Malaria
(Freudennic, Craig Hutch, Peter and Upton, S.J.
History of Malaria*Plasmodium microorganism discovered in 1880
*1897-the transmission of the Malaria parasite by Anopheline mosquito
*During the 18th and 19th centuries Malaria was endemic in the United States and Canada
In the beginning of the 20th century The office of Malaria Control was founded. Today we know this office and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
*Malaria has been a factor in wars such as the American Revolution, the Civil War, World Wars I and II, the Korean and Vietnam wars.
-In Vietnam U.S soldiers lost more combat days from Malaria than from battle injuries
Malaria Facts
Approximately 500 million cases worldwide 2.7 deaths per yr North American and European cases are typically imported
Travelers Transmission is through the female Anopheline Mosquito
Only female mosquitoes take blood meals! Many cases of Malaria are in children under 5
Every 30 seconds a child dies from Malaria
The Symptoms
Incubation period- 7 to 30 days Periodical Fever bouts Chills Sweats Headaches Nausea and Vomiting Body Aches
• Backache• Abdominal pain• Diarrhea• Altered consciousness• Tachycardia• hypotension
Symptoms continued…
Cerebral malaria Pulmonary edema Gastroenteritis Anemia Renal failure- p.falciparum infection
Specific complications of malaria
Microscopic diagnosis - “blood smear”
Antigen detection - “rapid diagnostic tests”
Diagnosing malaria
KEY FACTS:
Most common, not fatal
The Korean eradication efforts
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparumMost malignant and deadly
Accounts for 80% of infections and 90% of deaths
Very common in sub-Saharan Africa
Cerebral malaria
Plasmodium ovale
This is the most rare type of all four
Very limited in range affecting only Philippines, Indonesia, and western African countries.
Plasmodium malarieFever patter ns.
1st recognized
High mosquito activity at dusk and dawn.
Mosquito comes in contact with human
Infected anopheles mosquitoes inject sporozoites into human body
Sporozoites travel into bloodstream
These sporozoites flow with the red blood cells until they reach the liver.
Malaria life cycle: initiation
Lavern, a
Malaria life cycle: phase 1
Sporozoite comes in contact with a kupffer cell on the superficial surface of the liver.
Ijzer, j
Malaria cycle: phase 1 cont.
Once into the hepatocytes, the sporozoites form into schizonts through the process of merogony. Sporozoite increases in size then mitosis happens repeatedly. Once mitosis has finished (division of nucleus) then cytokinesis occurs.Result is banana like merozoites
Merogony process
Malaria cycle: phase 1 cont.
At this point we have a collection of merozoites that have been building up in the schizont for a period of 6-15 days in the liver.
you may be questioning yourself, is this asexual or sexual reproduction? Well the answer is asexual in a segmentation manner.
After maturation has completed the schizont ruptures and releases the merozoites into the bloodstream of the human body.
Malaria cycle: Phase 2
The merozoites travel in the bloodstream where they attach to red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Parasite then invades rbc.
The hemoglobin fuels the activity of these merozoites in which they can reproduce again asexually inside the red blood cell.
Beeson, James
Malaria cycle: phase 2 cont.
With asexual reproduction more merozoites can reproduce inside another schizont .
Once this schizont ruptures the rbc lyses and the contents leak out into the plasma.
The merozoites can then rupture other rbc and repeat this process over and over
Malaria life cycle: phase 2 cont.-- evaluation of asexual reproduction in rbc at microscopic level-
Rug, Melanie
Cowman, allan
Malaria life cycle: ending of phase 2
On occasion a male/female gametocyte will form from merozoites.
Public domain
Malaria life cycle : phase 3 initationFemale anopheles mosquito feeds on human and sucks in the gametocytes.
microgamete penetrate the macrogamete to generate zygotes Macrogamete travels to stomach cells (ookinete)
The macrogamete becomes fertilized (oocyst)
Oocyst will act just like a schizont and form hundreds of sporozoites through the body of the mosquito
Leander, brian
Malaria life cycle in review!
Eichner, m
THE BENEFITS OF SICKLE CELL trait
Having sickle cell trait can help children from dying.
Scientists strive for in vitro injections of sickle trait
The sickle cell rbc’s shape doesn’t allow the parasite inside.
Parasites are sent to spleen
Prevention/treatmentInsecticide treated bed nets
Antimalarials - chloroquine - quinine - tetracycline
CDC
Treatment continued.DDT
-synthetic pesticide-not legal in the united states (1972)
• RTS,S vaccine - recombinant protein
Private sector development blog
Malaria vaccine initiative
Vid in review (if time persists)
http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/plasmodium/plasmodium_fla.html