MALARIA

Presented by-Panchali DasM.Sc. Biotechnology2nd SemesterBBAU

INTRODUCTION Protozoan disease. Killer disease. Widespread in tropical and sub tropical regions

through out the world. Accounts for:

2-15% of maternal anemia

5-14% of low birth-weight newborns

3-5% of newborn deaths In India, about 1.5 – 2 million cases are reported annually. 25th April, celebrated as World Malaria Day.

Malaria A Major Health problem of Tropical countries

Contd.. Malaria accounts for one in five of all childhood deaths in Africa every year.

Malaria epidemic causes >12 million malaria episodes & up to310,000 deaths in Africa annually.

Malarial control program (MCP) - Roll Back Malaria 1998

WHO, UNDP, UNICEF and WB

Mainly focuses on Africa

Goal:

Halve the burden of malaria

by 2010

symptoms Begins 8–25 days following infection. Paroxysm.

Malaria stages of the disease

Etiology Malaria is caused by intracellular protozoan

parasite Plasmodium. Four species of the genus Plasmodium cause

nearly all malarial infections in humans- P. falciparum (75%) P. vivax (20%) P. ovale P. malariae

P. knowlesi (in Southast Asia—the monkey malaria parasite)

A Malaria patient

TypesP. falciparum Incubation :

6 – 21 daysFever cycle is usually 48 hours

Found in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific and South America

P. vivax Incubation :12-17 days

Fever cycles of 48 hours

Found in Asia and Central America, with small outbreaks in West and Eastern Africa

P. malariae Incubation :18-40 days

The fever cycle occurs every 72 hours and may last for 8 -10 hours at a time

Found in East and West Africa, Guyana, India and South East Asia

P. ovale Incubation :16-18 days or longer

Fever spikes every 48 – 50 hours.

Common in Sub-Saharan Africa

Mosquito cycleA definitive Host – Mosquito

Life cycle ofPlasmodium

Why Falciparum Infections are Dangerous ?

Can produce fatal complications : Replicates very quickly. Cerebral malaria. Malarial hyperpyrexia. Gastrointestinal disorders. Black water fever can lead to death. 

Diagnosis Microscopic examination of blood smears.

Serology Detects antibodiesagainst malaria parasites.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Detects Parasite in nucleic acids. More accurate than microscopy. Expensive, and requires a specialized laboratory.

Contd..

Prevention

Drainage. Insecticide. Mosquito nets. Antimalarial medications.

Man spraying kerosene oil in standing water,

Simple protective measures

Treatment

Antimalarial medications P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae - treated without the

need for hospitalization. Quinine and related agent Mild malaria can be treated with oral medication. Chloroquine- Drug of choice Popular drugs based on chloroquine phosphate (also

called nivaquine) are Chloroquine FNA, Resochin and Dawaquin.

Severe malaria requires intravenous (IV) drug treatment and fluids in the hospital.

Primaquine- used in treating all types of malaria infection

Development of Vaccines Malaria vaccineapproaches-Three types:1. Pre erythrocytic

vaccine.2. Blood stage

vaccine.3. Transmission-

blocking vaccine.

Though there is no commercial vaccine present in time.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donated £115 million (360 crores) to help develop a vaccine for the deadly disease..

Several malarial vaccines are in development, including-

Synthetic peptide vaccines.

Recombinant particle vaccine.

DNA vaccines.

References Pigott DM, Atun R, Moyes CL, Hay SI, Gething PW. Funding for malaria

control 2006–2010: a comprehensive global assessment. Malar J. 2012;13:246. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-246.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

WHO. World Malaria Report 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. p. 259.

RBMP. The Global Malaria Action Plan for a Malaria Free World. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria Partnership, World Health Organization; 2008.

BMGF. Annual Letter from Bill Gates 2013. Seattle, WA: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; 2013.

WHO. Disease Surveillance for Malaria Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. p. 65.

WHO. Disease Surveillance for Malaria Elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

WHO. T3: Test. Treat. Track. Scaling up diagnostic testing, treatment and surveillance for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

Microbiology- M.J. Pelczar,JR. ,E.C.S Chan, Noel R. Krieg.

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