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Malaysia

Government/History 354

Southeast Asia

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Location Of Malaysia

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Political Map of Maylaysia

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Malaya became independent in 1957. It became Malaysia

in 1961 when it incorporated Sarawak, Sabah and

Singapore. Singapore seceded peacefully in 1965.

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Malaysia Was a colony ofPortugal,

Netherlands and Britain.

Is a constitutional(elected) monarchy,composed of 13 states.

Population of 24.4Million; 58% Malay, 26%

Chinese & 7% Indian. All Malays are Muslim.

Is the site of the PetronaTowers and Tunku AbdulRahman College.

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Malacca and Islam Malacca was founded in 1402

by Parameshwara, prince ofPalembang.

Malacca competed for shipswith other SEAsian states.Malacca sent tribute to theThailand and China. Convertingto Islam improved relationswith Sumatra plus Indian and

Arab traders. Trade led to Malacca becoming

a center for the spread of Islam.

Tun Perak (1456-98) madeMalacca a Malayan empire.

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Trade at Malacca Malacca was an ideal location, half way along the

sea route between India and China.

As an entrepot, it became a center for trade: Silk and porcelain from China.

Textiles from Gujarat and Coromandel in India.

Camphor from Bornea.

Sandlewood from Timor Nutmeg, mace, & cloves from the Moluccas.

Gold & pepper from Sumatra.

Tin from Western Malaya.

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Colonial Malacca Alfonso De Albuquerque

conquered Malacca in 1511 forPortugal. It remained Portuguese

for 130 years.

Trade brought great riches.

Saint Francis Xavier visitedduring 1545-49. Found it to be a

debaucherous cesspool of vice. Malacca fell to the Dutch in

1641. In 1826, it became aBritish colony.

Christ Church (Dutch)

1753

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The Straights Settlement The British took control of

Malacca from the Dutchunder the Anglo-Dutch

Treaty of 1824. The treatywas a response to theestablishment of Singaporeas a highly successful port.

The fishing village ofSingapore was acquired fromthe Sultan of Johore in 1819

by Sir Thomas StanfordRaffles. Thomas Stanford Raffles

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Questions Who founded Malacca?

What is ideal about Malacca's location?

Who conquered Malacca for the Portuguese?

Which famous Jesuit missionary visited Malacca? Why did the British withdraw from the spice trade

competition after 1623? What did they ultimatelyreceive as compensation?

What prompted the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824? The acquisition of what territories in 1961 led to

Malaya becoming Malaysia?

Malaysia is considered to be constitutional _____.

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British Crown Colony Penang, Malacca and Singapore became the the

Straits Settlement crown colony in 1826, but was

administered from Calcutta by the East IndiaCompany until 1867.

The East India Company had little interest

expending its resources in direct control of Malay

territory.

It didnt even object when James Brooke acquired

as a private kingdom in Sarawak in 1846.

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The Need for Intervention Between 1871 and 1873 their was a period

political instability in the Malay states.

Malay states were in constant turmoil over dynastic

disputes and conflicts between Chinese secret societies.A civil war broke out between local chiefs backed byChinese societies in Selangor.

Demand for tin suddenly increased with the U.S. CivilWar and the opening of U.S. west.

Business relations with Malay states became unreliablein a time increasing competition for tin by othercountries due to the opening of the Suez Canal.

Investment in business ventures such as telegraph lineswas unlikely without assurance of British protection

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Residency System The Residency System is established in Perak in

1874. The sultan agrees to accept a resident

whose advice must be followed in all matters,particularly administration and revenue collection,

other than religion and custom. In return, the

British will protect the state against internal and

external threats. Within a month, Selangor and Negri Sembilan

accept residents. In 1888, Pahang followed suit.

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The PerakWar In 1875, the Perak Resident, J.W.W. Birch was

murdered. Several issues were involved.

GovernorWilliam Jervois proposed that advisors be

replaced by Queens Commissioners. TheCommissioners would govern in the sultans name.Birch was required to obtain the sultans consent.

Conflict over debt slavery. Birch allowed his residenceto become a sanctuary for runaway slaves, mostlywomen. The sultan imagined that he was stealing theslaves to provide mistresses for his police.

As punishment, three chiefs were executed and thesultan replaced.

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PerakWar MonumentsMonument to

J.W.W Birch on

the spot where hewas killed in Pasir

Salak. Built: 1900.

Warriors

Monument toMalays who

died in the

PerakWar.

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Questions What territories composed the Straits Settlements?

James Brooke acquired a private kingdom in whatterritory?

Why were British businessmen interested in obtainingdirect British intervention in Malaya?

What finally led to the Colonial Office agreeing tointervene?

To what did a ruler agree when receiving a Resident? Whatdid he gain in return?

What were the two principal sources of disagreement thatled to the murder of J.W.W. Birch and the PerakWar?

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Federated Malay States

In 1895, Perak, Selangor, Penang and Negri Sembilanwere merged into the Federated Malay States (FMS)with a Resident General in Kuala Lumpur.

In practice, the FMS tended to be more unitary than

federal with the Resident General issuing instructionsdirectly to Residents and departmental heads doinglikewise to their state counterparts.

Periodic meetings of all Malay rulers and residentsprovided a limited deliberative and advisory function.

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Extension of British Rule

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Pre

World

War II

Malaya, FMS and the Straits Settlements enjoyedprosperity and relative peace prior to WW II.

The three major ethnic groups existed insuperficial harmony: Malay (Bumiputras),Chinese and Indians. However, the number ofChinese and Indian immigrants and their share ofthe economy increased greatly.

The British built a major naval base in Singaporein 1938 with the principal goal of defending Indiafrom Japan.

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World

War II

British preparations for war in Malaya were sadlyinadequate. The naval base at Singapore (fortified

against attack by sea) fell in humiliation to aJapanese land campaign.

The Chinese in Malaya were forced to take sidesbetween the Communist and the KMT.

The Chinese Communist in Malaya began an anti-Japanese guerrilla war.

The British supported Communist guerrillas thruForce 136 which provided training and supplies.

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Malay Union In 1945, the British proposed the Malay Union. The union was to be composed of the nine Malay states

plus Malacca and Penang, but not Singapore.

The nine Malay Sultans would surrender sovereignty tothe union. Laws would no longer require theirratification.

There would be common citizenship for Malays,Chinese and Indians born in Malaya or who had been

residents for ten years. A massive protest movement led to the formation

of the United Malay National Organization(UMNO).

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Federation of Malaya The strong reaction to the Malay Union led

to a new structure in 1948, the Federation of

Malaya.

Retrocession of sovereignty to the Malay states.

Integration of the states and Malacca and

Penang (but not Singapore) into the newfederation.

Citizenship rights restricted to Malays, only.

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Questions Which territories composed the Federated Malay States?

Which ethnic groups increased in number and economic

power prior toWW

II? During WW II, what group did British Force 136 support?

The creation of the Malay Union deprived Sultans of

_______ and granted Chinese and Indians full ________.

The United Malay National Organization (UMNO) was areaction to _______.

The Federation of Malaya restored _________ to the

Sultans and limited citizenship to ________.

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Independence Delayed. The British were withdrawing from everything

east of Suez. India and Burma had already been

granted independence. Malaya was to be next. Chinese Communist insurgency began in 1948

leading to a declared state of emergency thatlasted until 1960. The Chinese saw the newfederation as imperiling their legal status. TheChinese revolution provided the model ofinsurgency and guerrilla warfare.

The vehicle was the Malayan Communist Party(MCP).

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Combating Insurgency The British success in combating the insurgency

was the product of :

The guerrillas never exceeded 10,000 and could claimthe support of no more than 15-20% of Chinesepopulation.

The guerrillas were easily distinguished racially.

The Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) was formed

as political solution to unrest. Insurgents received little outside support.

The Briggs Plan of 600 new villages and deportation of10,000 Chinese back to China.

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Independence 1957 Malaya granted

independence in 1957,although the emergency

last until 1960. Tunku Abdul Rahman was

the first P.M. He was anEnglish educated princefrom Kedah. He served

until 1970.

He sought to give specialattention to Malays tomakeup for past neglect.

Tunku Abdul Rahman

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The Bargain The key feature of the bargain was that the

Chinese would be allowed to prevail in the

economic sector, but the Malays would control thepolitical sector.

The Malays received constitutional advantages:- Head of state (king) would be a Malay sultan.

- Malay would be the official language- Islam would be the official religion

- Malays would receive preferences in land acquisition,

educational assistance and civil service employment.

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Federation of Malaysia 1963 An enlarged Malaysia was formed in 1963 from

Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah.

The British sponsored this arrangement to improve theviability of the state. Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah

were all British dependencies.

Sarawak and Sabah would balance the largely Chinese

population of Singapore, thus not threatening thebargain.

Singapore remained part of the federation for only two

years.

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A Malaysian Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman

expelled Singapore fromMalyasia in 1965 afterLee

Kuan Yew called for aMalaysian Malaysia, i.,e.,equal participation by allgroups. Tunku AbdulRahman sought a Malayan

Malaysia. The wish by minority groups

for equality continued andled to the 1969 riots.

Lee Kuan Yew

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Greater Economic Opportunity Tun Abdul Razak followed

Tunku Abdul Rahman as P.M.from 1970-76.

Believed ethnic tension wasdue to insufficient economicopportunities for Malays.

Set the New Economic Policy(NEP) in motion in 1971.

Granted special privileges toMalays: business ownership,tax breaks, investmentincentives & employmentquotas. Tun Abdul Razak

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L

ook EastP

olicy Mahatir served as P.M. from

1981 to 2003.

He was the first P.M. not to be

a royal and not educated in theU.K. Hes a medical doctor.

He downgraded relations withEngland and theCommonwealth in favor of

Asia and ASEAN. Established the Bumiputra

Investment Foundation andinitiated dawn raids onLondon Stock Exchange.

Dr.Mahatir bin Mohamad

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Dictatorial Desperation How Mahatir retained power:

Operation Lallang (1987)

arrested of 119 opposition

leaders and closed threeopposition newspapers.

Eliminated judicial review of

security and the operation of

political parties in 1988.

Accused the Jews of causingthe currency crises of 1997.

Charged Awar Ibrahim with

corruption and sodomy in 1998.

Deputy Anwar Ibrahimspent six years in jail on

dubious charges.

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CurrentP

rime Minister Received a B.A. in IslamicStudies. He includes bin Haji inhis full name.

His backing of Team B in theUMNO split led to his loosing his

post as Mahatirs Minister ofDefense.

Was considered fully rehabilitatedwhen he was appointed to replaceAnwar Ibrahim as MahatirsDeputy P.M. for Home Affairs.

Mahatir has been critical of hisperformance on the Proton and

the bridge to Singapore.

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

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Questions Q1. What was the source of Chinese discontent that led tothe insurgency?

A1. The feared lose of legal status.

Q2. The British success in combating the insurgency wasbased on what five factors?

A2. (1). Less than 20% of Chinese population supportedthe insurgents. (2). Guerrillas easily distinguished. (3).MCA offered a political solution. (4). The insurgents

received little outside support. (5). The Briggs Plan. Q3. Who was the first P.M. of the Federation of Malaysia?

A3. Tunku Abdul Rahman.

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More Questions Q4. What was the Bargain? A4. The Chinese would prevail economically; the

Malays would prevail politically.

Q5. What was the purpose of the enlargedFederation of Malaysia?

A5. To give Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah asecure home as Britain pulled out.

Q6. Why was Singapore expelled from theFederation of Malaysia?

A6. Lee Kuan Yew threatened the bargain bydemanding a Malaysian Malaysia.

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And More Questions Q7. What was the cause of the 1969 Riots? A7. An Anti-Alliance celebration of the UMNOs

loss of its majority in the parliament.

Q8. What was the Look East policy? A8. Mahatirs decision to look to East Asia in the

future for models of success.

Q9. What were the Dawn Raids on the London

Stock Exchange about?

A9. Regaining national control of companies suchas Guthrie that owned huge plantations and otherassets in Malaysia.

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And Still More Questions Q10. Why did Mahatir charge Anwar Ibrahimwith sodomy and corruption?

A10. He perceived that Anwar was challenging his

leadership. Q11. Why did Mahatir amend the constitution to

eliminate judicial review of security matters andthe operation of political parties.

A11. It was judicial review of UMNO registrationthat led to the party being deregistered. Thisforced a scramble to reregister 50%+ to gaincontrol of the partys assets.

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MalaysianP

oliticalP

arties Two coalitions have ruled Malaysia:

The Alliance (prior to 1969) composed of

UMNO, MCA & MIC

The National Front (Barisan Nasional) (since

1969)

UMNOplus eleven including PAS & DAP.

Malaysia's P.M.s have all come from the

UMNO.

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State Royalty Nine Malay states have ruling sultans.

The King (Yang diPertuan Agong) is elected by

and from among the nine for five years. The Kings powers include ceremony, religious

duties, appointments and delay of legislation.

In 1993, Mahatir was able to gain passage of

legislation placing the sultans under the law. The Attorney Generals consent is required to bring

charges against a sultan and special court must beconvened.

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Legislature

The structure of Malaysias legislature is based onthe British Westminster system.

The P.M. must be a member of the lower house and

command majority support. Lower house is composed of 219 members of which

199 seats are held by the BN (National Front).

The upper house is composed of 70 members, 26appointed by state legislatures and 44 appointed by the

king on recommendation of the P.M.

The upper house is elected for 6 years; the lower houseis elected for 5 years unless parliament is dissolvedsooner.

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Institutions Military. Malaysia has maintained only a

minimal national force. Instead, it has relied on thedefense arrangements with British and Anglo-Malayan Defense Agreement (Singapore, GreatBritain, Australia, and New Zealand).

Women. Consistent with Islamic beliefs, womenonly play a very minor role in public affairs. Thereare a growing number of professional women andwomen have formed auxiliaries to political partieswhich give them some voice.

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Democrtization Malaysia is considered to be only semi-democratic

due to the limitations on civil liberties such as the

Official Secrets Act, Internal Securities Act andSedition Act which prohibit all discussion of

sensitive issues.

The key issue is what are the rights of Malays in a

polycommunal society.

The success of the Malaysian economy has

mitigated demands for equality.

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Economic Development The standard of living has improved immenselyfor the average person since 1957. From close toZero, access to piped water, electricity and TV are

all 100%. The Malay poverty level is < 17%. The New Economic Plan (NEP) of 1971 was a 20

year plan to eliminate prosperity as a function ofrace. It sought rapid growth in the Malay sector

without weakening Chinese enterprise. The NEP also sought to increase the Malay share

of capital ownership to 30%, reduce foreign shareto 30% from 63% and allow a 40% Chinese share.

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Economic Development (Contd) Malaysias economy is a market oriented, export

economy with state ownership of heavy industry,only. Growth rate of GNP has been about 8% in

the 1980s & 90s. Malaysia is the worlds largest exporter of

semiconductors, one of the worlds largestexporters of single-unit air conditioners, textiles

and footwear. Malaysia is considered both a Tiger and a NIC.

The Malaysians must import plantation labor fromIndonesia and Sri Lanka.

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Questions Q1. Name the two political party coalitions that

have ruled Malaysia since 1957.

A1. The Alliance and the National Front. Q2. Does the UMNO suffer from lack of funds?

A2. No. It has large investments in various

businesses.

Q3. How is the King of Malaysia elected?

A3. By and from among the nine Sultans.

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More Questions Q4. The Malaysian upper house (senate) iscomposed of 70 members. How are they selected?

A4. State legislatures appoint 26; the king

appoints 44. Q5. Why is Malaysia considered to be only semi-

democratic?

A5. The lack of civil liberties to discuss sensitive

issues. Q6. Under the NEP, what was the goal for the

Malay capital share of the economy?

A6. 30%. Only 20% has been achieved.

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Still More Questions Q7. What is the disadvantage of being

labeled a newly industrialized country

(NIC)?

A7. Loss of preferential import tariffs.

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The End