Exploring opportunities for enhancing capacities Exploring opportunities for enhancing capacities of individuals, institutions and organizations to of individuals, institutions and organizations to adapt to climate change in agricultural sector: A adapt to climate change in agricultural sector: A case of Tanzania and Malawi case of Tanzania and Malawi Majule, A.E Ph.D Majule, A.E Ph.D a [email protected]+255 754 365644 +255 754 365644 Presented to the Climate Change Symposium in Addis Presented to the Climate Change Symposium in Addis Ababa, 9-11 Ababa, 9-11 th th 2011 2011
Transcript
Exploring opportunities for enhancing Exploring opportunities for enhancing capacities of individuals, institutions and capacities of individuals, institutions and organizations to adapt to climate change organizations to adapt to climate change in agricultural sector: A case of Tanzania in agricultural sector: A case of Tanzania
Presented to the Climate Change Symposium in Addis Presented to the Climate Change Symposium in Addis Ababa, 9-11Ababa, 9-11thth 2011 2011
1.0 Background 1.0 Background Smallholder agriculture underpins most rural Smallholder agriculture underpins most rural
livelihoods and national economy in Tanzania and livelihoods and national economy in Tanzania and Malawi. Malawi.
Agricultural production is frustrated by several factors Agricultural production is frustrated by several factors Policies changes and strategiesPolicies changes and strategies Biophysical factorsBiophysical factors Climate change and variability impacts (CC&VI)Climate change and variability impacts (CC&VI)
The rural livelihoods context, including climate-The rural livelihoods context, including climate-related trends and shocks, together with people’s related trends and shocks, together with people’s capital asset base varies over time and space capital asset base varies over time and space resulting in resulting in a wide range of coping and adapting a wide range of coping and adapting strategies.strategies.
There is a need to identify successful adaptation There is a need to identify successful adaptation across countries and zones and upscale using across countries and zones and upscale using innovation approachinnovation approach
IDRC/DFID funded project under CCAA program in IDRC/DFID funded project under CCAA program in Tanzania and Malawi 2007-2011 Tanzania and Malawi 2007-2011
Continue………….Continue………….The project builds on Tanzania’s and The project builds on Tanzania’s and
Malawi’s National Adaptation Malawi’s National Adaptation Programmes of ActionProgrammes of Action
The NAPAs are linked to external The NAPAs are linked to external funds, and prioritize agriculture in funds, and prioritize agriculture in both countries being one of the most both countries being one of the most vulnerable sector vulnerable sector including incremental changes in including incremental changes in
cropping systemscropping systemsCoping/livelihood strategies in Coping/livelihood strategies in
relation to CC and V. relation to CC and V.
Continue….…………...Continue….…………...KEY CHALLENGEKEY CHALLENGE: Understand the : Understand the
context and strategies of farmers context and strategies of farmers andand other stakeholders in agriculture other stakeholders in agriculture for coping and adapting to variable for coping and adapting to variable climatic conditions, in order to climatic conditions, in order to engender innovation.engender innovation.
Action research project aims to Action research project aims to facilitate a process of interaction and facilitate a process of interaction and learning whereby learning whereby information/knowledge from different information/knowledge from different sources is shared and used in sources is shared and used in effective ways by stakeholders in AIS effective ways by stakeholders in AIS to better adapt to CC&Vto better adapt to CC&V
Training
Processing / Post-harvest
Business services e.g. credit
Marketing
Input supply
Advice
Livelihoodsof farming households
Public research (conventional) & link to extension
Private research e.g. cellphone banking
Private research e.g. seeds Access to
productive resources
Infrastructure
Technology
Mediating institutional arrangements & policies
Facilitation by local organisations (NGOs, farmers
groups, local government)
Registration & regulation of agricultural inputs
An Innovation System (IS) is a ‘network of organizations, enterprises and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes and new forms of organization into economic use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behavior and performance’ Agricultural innovation system from farmer’s perspective
1.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE1.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE To To strengthenstrengthen the capacity of the capacity of individuals, individuals,
organizations and systemsorganizations and systems within the within the agricultural innovation systems in less favoured agricultural innovation systems in less favoured areas and more favoured areas of Tanzania and areas and more favoured areas of Tanzania and Malawi to adapt to the challenges and Malawi to adapt to the challenges and opportunities arising from CC & V. opportunities arising from CC & V.
Specific objectives….Specific objectives…. Strengthen farmers’ capacity to access Strengthen farmers’ capacity to access
and use quality information, training and and use quality information, training and products in order to adapt to climate products in order to adapt to climate change and climate variabilitychange and climate variability
Strengthen the capacity of private and Strengthen the capacity of private and public sector stakeholders to make public sector stakeholders to make agricultural innovation systems work more agricultural innovation systems work more efficiently, equitably and responsively to efficiently, equitably and responsively to climate change and climate variabilityclimate change and climate variability
To learn and share lessons for scaling up To learn and share lessons for scaling up successful strategies for capacity successful strategies for capacity strengthening (individuals, organizations strengthening (individuals, organizations and systems) within agricultural and systems) within agricultural innovations systems to adapt to climate innovations systems to adapt to climate change and climate variabilitychange and climate variability
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Project areasProject areasIn Tanzania and Malawi, the project was In Tanzania and Malawi, the project was
implemented in low and high potential areasimplemented in low and high potential areas HA-Rainfall more than 1000mm, fertile soils, HA-Rainfall more than 1000mm, fertile soils,
more NGO’s, more social networks and more NGO’s, more social networks and servicesservices
LA-less than 1000 mm (lower than 500mm LA-less than 1000 mm (lower than 500mm annually), poor soils, less social networks annually), poor soils, less social networks etc)etc)
Specific study villages selected by district Specific study villages selected by district authorities authorities
Used as learning sites Used as learning sites
Methods Why WhenProject inception workshop in Tanzania Team mobilization, planning
research activities Before research actions in mid 2007
Situational analysis (SA) in Tanzania and Malawi
Explored understanding of climate change issues at community level
After inception workshop in 2007
National Stakeholders Consultations Share findings generated from SA, proposed action research themes
After SA in 2008
National Consultation workshops Explored roles of stakeholders on climate change (Policy, NGO’s, Private sectors, Media, Local Governments etc)
Followed after situational analysis and stakeholders consultations in 2008
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation trainings
To develop project monitoring and evaluation framework using outcome mapping approach
Conducted after national workshops in 2008
Planning and implementation of action research
Take forwards agreed action research topics from workshops
In 2007/2008
Learning visits (Monitoring and evaluation)
Learn findings from BP involved in implementing action research for sharing among researchers
In 2009, 2010 seasons
Learning Workshops Share findings across zones within countries
In 2010 seasons
National Consultation Group meetings Deliberate of policy issues and advice the project team
In 2009 and 2010
4 Master dissertations at UDSM (3) and Malawi (1)
Addressed special studies in the form of dissertations
2008, 2009 and 2010
Table 2. A summary of different key methods used in executing this project
4. MAJOR FINDINGS-Selected4. MAJOR FINDINGS-SelectedClimate change perceptionsClimate change perceptions
Understanding of change and indicatorsUnderstanding of change and indicatorsImpacts on crops and livestock Impacts on crops and livestock Vulnerabilities and factors Vulnerabilities and factors Copping and adaptation & future Copping and adaptation & future
strategies strategies Response from action researchResponse from action researchChanges observed due to the projectChanges observed due to the project
Country Tanzania MalawiPerceptions and changes
Low potential area High potential area Low potential area High potential area-Climate (temperature, rainfall, wind, whirl wind)-Temperature increasing-Rainfall decreasingmore unpredictable-Rainfall coming late and ends soon
-Climate (temperature, rainfall, dew, wind, lightning)-High temperature starts early, cool period increased -Rainfall came late and unpredictable-Dew decreasing
Climate (temperature, rainfall, wind, whirl wind)-Temperature increasing-Rainfall decreasingmore unpredictable-Rainfall coming late and ends soon-Unpredictable floods
-Climate (sunshine, rainfall, dew, coldness)-High temperature starts early-Rainfall came late, unpredictable-Dew decreasing
-Decline soil fertility-Stuntent crop growth-Destruction of mature crops in the field and stored ones due to shift of rainfall
-increasing hunger periods-increasing dependency on natural resources-loss of human property due to floods
-Landslides and soil erosion-Crops damaged-Animal loss due to floods-Increasing malaria
Vulnerability -The poor in the community -Women, children, and elders are the most vulnerable-People with less education-Disabled and sick people-Crop growers and livestock keepers
-The poor are most vulnerable-Women, children, elders are the most vulnerable
-The poor vulnerable-Women, children, elders, sick people-Communities living in flood plains-areas with less social network -Coomunities living in flood plains
The poor are most vulnerable-Women, children, elders are the most vulnerable
Adaptations -Use drought resistant crops (eg sunflower)-Small scale irrigation of crops -Increasing non farm income generating activities-Uuse of appropriate crop varieties (early maturing)-Introduction of new crops
-Increasing wetland farming-Improved social networks-Use of improved seed varieties-Use of artificial fertilizers-Networking
-Increased sunflower, cassava cultivation-Traditional irrigation of crops in dimba-Improve agronomic practices-Increasing non farm income generating activities
-increasing dimba farming-Strong social networks-Well established institutions-communication well established
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Month
Rai
nfa
ll in
(m
m)
1922-29 1930-39 2000-2007 1980-89
Lema and Majule (2009). •Reflect shift in on set of rains and shrinking of rain season•Shrinking or disappearing of one rainfall peak•Excessive rains for a shorter period •Implications on cropping patterns
Challenges: Temperature increased dry spell, early onset of summer while increased Rainfall variability and patterns.
Evidence are supported by local communities observations
3.2 Crop performance base on tillage and fertilizer management
Farmers: Outcome challenges: Farmers: Outcome challenges: an an exampleexample
The key outcome challenge for farmers is that “the The key outcome challenge for farmers is that “the project intends to see farmers are diversifying crops project intends to see farmers are diversifying crops to increase yields and income, using appropriate soil to increase yields and income, using appropriate soil and water conservation techniques. They are and water conservation techniques. They are accessing and experiment appropriate innovations accessing and experiment appropriate innovations such as small pack of improved seeds and such as small pack of improved seeds and appropriate fertilizers. Farmers are accessing, appropriate fertilizers. Farmers are accessing, sharing and using meteorological, adaptation and sharing and using meteorological, adaptation and marketing information. marketing information.
Project Boundary Partners
Tanzania Malawi
Farming communities
-Increased knowledge on climate-Planting well adaptable crops (sunflower, sorghum, banana, wheat and beans)-Planting new tree crops eg avocardo-Using deep tillage equipments-Establishing more adaptation groups-Capacitated to produce quality declared seeds-Using irrigation pumps to grow vegetables
-Increased knowledge on climate-Planting well adaptable crops (maize, rice, pineapples, cassava, -Planting new tree crops eg avocardo, oranges and citrus-Increased participation of local communities in research -Established more farms with box ridges to harvest water -Getting supplement water for irrigation from sugar can plantation diverted from Shire river-Accessing irrigation equipment – such as pumps (Mphampha)
Extension staff -Transferring knowledge to other villages-Documenting and disseminating successfully strategies using flip cameras-Increased their responsibility to work with farmers
-Transferring knowledge to other villagers and nearby villages-Documenting and disseminating successfully strategies using flip cameras-Increased knowledge in laying out adaptation plots through country partnership
NGO’s -Packing seeds and fertilizers according to farmers demand-Supplying inputs and tools suitable to farmers-Training farmers on agronomic practices
-Packing seeds and fertilizers according to farmers demand-Supplying inputs and tools suitable to farmers-Participating in training farmers
Political domainNCG-National Consultation Groups (Tanzania and Malawi)
-Increased knowledge on CC-Supporting farmer groups in terms of tillage tools such as power tillers-Mainstreaming climate change issues in planning process (DADPs)-Support tree planting initiatives by groups
-Promoting climate change issues at local and national levels-Raising awareness on climate change impacts-Visiting project activities on site
Media group -Publishing climate change adaptation news-Broadcasting climate change news-visiting project sites and associated activities
5. CONCLUSIONS 5. CONCLUSIONS Climate change is a reality; communities Climate change is a reality; communities
have wide knowledge on changes and have wide knowledge on changes and associated impacts associated impacts
Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation strategies varies according to both strategies varies according to both biophysical and social factorsbiophysical and social factors
There is strong evidence that behavior of There is strong evidence that behavior of farmers, institutions and organizations can farmers, institutions and organizations can be changed if PAR process is well be changed if PAR process is well implementedimplemented
Involvement of policy makers at various Involvement of policy makers at various level is crucial in adaptation research level is crucial in adaptation research
6.POLICY 6.POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS
Mainstream climate change issues into Mainstream climate change issues into research and development agenda in research and development agenda in agricultural sectoragricultural sector
Strengthen AIS by maximizing Strengthen AIS by maximizing interactions among institutions involvedinteractions among institutions involved
Integration of different knowledge, Integration of different knowledge, agricultural development agricultural development programs/projects at community level programs/projects at community level is crucial: This will avoid confusions to is crucial: This will avoid confusions to the farming communities the farming communities
THANK YOU 4 YOUR THANK YOU 4 YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTION
