Presented by,

Aiswarya.A.T

I M.pharm.,

Department of Pharmacy Practice,

Grace college of Pharmacy.

Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection

with parasites of Plasmodium and transmitted to man

by certain species of infected female Anopheline

mosquito.

MALARIA

Various species of Plasmodium are:

• P.vivax

• P.falciparum

• P.ovale

• P.malariae

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PREVALENT MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPES OFMALARIA IN INDIA:

a. Tribal malaria

b. Rural malaria

c. Urban malaria

d. Border malaria

e. Malaria in project

areas

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS

1.AGENT FACTORS

Agent

LIFE HISTORY:

•Asexual cycle (human cycle)

•Sexual cycle (mosquito cycle)

Period of communicability

Reservoir of infection

2.HOST FACTORS

Age

Sex

Immunity

Housing

Population mobility

Occupation

Human habits

Socio-economic development

Pregnancy

3.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Season

Altitude

Humidity

Rainfall

Temperature

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Vector transmission

Direct transmission

Congenital malaria

INCUBATION PERIOD

Time between the infected mosquito bite & the first

appearance of clinical signs of which fever is most common

.

usually not less than 10 days.

In natural infections;

12days (9-14) for falciparum malaria

28days(18-40) for quartan malaria

17days (16-18) for ovale malaria.

Some strains of P.vivax it may be developed for as long

as 9months.

CLINICAL FEATURES

1) Cold stage

2) Hot stage

3) Sweating stage

DIAGNOSIS

i. Microscopy

ii. Serological test

iii. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)

STAGES FOR PREVENTION & CONTROL OF MALARIA

Surveillance & case management

Case detection (passive & active)

Early diagnosis & complete treatment

Sentinel surveillance

Integrated vector management

Indoor residual spray (IRS)

Insecticide treated bed nets (ITN’s) & long lasting insecticidal

nets(LLIN’s)

Antilarval measures including source reduction

Epidemic preparedness & early response

Supportive interventions

Capacity building

Behavioural change communication

Insectoral collaboration

Monitoral & evaluation

Operational research & applied field research

EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OF MALARIA AIMS AT:

•Complete cure

•Prevention of progression of uncomplicated malaria to

several disease

•Prevention of deaths

•Interruption of transmission

•Minimizing risk of selection & spread of drug resistant

malaria parasite

ACTIVE INTERVENTION MEASURES

•Stratification of the problem

•Vector control strategies

Anti-adult measures

Residual spraying

Space application

Individual protection

Antilarval measures

Larvicides

Source reduction

Integrated control

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

SHORT TERM LONG TERM

TREATMENT

FOR UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA

Treatment for P.vivax casesTreatment for P.falciparum cases

SPECIFIC ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALARIA

THANK YOU!!