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18C Geopolitics
‘the Defeat of the French Fireships attacking the British fleet at Quebec, 1759’ Serres (Library and Archives Canada,C-4291)
• necessitates: expenditures
Sergeant James Thompson (Fraser’s Highlanders) claymore carried into battle on the plains of Abraham
(CWM 19720103-006)
administrative and legislative power
Looking further: geopolitical posturing
commercescientific query
“... farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go.”
James Cook(1728-79)
First Voyage (1768-71) - as Lieutenant Cook
the Admiralty and the Royal Society sponsored jointly
• a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti
• search for the believed to be ‘great southern continent’, Terra Australis Incognita (looked for since the 16C)
• on a converted Whitby collier, the Endeavour
Second Voyage (1772-75)- as Commander Cook on the Resolution scientists and artists and chronometers practical solution to the problem of determining longitude at sea closer to the South Pole than any previous navigator, touched on Tahiti and
New Zealand Easter Islandthe Marquesas Islands Tonga
New Hebrides
Third Voyage (1776-80) Fellow of the Royal Society and Copley Prize
North Pacific navigable NW passage?charted NW coast‘discovered’ Hawaiian Islands
killed on his return, at Kealakekua Bay 14 February 1779 perhaps regarded the god Lono and broke traditionperhaps due to his nasty temper
argument on beach and stabbed
Consequences
• study ‘natives’ → uneasy relationships and misunderstanding
broke local customs bought venereal disease, alcohol and
guns
• new standards → extent and accuracy of his surveys natural history astronomy oceanography philology and much else new disciplines of
ethnology/anthropology
• protected crew → cleanliness and ventilation cress, sauerkraut, orange extract exacting science
Settler identities in Australia
1. Gendering transportation2. Criminalizing poverty3. Race and nation
Transportation
1. Many more men than women2. Property crimes >> personal injury3. Political prisoners4. All trades represented [including
architects]necessary to build a colony
1. Terrible corporal punishment
Convict women“the pest and gangrene of colonial society”• Convicted for:
• their transportation/work experience:
• Described as:
• Disciplined by:
‘Rajah’ QuiltNational Gallery of
Australia
And resisted:Parramatta Female Factory
• literate, 180 trade skills• 60% - 1st offence
• 1200 women in factory built for 300• stone-breaking, spinning, needlework and
laundry• gagging; head-shaving
• 1827 – Australia’s first Industrial Actionfood riot
• remembered
Role of women
• work
• at home‘she carried out her duties as mistress
of a small family with ‘piety, patience, frugality and industry’’
• either m.c. women were that, or w.c. women worked at jobs that used those skills
‘by the 1740s over half the laboring pop. had shifted to some form of manufacturing…’
‘use of steam only relative to manual labor’
steam not the prime energy source for manufacturing until the 1870s
Bryant and May Match Factory
workers, 1888
The Poor Lawscontrol, reform and utility of person
Witham parish workhouse (2002), 1714 Birmingham workhouse
(1860s)‘archway of tears’
Charles Booth In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890)
East London Estimate Rest of London Total
PAUPERSInmates of Workhouses, Asylums, and Hospitals 17,000 34,000 51,000
HOMELESSLoafers, Casuals, and some Criminals 11,000 22,000 33,000
STARVINGCasual earnings between 18s pw and chronic want 100,000 200,000
300,000
THE VERY POORIntermittent earnings 18s. to 21s. pw 74,000 148,000
222,000Small regular earnings 18s. to 21s.pw 129 000 258 000
387 000
TOTAL 331,000 662 000 993,000
Booth’s Poverty Mapstreet-by-street maps drawn to represent levels of poverty and wealth found by survey
investigators YELLOW: upper-middle and upper classes. wealthy.
RED: middle class; well-to-do
PINK: fairly comfortable. good ordinary earnings
BLUE: poor. 18s. to 21s. pwfor a moderate family
BLACK: very poorvicious, semi criminal
The ‘real’ Australiawasn’t emptyKate Grenville The Secret River (2005)
400+ indigine groups 250 languages
evidence to 40 000 BCE +
1/3 to 9/10 deathsResidential School
history1967 enumeration to
vote
Aboriginesless than human
Why?enlightenment thinking (theory)experiential observation
Early: kidnapping for observation, sex, work
raidsdisease and malnutrition
1850s: Aboriginal Protection Societies Responsible Governance way of life destroyed: economic,
cultural official policies to de-populate to
1960sDifferent: Maori
Nā te pū ka toa tētahi, ka taurekareka tētahi. The musket determined who was warrior and who was slave.
The Treaty of Waitangi (1842)kawanatanga vs. tino rangatiratanga
Maori Wars/New Zealand Wars (1845-82) pa
pākehā
Subsequent imperial policy in the southern hemisphere
From 19Cterritory for production, trade and controlCeylonStraits Settlement (Penang and then Singapore)Cape ColonyFalklandsjumping off point: Gibraltar
Multicultural indentured labour moved throughout as necessarycolour barnot necessarily citizens, as necessary
Imperialism in Africa1875 to 1914: the Scramble
1807 Abolition of slave trade1820-23 Egyptians push into Sudan1830s French in Algeria; w.
African tradeBoer push north
1850s/60s European explorationsBritish occupy Lagos
(commercial)1865 Leopold II succession1869 Suez Canal opened1874 British involved on East
Coast1884 Egyptian financial crisis
Berlin Conference