Malcolm Knowles:•Student comes to the learning with rich experience•Student moves toward self-direction inlearning•Student learns best in an experience-rich environment•Student needs to be able to use the learning to solve problems that are meaningful

Student Teacher Examples

Stage 1 Dependent Authority, Coach Coaching with immediate feedback. Drill. Informational lecture. Overcoming deficiencies and resistance.

Stage 2 Interested Motivator, guide Inspiring lecture plus guided discussion. Goal-setting and learning strategies.

Stage 3 Involved Facilitator Discussion facilitated by teacher who participates as equal. Seminar. Group projects.

Stage 4 Self-directed Consultant, delegator

Internship, dissertation, individual work or self-directed study-group.

http://www.longleaf.net/ggrow/SSDL/Model.html#Figure1

The Contextual Approach: Encourages design of learning

environments that incorporate different forms of experience

Allows students to discover meaningful relationships between abstract ideas and practical applications

Enables concepts to be internalized through discovering, reinforcing, and relating

Convergence of intelligence and learning theories suggest similar methods for effective teaching and learning:

Gardner: The mind’s capacity for learning is broader than assumed

Kolb: Individuals have a natural ability to learn through a variety of methods

Caine and Caine: Connectedness is a key to effective learning

Malcolm Knowles—Principles of Andragogy

Most people learn best in a concrete manner involving activities and personal discovery.

Learning is enhanced when new information is presented in familiar contexts.

Most people learn best experientially. Most people learn best through

interpersonal communications, sharing, etc. Transfer of knowledge from one situation to

another is not a given but a skill to be learned.

Traditional Rote learning Skill drill Memorization “Practice makes

perfect” Multiple-choice

tests

ContextualCooperative

learning groupsPeer mentoringStudents gather

data to solve problems

Alternative assessments

Hands-on, activity-based learning

“If someone can figure out the algorithm for a routine job, chances are that it is economic to automate it. Many good, well-paying middle class jobs involve routine work of this kind and are rapidly being automated.”

“A swiftly rising number of American workers at every skill level are in direct competition with workers in every corner of the globe.”

“This is a world in which a very high level of preparation in reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, science, literature, history and the arts will be an indispensible foundation for everything that comes after for most members of the workforce.”