Making Sense of New Vaccine Recommendations

Vermont Immunization ConferenceStowe, Vermont

October 28, 2011

William Atkinson, MD, MPHNational Center for Immunization and

Respiratory Diseases

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• William Atkinson is a federal government employee with no financial interest or conflict with the manufacturer of any product named in this presentation• The speaker will discuss the off-label use

of meningococcal conjugate vaccine• The speaker will not discuss a vaccine not

currently licensed by the FDA

Disclosures

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• The recommendations to be discussed are primarily those of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)–composed of 15 experts in clinical

medicine and public health who are not government employees–provides guidance on the use of

vaccines and other biologic products to the Department of Health and Human Resources, CDC, and the U.S. Public Health Service

Disclosures

www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/acipwww.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/acip//

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What’s New in Immunization

• ACIP update• Measles redux• New influenza vaccine and

recommendations• Tdap vaccine for pregnant women• Expansion of meningococcal

conjugate vaccine recommendations

October 26, 2011

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Routine HPV Vaccination of Males• In December 2010 FDA added prevention

of anal cancer in males and females to the HPV4 indications• On October 25 ACIP voted to:– recommend routine vaccination of males

at 11 or 12 years of age– recommend routine “catch-up”

vaccination for males 13 through 21 years of age–“permissive” vaccination of males 22-26

years of age

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Hepatitis B Vaccination of Persons With Diabetes

• Persons with diabetes who use glucose monitors are at increased risk of HBV infection• On October 25 ACIP voted to:– recommend hepatitis B vaccination of

unvaccinated adults with diabetes younger than 60 years–“permissive” recommendation for adult

with diabetes 60 years or older

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Measles – United States, 2011• 220 cases reported to CDC from 30 states

as of October 21 (VT = 1)–194 (88%) cases are import-associated

(73 imports, 67 import-linked, 32 imported virus, 22 linked to imported virus–71% of imports were U.S. residents–191 (87%) unvaccinated or

undocumented vaccination status (67 PBE, 20 too young)

CDC unpublished data, 2011CDC unpublished data, 2011

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MMR Vaccine• First dose at 12-15 month, second dose

routinely at 4-6 years of age• Minimum interval between doses is 4

weeks• Infants as young as 6 months should

receive MMR before international travel• Adults with unknown or undocumented

MMR vaccination history should receive 1 or 2 doses

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(No. 20):666-8 2011;60(No. 20):666-8

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Keep Your Guard Up

• Any patient with fever and rash should be assumed to have measles until proven otherwise–immediate isolation

• Be highly suspect of patients with fever and coryza and/or conjunctivitis, particularly if unvaccinated or international travel• Be certain of your measles immunity

status

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Evidence of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Immunity for Healthcare Personnel (HCP)

• Appropriate vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella–2 doses of measles and mumps vaccine–at least 1 dose of rubella vaccine, or

• Laboratory evidence of immunity, or

• Laboratory confirmation of disease

• Physician-diagnosed disease no longer recommended as evidence of measles or mumps immunity

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Influenza Vaccination Recommendation

•Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for every person in the United States 6 months of age and older•Start vaccinating as soon as you

receive your vaccine

MMWRMMWR 2010;59(RR-8) 2010;59(RR-8)

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• Same 3 influenza strains as the 2010-2011 seasonal vaccine–A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like–A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like–B/Brisbane/60/2008-like

• A dose of 2011-2012 vaccine is recommended regardless of whether the person received 2010-2011 vaccine• Both inactivated and live attenuated

vaccines will be available

Influenza Vaccine Components 2011-2012

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

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Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Influenza Vaccination

• Pregnant women are at increased risk of complications of influenza–women who are or will be pregnant

during influenza season should receive influenza vaccine (TIV only)

• Infants younger than 6 months of age are at very high risk of complications and hospitalization from influenza–no vaccine is available for infants

younger than 6 monthsMMWRMMWR 2010;59(RR-8) 2010;59(RR-8)

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Cases ControlsMother Mother vaccinatedvaccinated 2 (2%)2 (2%) 31 (20%)31 (20%)

Mother Mother unvaccinatedunvaccinated 89 (98%89 (98% 21 (80%)21 (80%)

Vaccine Vaccine EffectivenessEffectiveness 92%92%

Cases were children younger than 6 months of age hospitalized Cases were children younger than 6 months of age hospitalized with culture-confirmed influenza. with culture-confirmed influenza. Clin Infect Dis Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:1355-612010;51:1355-61

Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination of Pregnant Women in Reducing

Hospitalization of Infants

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Vaccine Doseform AgeFluzone TIVFluzone TIV(sanofi pasteur)(sanofi pasteur)

SDS, SDV, SDS, SDV, MDV MDV

6 months and older6 months and older

Fluarix TIVFluarix TIVFluLaval TIVFluLaval TIV(GSK)(GSK)

SDSSDSMDVMDV

3 years and older3 years and older18 years and older18 years and older

Fluvirin TIVFluvirin TIV(Novartis)(Novartis)

SDS, MDVSDS, MDV 4 years and older4 years and older

Afluria TIVAfluria TIV(CSL)(CSL)

SDSSDS 9 years and older9 years and older

Flumist LAIVFlumist LAIV(MedImmune)(MedImmune)

Nasal sprayNasal spray 2-49 years (healthy, 2-49 years (healthy, nonpregnant)nonpregnant)

SDS=single dose syringe; SDV=single dose vial; MDV=multidose vial SDS=single dose syringe; SDV=single dose vial; MDV=multidose vial

Influenza Vaccine Presentations 2011-2012

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Vaccine Doseform AgeFluzone TIVFluzone TIV(sanofi pasteur)(sanofi pasteur)

SDS, SDV, SDS, SDV, MDV MDV

6 months and older6 months and older

Fluarix TIVFluarix TIVFluLaval TIVFluLaval TIV(GSK)(GSK)

SDSSDSMDVMDV

3 years and older3 years and older18 years and older18 years and older

Fluvirin TIVFluvirin TIV(Novartis)(Novartis)

SDS, MDVSDS, MDV 4 years and older4 years and older

Afluria TIVAfluria TIV(CSL)(CSL)

SDSSDS 9 years and older9 years and older

Flumist LAIVFlumist LAIV(MedImmune)(MedImmune)

Nasal sprayNasal spray 2-49 years (healthy, 2-49 years (healthy, nonpregnant)nonpregnant)

SDS=single dose syringe; SDV=single dose vial; MDV=multidose vial SDS=single dose syringe; SDV=single dose vial; MDV=multidose vial

Influenza Vaccine Presentations 2011-2012

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Fluzone TIV FormulationsFormulation (age) HA per dose• Adult (>36 mos) 45 mcg/0.5 mL• Pediatric (6-35 mos) 22.5 mcg/0.25 mL• High dose (>65 yrs) 180 mcg/0.5 mL• Intradermal (18-64 yrs) 27 mcg/0.1 mL (135 mcg/0.5 mL)

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

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Fluzone High-Dose• Contains 4 X amount of influenza antigen

than regular Fluzone• Approved only for persons 65 years and

older• Produced higher antibody levels; slightly

higher local reactions• Studies underway to assess clinical

effectiveness• No preference stated by ACIP for HD or

regular influenza vaccinationMMWR 2010;59(No. 16):485-6

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Fluzone Intradermal

• Licensed by FDA in May 2011• Approved only for persons 18

through 64 years of age• Dose is 0.1 mL administered in the

deltoid area by a specially designed microneedle and injector system• Formulated to contain more HA (27

mcg) than a 0.1 mL dose of regular Fluzone formulation (9 mcg)

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

Fluzone Intradermal Injection DeviceFluzone Intradermal Injection Device

Fluzone Intradermal Injection TechniqueFluzone Intradermal Injection Technique

Fluzone ID site

Traditional ID site

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 (August 26) 2011;60(33):1128-32 (August 26)

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

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Influenza Vaccination of Children 6 Months Through 8 Years of Age

• Recommendations for the number of doses of influenza vaccine for children 6 months through 8 years of age are different than in previous years• The only factor to consider is whether or

not the child received influenza vaccine during the 2010-2011 season–no 2010-2011 vaccine 2 doses–1 or more doses during the 2010-2011

season 1 dose this year

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

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Influenza Vaccination of Persons with Egg Allergy

• All types and formulations of influenza vaccine contain residual egg protein (ovalbumin)• The amount of ovalbumin per dose

varies by manufacturer, vaccine type, and lot• Many persons with “egg allergy” can

tolerate receipt of TIV without serious reaction

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

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Influenza Vaccination of Persons with Egg Allergy

• If the person can eat cooked eggs without a reaction vaccinate (TIV) without special precautions• If after eating egg or egg-containing food

the person has hives only vaccinate (TIV) and observe for at least 30 minutes • If the person has hives and other

symptoms (e.g. wheezing, nausea) then refer the person to a physician with expertise in management of allergy• LAIV should not be administered to

persons with egg allergyMMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(33):1128-32 2011;60(33):1128-32

www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/

www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/

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Influenza Vaccine, PCV13, and Febrile Seizures

• Both influenza vaccine and PCV13 can cause fever• Some children with fever may have a

febrile seizure–most common in children 12-23 months

of age–VSD data (2011) indicate about 1 febrile

seizure for every 2,225 children who receive both vaccines

• ACIP recommends both vaccines be given at the same visit if indicated

www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/FebrileSeizures.htmlwww.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/FebrileSeizures.html

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Pertussis—United States, 1980-2010

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Reported Pertussis Incidence by Age Group - 1990-2010*

SOURCE: CDC, National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and Supplemental Pertussis Surveillance System. *2010 data are provisional

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Tdap and Pregnancy• Infants are most likely to be hospitalized or

die from pertussis• If a woman receives Tdap before or during

pregnancy, her passive immunity might help protect the newborn from pertussis• There are few safety data for pregnant

women given Tdap• There are concerns by some experts that

the passive pertussis antibody could interfere with the infant’s response to DTaP

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Tdap Recommendations for Pregnant Women

• Any woman who might become pregnant is encouraged to receive a single dose of Tdap• Tdap should be administered to pregnant

women who have not received a dose• Vaccinate during third trimester or late in

second trimester (after 20 weeks gestation)• Alternatively, administer Tdap immediately

postpartum

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(41):1424-6 (October 21) 2011;60(41):1424-6 (October 21)

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Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines

• Menactra–approved in January 2005 for a

single dose among persons 9 months* through 55 years of age

• Menveo–Approved in February 2010 for a

single dose among persons 2 through 55 years of age

*as of April 22, 2011*as of April 22, 2011

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Meningococcal Vaccination of Children 9-23 Months of Age

• In April 2011 FDA approved Menactra for children as young as 9 months• ACIP recommends Menactra for high-

risk children 9 through 23 months of age–2-dose series–3-month interval between doses–administer at 9 and 12 months of

age (minimum interval 2 months)MMWRMMWR 2011;60(40):1391-2 (October 14) 2011;60(40):1391-2 (October 14)

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Meningococcal Vaccination of Children 9-23 Months of Age

• ACIP defines high-risk children age 9 through 23 months as:– those with persistent complement

component deficiency– those in a community or institution

where a meningococcal disease outbreak is occurring, or– those traveling to an area of the world

where meningococcal disease is epidemic

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(40):1391-2 (October 14) 2011;60(40):1391-2 (October 14)

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Meningococcal Vaccination of Children with Asplenia

• Data suggest a reduction in response to PCV13 if given at the same visit as Menactra brand MCV4• Asplenic persons are at very high risk

of invasive pneumococcal disease• The minimum age for meningococcal

vaccination of children with asplenia (including those with sickle cell disease) remains 2 years

MMWRMMWR 2011;60(40):1391-2 (October 14) 2011;60(40):1391-2 (October 14)

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The Future

• Additional combination vaccines• Meningococcal vaccination of infants• More than 1 dose of Tdap?• ACIP recommendation for HPV

vaccination of males (currently a “permissive” recommendation)• PCV13 vaccination of adults?

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CDC Vaccines and ImmunizationContact Information

• Telephone 800.CDC.INFO (for patients and parents)

• Email nipinfo@cdc.gov (for providers)

• Website www.cdc.gov/vaccines/

• Vaccine Safety www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/