Makalah Tools and Instrument

Table Of Contents

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………..……..

…………………. 1

CHAPTER 1: HAMMER ……………..

……………………………………………………… 2

CHAPTER 2: MALLET………………………………………….

……………………………. 3

CHAPTER 3: HANDSAW……………………………………………………….

…………... 4

CHAPTER 4:

HOE……………………………………………………………………………. 6

CHAPTER 5:

WRENCH………………………………………………………………………. 7

CHAPTER 6:

SCREWDRIVER……………………………………………………………….. 8

CHAPTER 7: TROWEL ..

…………………………………………………………………….. 9

CHAPTER 8:

FILE…………………………………………………………………………….. 11

CHAPTER 9: TRY SQUARE

………………………………………………………………... 12

CHAPTER 10: ROLL METER

………………………………………………………………. 13

CHAPTER 11: SPIRIT LEVEL

………………………………………………………………. 15

CHAPTER 12:

CLAMP………………………………………………………………………. 16

CHAPTER 13: RULER…………….

…………………………………………………………. 17

CHAPTER 14:

MICROSCOPE………………………………………………………………. 18

CHAPTER 15: SPADE….

……………………………………………………………………. 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….….….

….... 23

INTRODUCTION

Praise to Allah SWT who has given taufik, guidance, and inayah so

that we all can still move as usual as well as the author so I can complete

the task creation English Language paper entitled "Tools and

Instruments".

The paper is organized so that readers can add insight or expand

existing knowledge about Tools and Instruments that we present in this

paper an arrangement of a concise, easy to read and easy to understand.

And do not forget also the author apologizes for any shortcomings

here and there of the paper's authors do. Please critique and suggestions.

Thank you

Depok, December, 8th

2013

Writers

1 TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

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1. Hammer

A hammer is a tool meant to deliver an

impact to an object. The most common uses for

hammers are to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal

and break apart objects. Hammers are often

designed for a specific purpose, and vary in their

shape and structure. The term hammer is also

used for some devices that are designed to

deliver blows, e.g., the caplock mechanism of firearms.

Parts of hammer

1. Head

2. Check

3. Poll

4. Handle

5. Neck

6. Claw

7. Face

2. Mallet


1

4

2

3

2

A mallet is a kind of hammer, often made of

rubber or sometimes wood, that is smaller than a maul

or beetle and usually with a relatively large head.the

function of mallet is to driving tools,to hit other tools

like nails

Parts of mallet

1. Head

2. Face

3. Handle

4. End Knob

Prevents the mallet from slipping out of the hands of the user

3. Handsaw

In woodworking and carpentry,

hand saws, also known as "panel saws",

"fish saws", are used to cut pieces of

wood into different shapes. This is

usually done in order to join the pieces

together and create a wooden object.

They usually operate by having a series


Back

Blade

ToeHeel

Handle

Screw

of sharp points of some substance that is harder than the wood being cut.

The hand saw is a bit like a tenon saw, but with one flat, sharp edge.

Parts of handsaw

Handle

The

handle is

traditionally

made of wood,

but can be

made of plastic,

composite or

metal as well. The blade slides into a slot in the handle and is fastened in

place with screws. Most saw handles come in the standard D-shape which

have a hole in the middle to insert your fingers while getting a strong grip

on the handle.

Toe/Heel

The toe of the saw is the front section of the saw blade and the

bottom section of the blade is referred to as the heel.

Blade

The other part of the saw, the metal part that contains the saw

teeth, is referred to as the blade. Blades are made of steel, although some


of the finer specialty saws made today are made of a metal-titanium

mixture.

Back

Back saws typically have an additional piece of reinforcing wrapped

over the back of the saw. This reinforcing helps prevent the saw blade

from bending during use.

4. Hoe

A hoe is an ancient and

versatile agricultural tool used to

move small amounts of soil.

Common goals include weed

control by agitating the surface of

the soil around plants, piling soil

around the base of plants (hilling),

creating narrow furrows (drills)

and shallow trenches for planting

seeds and bulbs, to chop

weeds, roots and crop residues, and even to dig or move soil.

Parts of Hoe

Handle

Blade

To dig or cut various materials

Butt end / End knob


Prevents the hoe from slipping out

of the hands of the user

5. Wrench

A wrench (or spanner) is a tool

used to provide grip and mechanical

advantage in applying torque to turn

objects usually rotary fasteners, such as

nuts and bolts or keep them from

turning.

Parts of wrench

Head

Used to tighten nuts

Handle


Head

Handle

6. Screwdriver

A screwdriver is a hand-tool

for turning (driving) screws (and

sometimes bolts or other machine

elements with a mating drive

system). The handle and shaft allow

the screwdriver to be positioned

and supported and, by rotating the

handle, torque is applied to the tip

via the screwdriver's shaft.

Parts of screwdriver

Blade

Used to cut various materials

Handle

The handle is the widest part of the screwdriver, cylindrically formed

to fit comfortably in the hand. Some screwdriver handles are hexagonal or

covered with a rubberized grip, to help stop the hand slipping while

rotating the screwdriver. Manufacturers scientificaly design them to the

correct diameter for maximum ease of use by the user, to insert the screw

with a minimum amount of effort.

Shank


The shank is a lot thinner than the handle, usually roughly 1/3 inch

thick. Generally made of hardened steel, it can be a few inches long to

over a foot. These different lengths help insert screws that are easily

accessible, or to insert in areas where hands are too large to be close to

the screw.

Head

The head -- or tip -- is on the end of the shank. This is the part of the

screwdriver a worker inserts into the screw head. The head is generally

hardened more so than the shank, as it is the only part of the screwdriver

that moves against a hardened surface. Consequently, if the head breaks

through after constant use, the rest of the screwdriver is redundant.

7. Trowel

A trowel is one of several similar

hand tools used for digging, smoothing,

or otherwise moving around small

amounts of viscous or particulate

material.

In gardening, a trowel is a tool

with a pointed, scoop-shaped metal

blade and a handle. It is used for

breaking up earth, digging small holes,

especially for

planting and

weeding, mixing in

fertilizer or other

additives, and

transferring plants

to pots.

Parts of

trowel


Heel

Refers to the diamond shape or the width of the trowel

Ferrule

Helps prevent the handle splitting

Shank

Today modern quality trowel`s are a one piece construction and do

not have a shank welded to the blade

Handle

Normally made of a rubber material, but can be of wood or leath

8. File

A file is a metalworking,

woodworking and plastic working tool

used to cut fine amounts of material

from a workpiece. It most commonly

refers to the hand tool style, which

takes the form of a steel bar with a

case hardened surface and a series of

sharp, parallel teeth.


Parts of file

Tang

Is the holding spot of file

Heel

At the base of the tang is the Heel. This is where the actual body of

the file begins.

Cutting Edges

Used to grind object

Point

At the end farthest from the tang is the point. Strangely enough,

this can often be quite square or anything but pointed, but it is in fact, the

end you ‘point’ at the work you are going to be filing.

9. Try Square

A try square is

a woodworking or a metal

working tool used for marking and

measuring a piece of wood.

The square refers to the tool's primary

use of measuring the accuracy of

a right angle (90 degrees); to try a

surface is to check its straightness or

correspondence to an adjoining surface. A piece of wood that


is rectangular, flat, and has all edges (faces, sides, and ends) 90 degrees

is called four square. A board is often milled four square in preparation for

using it in building furniture.

Parts of try square

Stock

The stock is usually

made from rosewood

although cheaper versions

can be made from plastic or

cheap woods.

Brass Face

To ensure a straight edge

Blade

The blade is made from hardened and tempered steel which makes

is resistant to damage.

10. Roll Meter

Roll Meter is usually used to

measuring the distance that cannot be

measured by hand/common ruler, because

of the far distance.


Handle

Line Gauge

RollerRotary Axis

Parts of roll meter

Handle

Used to hold the roll meter

Rotary Axis

Here where the line gauge be

rolled

Line Gauge

Contains measuring number to measure distance

Roller

Used to roll the line gauge


Vial

Handle

11.Spirit Level

A spirit level or bubble level is an instrument designed to indicate

whether a surface horizontal or vertical. It had several vials with liquid,

which would help a person measure a straight line horizontally (level) or

Vertically (Plumb)

Parts of spirit level

The Belly / Handle

Vial

It contains liquid, with two lines on its surface. It helps people to

indicate a surface vertical or horizontal

12.Clamp

A clamp is a fastening device to

hold or secure objects tightly together

to prevent movement or separation

through the application of

inward pressure. In the United


Kingdom and Australia, the term cramp is often used instead when the

tool is for temporary use for positioning components

during construction and woodworking.

Parts of clamp

Body

Pipe Bolt

Yoke Bolt

To clip the object

with the body

Pan Screw

Tighten/screwed

the Yoke bold into the

clamp’s body

Shaft/Stud/Stud/

Spigot

13.Ruler


Sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is

an instrument used in geometry, technical

drawing, printing as well as engineering and building to measure

distances or to rule straight lines.

Parts of ruler

Scale

It contains measuting

number, usually in milimeter

(mm), inch (in), and centimeter

(cm).

Body

The ruler body is usually

made by plastic, wood, or iron.

14. Microscope


Scale

Scale

Scale

Body

A clamp is a fastening device to hold or secure objects tightly

together to prevent movement or separation through the application of

inward pressure. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term cramp is

often used instead when the tool is for temporary use for positioning

components during construction and woodworking.

Parts of microscope

Condenser

This is a system of different lens elements which is mounted beneath the

stage of the microscope. It contains an iris diaphragm which controls the

diameter of the light beam. The light beam should be adjusted to be

larger or equal to the numerical aperture of the objective in use.

Condensers can be moved up and down. The normal operating position is

up.

Base

This is the bottom part of the microscope, it contains the lamp.

Coarse Focus

Also referred to as rough focus, this knob raises and lowers the

microscope stage quickly. It should only be used in connection with the

low magnification lenses.


Eyepiece Lens

Also known as ocular lenses, they magnify the image of the objective. The

eyepiece is the lens into which a person looks into when observing. The

total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the

magnification of the objective by the magnification of the eyepiece. Many

eyepiece lenses have a magnification of 10x ot 15x.

Fine Focus

This focus knob moves the stage up and down in small steps. It is used to

focus at different layers of the specimens.

Head

This is the top part of the microscope. It carries the eyepiece(s) and other

optical elements. There are several different types of heads: a monocular

head is designed to carry only one eyepiece, a binocular head carries two

(but does not give stereoscopic vision in compound microscopes) and a

trinocular head is designed to carry a camera as well.

Mechanical Stage

This type of stage is equipped with a slide holder and two knobs to turn.

One knob moves the stage backwards and forwards, the other one moves

the slide sideways.

Nosepiece (or revolving nosepiece, turret)

This part carries the objectives. It can be rotated.

Objective Lens

This is a highly magnifying lens system, it is located close to the specimen

to be observed. The image of the objective is then magnified again by the

ocular lens which is close to the eye.

Stage

This is the flat surface on which the slides are placed on. It can be moved

up and down for focusing.

Stage Clips

These are clips that hold the slide.

Trinocular Head

This microscope head has three exits, two for viewing (for binocular

vision) and a third exit to connect a camera. Some microscopes also allow


Handle (Type D)

Shaft

Cutting Edge (Spade-shape)

Shoulder

Socket

for taking photographs through a special adapter at the eyepiece, but a

trinocular head offers more stability and is to be preferred for

photographic work.

15. Spade

A spade is a tool designed primarily

for the purpose of digging, spreading

the soil, dividing shrubs, lifting bulbs,

digging planting holes, and so on.

Early spades were made of riven

wood. After the art of metalworking was

discovered, spades were made with

sharper tips of metal. Before the

introduction of metal spades manual

labor was less efficient at moving earth,

with picks being required to break up

the soil in addition to a spade for moving the dirt. With a metal tip, a

spade can both break and move the earth in most situations, increasing

efficiency.

Parts of spade


Handle

Used to grip and control the spade

Socket

To connect the handle with the start

Shaft

Usually made from wood

Shoulder

Used a pedals when cutting edge can’t break the materials such as snow,

sand, and so on

Cutting Edge

To break heavy materials such as snow, soil, and so on

BIBLIOGRAPHY


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