STRATEGIES FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE
OIL PALM PLANTING MATERIALS
RAJANAIDU, N & KUSHAIRI, A
MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD
(MPOB)
THIS PRESENTATION COVERS :
1. PRODUCTIVITY OF OIL PALM
* Theoretical
* Crop yields
* National yields
* Plantation yields
2. PLANTING MATERIALS
* D x P (value-added)
* Semi - clonal
* Bi – clonal
* Clonal
* Hybrids and backcrosses
* Transgenic oil palm
* Time frame
3. MOLECULAR BREEDING
* Genetic diversity studies
* Genetic finger – printing
* Mapping and Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)
4. CONCLUSION
Too tall
Difficult to mechanize
Oil quality (I.V. 52)
Linkage Of Oil Palm Sectors
CustomersSeedlings
&
Nursery
R&D
(Tissue
Culture)Estate Mill
Refinery
&
Kernel
Crushing
Oleo-
Chemical
Plant
Speciality
Oils & Fats
Plant
Customers
Customers
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Main components of simulation models of Productivity as applied to oil palm
Radiation at surface
Light interception
Gross assimilation
Maintenance
respiration
Solar radiation
LAI
VDM
Reproductive growth
Vegetative growth
Growth respiration
Growth respiration
BDM
(OIL)
VDM = Vegetative dry matter,
BDM = bunch dry matter,
LAI = Leaf area index
For further details see text.
Yield Classes of Oil Palm
Yield class
Wild groves
Average national yields
Nigeria
Indonesia
Malaysia
Colombia
Papua New Guinea
Good commercial yield: Malaysia
Best experimental yields
Best plots
Best progenies
Best individual palms
Theoretical yield
Oil yield
(t/ha/yr)
0.2
2.1
3.3
3.8
3.6
4.0
5.5
8.6
11.5
14.9
18.5
Source
Ejemba (1989)
MPOB, Oil world (2003)
MPOB, Oil world (2003)
MPOB, Oil world (2003)
MPOB, Oil world (2003)
MPOB, Oil world (2003)
MPOB,
Corley et al. (1976)
Jalani (1999)
MPOB
Corley (1998)
Yield of Different Oil Crops
Crops Oil(kg/ha/yr)
Oil palm 2500 - 7000
Coconut 600 - 2500
Rapeseed 600 - 1000
Olive 500 - 1000
Sunflower 280 - 700
Ground nut 340 - 440
Soyabean 300 - 450
Productivity of Oil Palm and Soybean
15 TIMES !
Productivity Per Hectare
Crop
Soybean
Oil Palm
Yield/ha
3t
4t
Gross(US$)
600 (3 x 200)
1,400 (4 x 350)
Cost of
Prod.(US$)
300 (3 x 100)
1,000 (4 x 250)
Net (US$)
300 (3 x 100)
400 (4 x 100)
Productivity Per Man
Crop
Soybean
Oil Palm
Yield/ha
3t
4t
Ha/man
200
10
Total (t)
600
40
Gross (US$)
120, 000
14,000
Net (US$)
60, 000
4,000
Soybean and Oil Palm Yields
In Selected Countries (t/ha)
Country
USA (Soy)
Argentina (Soy)
Brazil (Soy)
Malaysia (Palm Oil)
03/04F
2.65
2.72
2.77
3.83
02/03
2.54
2.78
2.78
3.83
01/02
2.66
2.64
2.62
3.87
99/00
2.46
2.41
2.50
3.85
00/01
2.56
2.63
2.80
3.73
Source : Oil World Annual (2003)
Oil Palm Yield (t/ha)
Country
Colombia
Ecuador
Costa Rica
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Papua New Guinea
03/04F
3.79
2.43
3.51
3.27
2.77
3.83
3.92
02/03
3.59
2.15
3.54
3.30
2.69
3.83
4.03
01/02
3.97
2.01
3.50
3.26
2.90
3.87
4.39
00/01
3.91
2.24
3.59
3.19
2.56
3.73
4.69
Oil Palm Yield (t/ha)
Source : Oil World Annual (2003)
Country
Colombia
Ecuador
Costa Rica
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Papua New Guinea
03/04F
580
250
144
12700
9600
620
325
02/03
528
217
140
11908
9020
590
318
01/02
548
201
138
11804
8030
620
329
00/01
524
222
138
10804
7050
525
336
Palm Oil Production (1000t)
Source : Oil World Annual (2003)
Time-frame and oil palm material development
Time frame (yrs)
1-15
5-15
10-15
>15
Type of materials
DXP seeds
Semi/bi-clonal seeds
Clones via solid medium and
liquid suspension culture
Transgenic palms
Current planting material
Genetic Background of DxP
Deli dura x Avros
Deli dura x Yangambi (718, EX5, H5, EX5xF5)
Deli dura x Ekona (2/2311)
Deli dura x WT (Nifor 32.3005)
Deli dura x La Me (L2T)
Deli dura x Dumpy Avros pisifera
Deli dura x URT pisifera
Deli dura x Nigerian population 12 pisifera
Germplasm Collections
Elaeis guineensisNigeria
AngolaZaire
Tanzania
Cameroon
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Senegal
Gambia
MadagascarGhana
Africa
Strategies to utilize elite germplasm
Direct selection of individuals
• cloning
• introgression
Progeny testing (duras, teneras, pisiferas)
• Deli Duras x Nigerian Teneras
• Deli Duras x Nigerian Pisiferas
• African Duras x AVROS etc.
• African Duras x African Pisiferas
Broaden genetic base of Deli duras
Broaden genetic base of current teneras/pisiferas
Foundation breeding programme
Value Addition For Oil
Highest oil bearing species
Past 10 years oil yield/ha/yr was
stagnant in Malaysia (3.5t/ha)
Yield improvement is vital to be
competitive.
New germplasm tested extensively
with industry
110105F 21
103119R 1112113E 41
108110L 10113105F 12
109114R 6115108E 11
Oil Yield
(% over SC 3)
FFB
(% over SC 3)ProgenyOil Yield
(% over SC 1)
FFB
(% over SC 1)Progeny
• Progeny E 11 (highest oil yield) was reproduced as FS 1 DxP
for large scale testing
Performance of Deli dura x NPM tenera and
NPM dura x AVROS peskier crosses
Progeny E 11 (Ulu Remis x 18-8)
* Highest oil yield
* Slower height increment (0.34 m/yr)
10 year-old palm
Relative Performance Of Deli-NPM x Yangambi
-100Deli x Yangambi (SC 3)
295 – 9997Yangambi-NPM x Yangambi
1-88NPM x AVROS
1-115NPM x La Me
1471 – 130108 + 4NPM x Yangambi
13104 – 118112 + 1Deli-NPM x La Me
696 – 111103 + 3Deli-NPM x NPM
876 – 10193 + 3Deli-NPM x AVROS
3956 – 173115 + 4Deli-NPM x Yangambi
RangeMean + S.E.
Number of
progenies
involved
FFB
Group
Source : Chin , C. W (2003)
Deli-NPM x Yangambi (Prog. HOR)
- FFB 30% > SC 1
Reduction In Stem Height
Deli x AVORS, Deli x Yangambi, Deli x Ekona, Deli x Calabar (common planting materials)
Height Increment 45 – 75 cm/yr
Dwarf genes in MPOB germplasm collection (Population 12, E. oleifera)
Progeny Test Deli Duras with Nigerian teneras (Trial 0.864)
Date Planted : August 1993 Material : D x T NGA Breeding Design : Selfs Statistical Design : RCBD Location: EPA Rengam
FAMILY PEDIGREE FFB
(kg/p/yr)
(1997-2002)
MFW
(g)
M/F
(%)
O/B
(%)
K/B
(%)
O/P/Y
(kg)
HT
(m)
(2001)
01DT83
01DT84
02DT79
02DT86
03DT73
03DT78
04DT80
05DT82
06DT74
07DT77
R-6-49CX0.150/454(10.13)
R-103-27FX0.150/451(10.13)
R-10-2BX0.150/6566(18.04)
R-9-64CX0.150/6566(18.04)
R-48-18EX0.150/7748(15.23)
R-40-3BX0.150/7748(15.23)
R-118-
21MX0.150/1791(18.08)
R-121-
28MX0.150/2190(18.23)
R-13-35AX0.150/2422(10.02)
R-62-6EX0.150/7788(15.23)
132
168
185
175
169
163
164
178
176
181
8.4
8.8
9.9
9.2
8.1
9.1
8.9
8.2
10.3
9.6
80.6
77.4
85.9
80.3
79.7
83.4
81.1
76.3
88.7
86.6
25.1
24.2
26.6
22.9
25.4
25.3
27.7
24.6
27.1
27.5
3.9
5.2
3.4
4.3
4.7
3.9
4.9
5.1
2.4
2.9
33.1
40.7
49.2
40.1
42.9
41.3
45.4
43.8
47.7
49.8
1.38
1.17
1.48
1.56
1.76
1.58
1.57
1.41
1.46
1.48
MEAN 169.1 9.1 82.6 25.8 3.9 43.4 1.51
Best cross : FFB 26.8t Ht increment : 25 cm/yr
oil/ha 7.37
High yield progeny DT 77
FFB – 26.8 t/ha (1999-2002)
O/B – 27.5 %
Oil/ha (t) – 7.37
Height increment 25 cm/yr
Progeny Source FFB
(%)
Oil Yield
(%)
R2
SC3
Banting x 12.01
CIRAD x Yangambi
109
100
106
100
Chin et. al (2002) :
• Distinctly shorter
• Smaller canopy (higher density 160-170)
PROGENY TESTING POPULATION 12
Prog. R2 (Banting x 12.01)
* shorter with smaller canopy8 year-old palm
Performance of PS2
FFB
(kg)
O/B
(%)
I.V.
1999 2000 2001 2002
68.7 124.4 213.7 195.3 24.7 56.0
High I.V. duras selfed
Planted in Trial 0.282 at Hulu Paka
Selected high I.V duras and tested with AVROS
Potential FFB yield 31 t/ha
Oil yield 7.8 t/ha
Iodine Value about 56 % (vs 52 %)
Virescens DxP planting materials
Determined by a single gene
Young fruit (green) mature fruit (bright orange)
Good indicator for harvesting ripe bunches
Nigrescens (Dura) x Virescens (Pisifera)
100 % Virescens
Reservation to plant virescens DxP
FFB yield and O/B – no difference
Characteristics of Virescens and Nigrescens DxP
DP
Family
DP413
DP414
DP415
Fruit
Color
Green
Black
Green
Black
Green
Black
%
O/B
30.3
30.1
30.5
30.1
30.6
29.6
7-Year
Mean
FFB/Palm
239
241
226
227
242
238
Year
2000
FFB/Palm
253
260
220
235
237
248
No.
Of
Palms
24
24
17
29
24
24
%
K/B
4.1
4.1
5.6
5.5
5.8
6.6
%
M/F
85.5
85.3
76.4
81.3
80.3
77.6
%
S/F
7.9
8.2
10.4
10.3
11.2
12.7
MFW
(gm)
10.3
11.3
14.3
15.5
12.1
11.0
7-Year
TEP
(kg/p/yr)
78.3
78.5
76.5
75.8
82.5
79.9
Planting
Material
DxDxCI/UA C/SP
DxDxAVROS
DxDxAVROS
DxDxAVROS
DxDxDY-AVROS
DxDxAVROS
DxDxYangambi
DxDxYangambi
DxDxNigeria
Yield Performance of Planting material Reported by
Various Seed Producers in Malaysia
Year
Planted
1962
1964
1968
1970
1979
1979
1988
1991
1991
FFB yield
(t/ha/yr)
22.6
31.0
31.1
31.6
33.3
34.5
35.1
34.8
36.1
O/B
(%)
21.9
23.5
22.1
24.2
25.8
25.8
26.0
31.1
31.9
Oil yield
(t/hha/yr)
4.9
7.3
6.9
7.6
8.6
8.9
9.5
10.8
11.5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
YEAR OF CROPPING (STARTING 36 MONTHS)
FF
B T
ON
NE
S P
ER
HA
.
PROGRESS COMMERCIAL PERFORMANCE OF DxP REPLANTS AT UP Bhd–
1990 Plantings
1980 Plantings
1970 Plantings
1960 Plantings
Semi and bi-clonal seed production
Current DxP - mixture of crosses
Best cross is about 10 – 20% higher than mean
Semi – clonal DxP
Bi - clonal
Dura
clone
Normal
Pisifera
Semi-clonal
DxP
Dura
clone
Pisifera
clone
Bi-clonal
DxP
x
x
Performance of DxP Progenies in Trial 31
No. Progeny
Code
Mean FFB Yield
(6 years)
T/Ha/Year
(6 years mean)
Kg/
palm/
year
T/
ha/
year
Oil
Yield
Palm
Kernel
Yield
Mesocarp/
Fruit
(%)
Shell/
Bunch
(%)
Kernel/
Bunch
(%)
Oil/
D.M
(%)
Oil/
Bunch
(%)
Bunch Characters
1
2
3
4
5
3033
3071
3074
3078*
3082
Trial
179.72
150.90
168.27
207.82
191.15
171.89
24.44
20.52
22.88
28.26
26.00
23.38
29.48
28.60
29.29
28.71
30.10
29.14
78.66
79.54
78.93
78.59
78.53
78.95
4.66
5.86
4.48
4.60
3.71
4.72
5.79
5.86
6.30
6.12
4.94
6.02
84.02
82.59
83.80
83.27
86.31
83.61
1.14
5.87
1.03
1.30
0.96
1.10
7.21
5.87
6.70
8.11
7.82
6.82
* Best cross
Comparative Performance of Semi and Bi clonal Seeds
Type of
Crosses
1st Year Yield
Data (2000)
Av.
Bunch
No.
Kgs. FFB
Per Palm
%
O/B
%
I.V
%
M/F
%
O/DM
%
K/B
Bunch Analysis (2000)
Semi-clonal DP
- B 24
- B 26
- B 29
Weighted Mean
Biclonal DP
Standard Cross DP
(UPB)
1
2
3
7
4
5
16#
1
1
30.8
28.2
29.8
29.8
26.2
4.7
194
179
179
186
181
167
24.4
28.6
26.8
26.2
25.6
Fruit
Size
(g)
6.3
6.0
6.8
6.4
4.8
76.8
78.5
77.7
77.5
75.3
79.2
81.7
79.6
80.0
84.7
52.8
54.8
53.9
53.6
53.7
9.9
9.7
8.7
9.5
10.3
Not Available
Cross – section : Bi-clonal seeds
The main advantages of semi and bi-clonal seed
The cost per seed is much lower than
tissue culture planlets
Need limited tissue culture facilities
Expect 10-20% yield gain compared to
DxP hybrid seeds
Exploit specific combining ability of a cross
Disadvantage
Clones
Clones projected to yield > 30% than DxP
Khaw et. Al. (2000) – showed abnormality < 1%
Yield 24 – 53% and O/B ranged 26 – 30%
Main constraint – to scale up
Recloning and suspension culture provide new
opportunity to scale up
CLONAL OIL PALM PERFORMANCE – FFB YIELD/HA
20
25
30
35
40
45
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7thYear of Harvest (starting 30 months)
FF
B Y
ield
(t/
ha
)
Mean of Top 5 Clones
Mean of 13 Clones
39.8
36.435.235.0
41.6
35.4
41.0
29.5
37.8
27.1
31.3
38.036.0
35.0
OIL YIELD OF UPB CLONES IN TRIALS
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
Year of Harvest (starting 30 months)
Oil Y
ield
(t/
ha)
Mean of Top 5 Clones
Mean of 13 Clones7.9
9.9
10.811.6
10.3 10.18.5
10.5
13.1
11.110.6
12.2
10.7
11.0
Liquid Suspension Culture (LSC)
Potential technique for mass production of
oil palm clones
LSC amenable to produce large number of
planlets
Latest results are promising
Trial Hybrid/Clone FFB O/B I.V.
23.91 Hybrid (128) 167 14.7 70.2
23.94 Hybrid (128) 128 13.7 70.7
23.94 Clone (A – 44) 203 14.6 67.0
23.97 Clone (B22) 258 26.7 65.0
23.97 128 Ortet (307) 225 24.5 76.7
23.97 128 Ortet (123) 254 25.8 72.8
Performance of Interspecific Hybrids
(based on 0.151/128) and clones
IMPROVED F1OG HYBRID WITH BIG FRUITS AND GOOD BUNCH
CHARACTERISTICS (IV = 68) COMPARED WITH E.GUINEENSIS DxP.
Note the Difference in Stem Height at 5+ Years from Planting
Performance of Hybrids (la Cabana)
Oct 1994 – April 2002
Good Area
Average : 21.5 t (12.3 – 30.0)
Poor Area
Average : 15.7 t (8.6 – 23.7)
Extraction rate (%)
Average : 17.96 (15.20 – 21.20)
Androgynous inflorescences on nine-year old OxG palms at
Hacienda La Cabana plantation, Villavicencio, Colombia
TrialYear
planted
No. of
crosse
s
No. of
populat
ions
PC
%
FFB
t/ha
O/B
%
HUGP 1Feb.
199721 8
0.0
7.5
33.3
9.4
15.6
20.1
11.2
18.1
23.8
HUGP
2
Nov.
199710 4
0.0
3.2
9.7
9.5
10.7
14.4
10.0
16.4
20.3
Performance of Embrapa F1 hybrids
in trials HUGP in Ecuador
With assisted pollination.
Values within a cell were arranged according to low, medium and high for the trait.
Underlined fifures indicate highest values within the low, medium and high categories.
PC = bud rot Pudricion del Cogollo, FFB = fresh fruit bunch, O/B = oil to bunch
The Compact Palm(ASD)
Concept
Short Trunk
Short Leaves
High Density Planting(160–200 palms / ha)
Compact
BC2F1
D x P AVROS
9 years after planting(ASD)
Characteristics of High Kernel to Fruit % in
MPOB Nigerian Dura Mother Palms
Palms Progeny FFB yield
(1982 – 86)
KF (%)
0.149/7021 3906 168.9 17.7
0.149/3077 4220 171.2 19.3
0.149/14376 4401 197.7 17.7
0.149/1094 4402 162.2 16.2
0.149/3231 4404 174.8 20.4
0.149/10702 4405 167.1 17.1
0.149/10426 4412 189.5 20.0
Current planting materials 8 - 11
Variation for Carotene content (ppm)
in E. oleifera
Country N Carotene
mean
Content (ppm)
range
Colombia 163 1650 319 – 2989
Panama 143 1949 313 – 3337
Costa Rica 140 2130 376 – 3371
Honduras 36 1285 414 – 2558
Suriname 53 1455 427 - 2722
Elaeis oleifera palms with IV > 80 and
carotene content > 3000 ppm
No. Palm No. Country of origin I.V. Carotene
(ppm)
1 0.211/142 Costa Rica 85.5 3021.1
2 0.211/143 Panama 87.6 3038.8
3 0.211/233 Panama 82.5 3042.5
4 0.211/991 Costa Rica 88.0 3083.5
5 0.211/1212 Panama 86.9 3106.2
6 0.211/1196 Panama 87.6 3110.0
7 0.211/1200 Panama 88.7 3115.6
8 0.211/1051 Costa Rica 88.9 3196.1
9 0.211/1151 Costa Rica 90.7 3208.9
10 0.211/1152 Costa Rica 92.3 3292.8
11 0.211/1144 Panama 88.9 3336.5
12 0.211/1131 Costa Rica 89.0 3377.0
Commercial DxP 50 - 53 500 - 700
VITAMIN E
Anti-cancer properties
CPO contains 600 – 1000ppm tocopherols and
tocotrienols
Collection from Cameron had the highest (>1058 ppm)
Palms > 1300 ppm identified for further breeding.
Tenera (0.151/500) from Population 12 had the highest
total vitamin E of > 2496ppm
This palm is short, ffb (246kg) oil/bunch (22.7%) and
bunch index (0.68)
GANODERMA TOLERANCE
Screened 12 month old seedlings
Most susceptible was progeny PK
2724 (Deli Elmina x Deli Elmina)
Most tolerant & was DxP PK 2567
(Zaire x Cameroon)
Could be used as the benchmark
to screen progenies
Ganoderma tolerance PALM Insects Resistance
Total Dry Matter Production
(TDMP)
Low Height
Biomass
Vegetative Reproductive YieldHigh
Bunch index
FFB Stalk/Spikelet
Long Stalk
Biomass
FRUITNon- abscission
MESOCARP NUT
KERNEL SHELL
High I.V
Low Lipase
Vitamin E
Carotene
High
Kernel
Biomass
Value – Addition in Oil Palm
Biomass
Transgenic clones, semi and bi-clonal seeds
Genetic engineering – powerful tool to insert
high value foreign genes into oil palm
MPOB – major project is to alter fatty acid
composition in oil palm
Objective is to reduce the level of palmitic
acid (44 15%) and increase the level of
oleic acid (39 75%)
Genes controlling are being isolated
TENERA
CALLUS
TRANSGENIC OIL PALM
BOMBARDMENT
(Basta gene)
Molecular Markers
Useful for :
Genetic diversity studies
Variety identifacion and pedigree analysis
Genetic mapping and QTL detection
Markers :
Microsatellite
AFLP
RFLP
RAPD
IOI’s Oil Yield
6.00
5.46
4.884.84
4.15
3.72
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (Est)
Oil Yield Trend
Our “Best of the Best”
J.Lalang
Permodalan 2
Terusan Baru
Sg. Sapi
Laukin
Permodalan 1
Baturong 1
Syarimo 3
Sagil
Estates CPO Yield/Ha
(FY03)
7.45
7.32
6.96
6.71
6.67
6.65
6.65
6.57
6.51
Hectare
2222
1800
1628
1212
1973
2123
2700
2316
1723
IOI’s Oil Yield
Peninsular
Malaysia
Sabah
Conclusions
Next 10 – 15 years, major development in
planting material technology
Greater integration of conventional breeding,
tissue culture, genetic engineering and genomics
Gradual shift from DxP hybrid seeds
semi/bi clonal seeds clones transgenic
Possible to improve the productivity and produce
high value nutraceuticals and pharmaceticals