constitutional question. Because the Constitution did not explicitly state that the federal government had in its enumerated powers the authority to create such an institution, was the Bank constitutional? Although the defenders of the Bank cited the elastic clause as their “loose” constitutional justification (“necessary and proper”) for creating this financial institution, opponents, such as Jefferson, claimed in their “strict” interpretation of the Constitution that there was nothing “necessary” about the creation of the Bank. To which Hamilton responded that the enumerated powers of the federal government gave to it the authority to coin and borrow money. The Bank, he argued, was certainly necessary for maintaining the nation’s financial stability and so was indeed constitutional. To this day, political leaders and jurists are divided over how best to interpret the Constitution. Hamilton’s Bank lasted until Jefferson allowed the charter to expire.

You Know what to do“Millions for defense, but not one cent

for tribute”

“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

• Adams’ response to the demands from the French during the XYZ Affair was “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”. This was a sentiment that continues in our country today. The US will not be bullied.

• This quote should be added to the ID on XYZ Affair.

You Know what to doFederalists v. Anti-Federalists

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists• Ratifying the new government was not easy. For nine months

heated exchanges flew back and forth between supporters and opponents of the new constitution. Those who advocated for the new government were known as Federalists; opponents were called Antifederalists. Federalist support came mainly from coastal and urban areas and from the upper classes, though not all upperclass citizens were Federalists. Antifederalist support came mainly from backcountry and agricultural areas, debtors, and people philosophically opposed to a strong central government. The prominent leaders of the Federalists were Washington, Hamilton, Madison, and Franklin and they favored a strong central government to maintain peace and stability and to strengthen the Union in ways that the AOC could not. They published a series of papers called the Federalist papers in which they tried to persuade the public of their point of view. The prominent leaders of the Antifederalists were Patrick Henry, John Hancock, and George Mason (Jefferson would fall into this category). They opposed a central government that did not guarantee protection of individual rights. They believed the Constitution subordinated states’ rights. The Constitution was ratified with concession to both points of view and creates a stronger Union because of the differences.

You Know what to doJohn Marshall

John Marshall• The appointment of Federalist John Marshall, a distant

cousin of President Jefferson, to the Supreme Court in 1801 coincided with this party’s decline. A political chasm opened between the two as Marshall forged a role for the judicial branch that expanded the powers of the federal government. When he assumed his duties, the Supreme Court lacked both power and prestige. The Court met only six weeks each year – the first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay, resigned due to inactivity. Although he was not a legal scholar, in his thirty-five years on the bench, Marshall wrote nearly half of its decisions and in the process transformed the court. The Marshall Court became strongly identified with vested rights in contract clauses, expanding the Court’s jurisdiction, judicial nationalism over states’ rights, and freeing American commerce from restraints placed on it by the states.

You Know what to doMarshall Court Cases

Marshall Court Cases

• This question would ask you to summarize each of the Court cases and would probably fall under the John Marshall ID.

You Know what to doBarbary War, 1801 -1805

Barbary War, 1801 -1805

• Pirates of the North African States had a habit of demanding payment from merchant ships that came into the Mediterranean. The Federalists administrations paid this money to keep merchant ships safe. During the French crisis while Americans were shouting, “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute,” patience for the Barbary brides was ending. The showdown came in 1801. The pasha of Tripoli was upset about the amount of money he was getting declared war on the US. Jefferson dispatched the US navy and after 4 years of fighting we signed the Treaty of peace in 1805. The outcome was Jefferson’s pledge to fund the construction of small naval vessels (remember he didn’t want a military).

IdentifyWar Hawks

War Hawks• The defeat of Tecumseh coincided with the convening

of Congress. Many of those who came to Washington for the 1811-1812 session were newly elected, mostly western and southern Democratic-Republican congressmen who also happened to be highly nationalistic. They were soon labeled “war hawks” and their hostility to Britain was a large reason why they were given this moniker. Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the war hawks favored punishing Britain militarily for seizing merchant ships and impressing American sailors, violations of American neutrality. But, they also wanted to seize land from the Native Americans in the West, drive the British from Canada, and even annex Spanish Florida. Opposition to such endeavors came from the Federalists and their region of influence, New England; they tended to be Anglophiles, and they also believed – correctly – that war with Britain would damage their commercial interests. Nevertheless, an unprepared United States declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812.

IndentificationsMidnight Appointments

Midnight Appointments• As Adams watched himself lose the election, he tended

to affairs of state, in particular to the judiciary. His first order of business was to find a new chief justice. Bitter about his defeat by Jefferson, President Adams spent the final hours of his administration appointing a slew of Federalists to the judgeships and lesser court offices created by the hastily passed Judiciary Act passed in 1801. The Judiciary Act created six new circuit, presided over by sixteen new federal judges and a small army of attorneys, marshals, and clerks. The Federalists had filled the judiciary with the members of their own party. These midnight appointments were designed to deny the incoming administration the opportunity to leave it’s mark on the courts, and to guarantee a strong Federalist check on the Democratic-Republicans. These midnight appointments were quite useless because President Jefferson removed many of these.

Identification– 12th Amendment

12 Amendment• Due to the election dispute of 1800,

election reform was needed. The 12 Amendment changed the manner in which the president and the vice president are elected and the procedure if no presidential candidate receives electoral majority. The electors will vote for president and vice-president separately. Only those running for president will be elected to the presidency. If no one gets a majority then the House of Representatives chooses the President of the United States.

Identifications– Burr Conspiracy

Burr Conspiracy• With the addition of the Louisiana Purchase to the control of

the US government, fears that one government could not control such a vast land became prominent. Aaron Burr, was dropped as Jefferson’s Vice-President for his 2nd term. Burr provoked the fears by joining a radical Federalist group and plotted secession of New England and New York. Ironically, Alex Hamilton was the one to uncover this plot. Angered, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton met him, but refused to fire because he did not believe in dueling. Burr shot and killed Hamilton. Burr then began plotting in the West. He and Wilkinson, the governor of the Louisiana Territory plotted to separate the western part of the US from the US with the help of the Spanish. When Wilkinson discovered that Jefferson knew of the plot, he betrayed Burr and fled. Burr was tried for treason, but Justice Marshall said that proof of overt acts of treason were not present and released him. Burr was acquitted and fled to Europe and tried to get France to join the British against the US. The US learned that ruling a vast empire is very difficult. At the time Jefferson thought that the entire US territory could not be ruled under one government.

Identification– Embargo Act of 1807

Embargo Act of 1807• Because of the Essex decision, Leopard-

Chesapeake incident, Orders in Council, Berlin decree, and the Milan decree James Madison sought to punish the British and French commercial interest by enacting a series of trade acts. One of these acts was the Embargo Act of 1807. This act prohibited all foreign trade. It had a devastating effect on the New England economy and ultimately hurt more than helped the US. Many New Englanders denounced Jefferson and Madison and gave their support to Charles Pinckney, the Federalist candidate in the 1808 election. This act forced Northerners to reopen old factories and build new ones. America’s modern industrial might was allowed to mature behind the embargo act.

IdentificationHMS Leopard vs USS Chesapeake,

1807

HMS Leopard vs USS Chesapeake, 1807

• Although it was powerful, the British navy was short on sailors. To remedy this problem it began the highly questionable tactic of stopping American ships on the high seas and impressing its sailors, whether they were British or not, into their navy. In one egregious (blatantly offensive) case, the British warship Leopard fired on an American warship, the Chesapeake, and removed several sailors, a few of whom were deserters. In response America enacted a series of trade acts.

IdentificationBattle of Tippecanoe, 1811

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

• The War Hawks were itching for a fight with the British. They were also thirsty for more land. Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, decided it was time to stop the white man’s encroachment on native lands. They began to unite all of the natives east of the Mississippi together. William Henry Harrison gathered an army and marched on Tecumseh’s headquarters. Tecumseh’s brother attacked Harrison’s forces and the tribes were defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe. This event help spur “war fever” against the British who the US saw as helping the natives.

Identification– Hartford Convention, 1814 & Essex

Junto

Essex Junto and Hartford Convention

• The Essex Junto was a group of New England merchants and lawyers, so called because many of them came from Essex co., Mass. They opposed the radicals in Massachusetts in the American Revolution and supported the Federalist faction of Alexander Hamilton. They later encouraged the disaffection of the Hartford Convention, a meeting to consider the problems of New England in the War of 1812. Prior to the war, New England Federalists opposed the Embargo Act of 1807 and other government measures. Although manufacturing and contraband trade brought wealth to the section, “Mr. Madison's War” and its expenses became steadily more repugnant to the New Englanders. They refused to surrender their militia to national service especially when New England was threatened with invasion in 1814. Finally, in Oct., 1814, the Massachusetts legislature issued a call to the other New England states for a conference. Representatives were sent by the state legislatures of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; other delegates from New Hampshire and Vermont were popularly chosen by the Federalists. The meetings were held in secret. The moderates prevailed in the convention. The proposal to secede from the Union was discussed and rejected, the grievances of New England were reviewed, and such matters as the use of the militia were thrashed out. The final report (Jan. 5, 1815) proposed several constitutional amendments that would redress what the New Englanders considered the unfair advantage given the South under the Constitution. The news of the Treaty of Ghent ending the war and of Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans made any recommendation of the convention a dead letter. Its importance, however, was twofold: It continued the view of states' rights as the refuge of sectional groups, and it sealed the destruction of the Federalist party, which never regained its lost prestige.

Identification– Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817

Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817

• Charles Bagot was the British ambassador in Washington and Richard Rush was the acting U.S. Secretary of State. Both powers were interested in averting a naval build-up on the Great Lakes and acted to extend efforts made in the Treaty of Ghent at the end of the War of 1812. Following the War of 1812 the two countries participated in an arms race on the Great Lakes. An exchange of letters between the two countries led to the almost total disarmament on the lakes and ushered in a lasting period of peaceful coexistence between Canada and the United States. The last border fortification came down in then 1870s and the US and Canada enjoys the longest unfortified border in the world.

– Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

Adams-Onis Treaty• Also called the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, the Adams-Onis

Treaty was one of the critical events that defined the U.S.-Mexico border. The border between the then-Spanish lands and American territory was a source of heated international debate. In Europe, Spain was in the midst of serious internal problems and its colonies out west were on the brink of revolution. Facing the grim fact that he must negotiate with the United States or possibly lose Florida without any compensation, Spanish foreign minister Onis signed a treaty with Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. Similar to the Louisiana Purchase statutes, the United States agreed to pay its citizens’ claims against Spain up to $5 Million. The treaty drew a definite border between Spanish land and the Louisiana Territory.

• In the provisions, the United States ceded to Spain its claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. Spain retained possession not only of Texas, but also California and the vast region of New Mexico. At the time, these two territories included all of present-day California and New Mexico along with modern Nevada, Utah, Arizona and sections of Wyoming and Colorado.

• The treaty -- which was not ratified by the United States and the new republic of Mexico until 1831 -- also mandated that Spain relinquish its claims to the country of Oregon north of the 42 degrees parallel (the northern border of California). Later, in 1824, Russia would also abandon its claim to Oregon south of 54’40,’ (the southern border of Alaska.) see map

Adams-Onis Treaty

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Missouri CompromiseThe balance between free and slave states had held steady at 11/11. This balance of power allowed the South to maintain equal power with the increasingly populous North. Missouri asked for admittance as a slave state and the argument began. In response the Tallmadge amendment was proposed which would forbid any further spread of slavery and would set in motion the gradual emancipation of slavery. This was an alarming proposition for the Southern States’ Righters. The amendment did not make it through the Senate. But it was obvious that an agreement must be made. Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed that Missouri would enter as a slave state at the same time the Maine would enter as a free state. Slavery would be banned from all the Louisiana Territory above the 36 degree 30’ parallel. (Southerners had no problem with this since the soil was no good for slavery any way). This was one of the first “band-aid” compromises to keep the South in the Union and ultimately destroyed, temporarily. (see map)

Identification– “Like a fire bell in the night,

awakened and filled me with terror”

“Like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me

with terror”• This was the response made by

Jefferson after hearing about the Missouri Compromise. Jefferson feared, and rightly so that the compromise was just a band-aid on the slavery problem.

Identification– Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Monroe Doctrine, 1823• At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the

victorious nations met to discuss postwar goals. Monarchies were restored to power. This concerned the U.S. because they were afraid the European powers would try to restore power in the Americas. At the behest of his cabinet, Monroe issued a stern foreign policy statement that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. He admonished the Europeans from colonizing the Western Hemisphere. To do so would be deemed a threat to the US. Europe should stay out of the Western hemisphere and the US would stay out of Europe.

• Traditionally historians have viewed the Monroe Doctrine as a defensive strategy. It has often been cited as an example of American altruism and anti-imperialism. Others argue that the Monroe Doctrine was simply an expression of Manifest Destiny. In order for the US to dominate the Western Hemisphere it must keep Europe out. This doctrine has been used by many presidents and also shaped foreign policy after WWII. But, initially the Doctrine was just a statement made without much punch to back it up.

Status Quo Ante bellum• The term status ante bellum come from Latin meaning

literally, as things were before the war. The term was originally used in treaties to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses territory or economic and political rights. The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 reaffirmed status quo ante bellum. During negotiations, British diplomats suggested uti possidetis, where each side retained whatever territory and other property it held at the end of the war, but status quo ante bellum prevailed. The word is now shortened to status quo.

Era of Good Feelings• The years following the end of the War of

1812 have been called the “era of good feelings” because of their apparent lack of partisan political strife. In the Election of 1816, James Monroe decisively defeated the last of the Federalist candidates. Monroe was overwhelmingly reelected in the Election of 1820 with no opposition. Only 1 electoral vote against him.

“We have met the enemy and they are

ours!”• A message sent from the naval

Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812, announcing a victory for the United States. The naval commander, Oliver Hazard Perry, addressed the words to the American land armies.

XYZ Affair• Jay’s Treaty• Quasi-War• Edmund Charles Genet• Alien Sedition Acts

– Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions• “Millions for Defense not one

cent for tribute”

Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions

• Alien and Sedition Acts• Implied powers• States’ Rights• “Compact Theory”

Report on Public Credit 1790

• Whiskey Rebellion• Bank of US Controversy

Federalist/Antifederalist• Implied powers• Great Compromise• 3/5 Compromise• Bill of Rights

War of 1812• War Hawks• Embargo Act of 1807• HMS Leopard vs USS Chesapeake, 1807• Battle of Tippecanoe• Tecumseh• Essex Junto• Hartford Convention, 1814• “We have met the enemy and they are ours”• “Status Quo Anti bellum”• Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817

Era of Good Feeling• Missouri Compromise 1820

– “Like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror”

• Monroe Doctrine, 1823