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8/9/2019 Maldives Information Culture: an exploratory study of information provision and access in a small island developing
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Ieg}azv ci K}nelfzfmw
Jmtepznmlz ci Nmjfe elj Flicpnezfcl
Zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm Neajfymw2
El m{tacpezcpv wz}jv ci flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl elj eggmww fl e wneaa
fwaelj jmymactflh wzezm
Enflezk Pfver
Zkfw zkmwfw fw tpmwmlzmj icp zkm Jmhpmm ci
Newzmp ci Tkfacwctkv +Nmjfe elj Flicpnezfcl&
ci
G}pzfl ]lfympwfzv ci Zmgklcachv
Im`p}epv 0446
8/9/2019 Maldives Information Culture: an exploratory study of information provision and access in a small island developing
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ff
Jmgaepezfcl
Zc zkm `mwz ci nv olcxamjhm elj `mafmi zkfw zkmwfw gclzeflw lc nezmpfea tpmyfc}wav t}`afwkmj
`v elv czkmp tmpwcl m{gmtz xkmpm j}m egolcxamjhnmlz kew `mml nejm,
Zkfw zkmwfw gclzeflw lc nezmpfea xkfgk kew `mml eggmtzmj icp zkm exepj ci elv czkmp jmhpmm
cp jftacne fl elv }lfympwfzv,
Wfhlez}pm2 ,
Jezm2 ,
8/9/2019 Maldives Information Culture: an exploratory study of information provision and access in a small island developing
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fff
E`wzpegz
Zkm zkmwfw m{tacpmw zkm pmaezfclwkft `mzxmml flicpnezfcl g}az}pm elj jmymactnmlz zc
kfhkafhkz epmew fl flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl elj eggmww zkez lmmj zc `m ejjpmwwmj fl zkm wneaa
fwaelj jmymactflh wzezm ci zkm Neajfymw,
Zkm wz}jv }wmw e nf{mj nmzkcjw ettpcegk, E u}elzfzezfym w}pymv ci e p}pea gcnn}lfzv elj
zkm }p`el gcnn}lfzv gcaamgzmj jeze cl zkmfp flicpnezfcl }wm! eggmww! elj exepmlmww,
U}eafzezfym fl.jmtzk flzmpyfmxw xfzk omv flicpnezfcl wzeomkcajmpw fl zkm gc}lzpv
w}ttamnmlzmj zkfw! hfyflh flwfhkzi}a flicpnezfcl cl kcx zkm pmamyelz fww}mw ez kelj xmpm
`mflh ejjpmwwmj `v zkm pmamyelz hcymplnmlz jmtepznmlzw,
Zkm pmw}azw pmymea zkez tmctam fl zkm }p`el getfzea ci zkm Neajfymw keym n}gk `mzzmp eggmww zcflicpnezfcl wc}pgmw zkel nmn`mpw ci zkm p}pea gcnn}lfzv, Zkm zeom.}t ci FGZw fw tpcnfwflh
elj fntamnmlzezfcl ci flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw pmneflw e kfhk tpfcpfzv, Zkm w}pymv eawc ic}lj
ncpm ipmu}mlz }wm ciicpnea gkellmaw ci flicpnezfcl `v zkm }p`el gcnn}lfzv xkfam zkm
p}pea gcnn}lfzv tpmjcnflelzav pmafmw cl ymp`ea cp flicpnea flicpnezfcl m{gkelhm, Zkm
fjmlzfifmj gkeaamlhmw fl zkm tpcyfwfcl ci flicpnezfcl flfzfezfymw flga}jm zkm hmchpetkfgea
jfwtmpwfcl ci zkm gc}lzpv! aego ci flicpnezfcl exepmlmww elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv!
nfweafhlnmlz ci flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw xfzk zkm lmmjw! iflelgfea elj k}nel pmwc}pgmw
gclwzpeflzw! elj zkm aego ci ettpctpfezm flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw,
Zkm nebcp gclga}wfclw mnelezflh ipcn zkfw wz}jv epm zkez zkm jfiimpmlgm fl zkm gcnn}lfzfmw
fl zkmfp flicpnezfcl c}zacco fw zkez ci amyma ci eggmww! lcz fl zkm egz}ea }wehm! elj zkez zkmpm fw
e wzpclh cpea g}az}pm ci flicpnezfcl m{gkelhm xfzk e gew}ea pmejflh ettpcegk,
Zkm pmw}azw ci zkfw wz}jv xfaa `m }wmi}a zc flicpn tcafgv neoflh fl ejjpmwwflh zkm jfwtepfzfmw
`mzxmml zkm p}pea elj }p`el gcnn}lfzfmw elj fl zkm hmlmpea flzpcj}gzfcl ci flicpnezfcl
wmpyfgmw pmamyelz zc zkm Neajfymw,
8/9/2019 Maldives Information Culture: an exploratory study of information provision and access in a small island developing
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fy
Egolcxamjhmnmlzw
e
Zkfw kew `mml e xcljmpi}a bc}plmv! lcz eaxevw mewv `}z lcz zcc jfiifg}az mfzkmp, Fz xew zkm
`eaelgflh ci wz}jfmw xfzk ienfav elj ipfmljw fl Tmpzk ew xmaa ew zkm flwzelz claflm gkezw!
pmh}aep WNWw elj zkm tpmgfc}w pmea.zfnm gclympwezfclw xfzk ienfav elj ipfmljw `ego kcnm!
fl zkm Neajfymw! zkez omtz nm hcflh,
Nv gkfajpmlw fllcgmlgm `pc}hkz en}wmnmlz elj k}nc}p ez zfnmw xkml F xew jmwtefpmj!
elj u}mwzfclmj nv e`fafzv zc gcntamzm zkfw tpcbmgz, Neef nejm fz wc}lj wc wfntam, F gel
lmymp icphmz kfn ewoflh clm ncplflh nennf% Kcx nelv ncpm xcpjw keym vc} hcz zc
xpfzm3 Zkfw xew clav epc}lj zkm lflzk nclzk flzc nv xpfzflh, Fjk} nejm w}pm F lmymp wez
xfzk zkm tetmpw icp zcc aclhicp km gellcz wzelj elvzkflh `}z nv i}aa ezzmlzfcl cl kfn elj
kfn clav xkml km fw epc}lj, Nccwe! nv k}w`elj! nejm nv afim kmpm wc n}gk mewfmp `v
`mflh eaxevw kmati}a elj }ljmpwzeljflh, Zkmfp afim xew jfwp}tzmj icp zkm weom ci nv
egejmnfg en`fzfclw, Lclmzkmamww! F afom zc `mafmym zkez zkm zfnm fl Tmpzk kew `mml pmxepjflh
elj e ameplflh bc}plmv icp zkmn ew n}gk ew fz kew `mml icp nm,
F en eawc m{zpmnmav hpezmi}a zc nv w}tmpyfwcp! Jp, Omppv Wnfzk! icp h}fjflh nm fl zkm pfhkz
jfpmgzfcl elj eaxevw xfzk w}gk k}nc}p ew xmaa ew ympv wzpefhkzicpxepj elj kclmwz gpfzfgfwn
xkmlmymp F xew jmyfezflh ipcn zkm pfhkz zpego, Nv bc}plmv xew eawc mewmj `v zkm pmwmepgk
xcpowkctw gclj}gzmj `v zkm G}pzfl K}nelfzfmw Hpej}ezm Wz}jfmw Ciifgm ew xmaa ew zkmgeljfjegv xcpowkctw gclj}gzmj `v Jp, Zfn Jcafl, F xc}aj eawc afom zc zkelo zkm wzeii ez zkm
Ameplflh Gmlzpm! mwtmgfeaav Jp, Bckl Ifmajmp icp kfw gclzfl}c}w w}ttcpz fl mjfzflh nv xcpo,
E wtmgfea zkelo vc} fw eawc j}m zc Bmllfimp Aeacp icp kmp ewwfwzelgm xfzk WTWW jeze`ewm wmz}t,
Nv wflgmpm hpezfz}jm fw eawc j}m zc zkm E}wzpeafel Hcymplnmlz icp gclwfjmpflh nm xcpzkv ci
zkm Amejmpwkft Exepj! elj F zkelo E}wEFJ afefwcl ciifgmpw elj czkmp w}ttcpz wzeii ez G}pzfl
Flzmplezfclea Ciifgm icp zkmfp jmjfgezfcl icp c}p xmaa`mflh,
F zkelo nv gcaameh}mw! mwtmgfeaav Zfn! Afen! Wgczz! elj Havlfw xkc eaxevw wkcxmj el
flzmpmwz fl nv tpchpmww elj fl nv hmlmpea xmaa`mflh, F eawc zkelo zkm Neajfyfel gcnn}lfzv
fl Tmpzk icp neoflh afim kmpm nmncpe`am, E wtmgfea lczm ci zkelow fw j}m zc! Eopen! Ezkfie!
Ier! Nccwe! ) Wkei} icp kmatflh nm c}z xfzk zkm tfaczflh ci zkm w}pymv u}mwzfcllefpm,
Fl wkcpz! zkfw zkmwfw fw lcz b}wz nv cxl xcpo, Fz kew fzw egejmnfg gpmjf`fafzv elj pfhcp ipcn
nv w}tmpyfwcp elj zkm egejmnfg w}ttcpz lmzxcpo? pfgklmww fl flicpnezfcl ipcn zkcwm tmctam
xkc xmpm tewwfclezm mlc}hk zc gclzpf`}zm zc zkm wgkcaepav gcnn}lfgezfcl tpcgmww zkpc}hk
zkmfp xpfzflhw? elj cpfhfleafzv ipcn zkm gclzpf`}zfclw ci zkm tepzfgftelzw ci zkm w}pymvw elj
zkm flzmpyfmxw,
F zkelo vc} eaa icp vc}p gclzpf`}zfcl fl zkfw bc}plmv,
8/9/2019 Maldives Information Culture: an exploratory study of information provision and access in a small island developing
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y
Ze`am ci Gclzmlzw E`wzpegz
Egolcxamjhmnmlzw
Afwz ci Ifh}pmw
Afwz ci Ze`amw
E``pmyfezfclw
Gketzmp 52 Flzpcj}gzfcl 5
5,5 Pmwmepgk u}mwzfclw elj c`bmgzfymw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,55,0 @egohpc}lj zc zkm pmwmepgk ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5
5,0,5 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05,0,0 Zkm Wz}jv Wmzzflh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0
5,7 Pmwmepgk nmzkcj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:5,7,5 Jcg}nmlz eleavwfw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :5,7,0 W}pymv u}mwzfcllefpm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :5,7,7 Wmnf.wzp}gz}pmj flzmpyfmxw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =5,7,: Iflea eleavwfw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =
5,:
Wfhlfifgelgm ci zkm pmwmepgk,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
=5,= Afnfzw ci wgctm elj omv eww}ntzfclw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,9
5,9 Gketzmp c}zaflmw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,9
Gketzmp 02 Afzmpez}pm Pmyfmx ;
0,5 Flicpnezfcl elj jmymactnmlz,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;0,0 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6
0,0,5 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl zkm cphelfwezfclea gclzm{z ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,540,0,0 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm xfzkfl zkm `pcejmp FW afzmpez}pm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,550,0,7 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl e wcgfmzea gclzm{z,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5:0,0,: Mamnmlzw ci el flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 59
Fljfhmlc}w Olcxamjhm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
59
FGZw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 58
Flicpnezfcl afzmpegv# FGZ afzmpegv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5;
Pmwmepgk elj T}`afgezfcl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 56
Af`pepfmw elj flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 04
Neww Nmjfe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05
Flicpnezfcl Tcafgfmw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05
0,7 Pcam ci af`pepfmw ) flicpnezfcl afzmpegv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,070,: M{entamw ci flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw elj flicpnezfcl flfzfezfymw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0=
0,:,5 Zmamgmlzpmw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0=0,:,0 Flfzfezfymw fl czkmp gc}lzpfmw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 09
0,= Gclga}wfcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,74
Gketzmp 72
@egohpc}lj zc zkm pmwmepgk 75
7,5 Hcymplelgm elj amhfwaez}pm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,757,0 Hmchpetkv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,707,7 Mgclcnv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,707,: Aelh}ehm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,777,= Mj}gezfcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7:7,9 Afzmpegv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7=7,8 Pmafhfcl elj ameplflh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7=7,; Cpea zpejfzfcl elj g}az}pm ci ameplflh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,797,6 Neww nmjfe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7;7,54 Pmwmepgk elj jmymactnmlz elj fljfhmlc}w olcxamjhm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,76
7,55
FGZw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
:4
7,50 Af`pepv elj Flicpnezfcl Wmpyfgmw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:0
8/9/2019 Maldives Information Culture: an exploratory study of information provision and access in a small island developing
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yf
7,57 Flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw elj wzeljepjw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:77,5: W}nnepv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,::
Gketzmp :2 Pmwmepgk Jmwfhl :=
:,5 Efnw elj c`bmgzfymw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:=
:,0
Nmzkcjcachv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
:=
:,7 Pmwmepgk nmzkcjw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:8:,7,5 Afzmpez}pm pmyfmx elj jcg}nmlz eleavwfw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:8:,7,0 W}pymv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :8
Wentaflh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :;
Pmwmepgk Flwzp}nmlz . zkm w}pymv u}mwzfcllefpm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=5
Tfaczflh elj pmiflflh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0
W}pymv Ejnflfwzpezfcl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =7
Afnfzezfclw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =:
Eleavwfw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =:
:,7,7 Wmnf.wzp}gz}pmj flzmpyfmxw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =:Pmgp}fznmlz ci flzmpyfmxmmw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9
Flzmpyfmx h}fjm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =8
Fntamnmlzezfcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
=;
Afnfzezfclw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =;
Eleavwfw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =6
:,: Mzkfgea Fww}mw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=6:,:,5 Mzkfgea fww}mw gclgmplflh pmwmepgk tepzfgftelzw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,94:,:,0 Mzkfgea fww}mw pmaezflh zc zkm pmwmepgkmp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 95
:,= Gclga}wfcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,95
Gketzmp =2 Pmw}azwW}pymv 90
=,5 Cympyfmx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,90=,0 Tepzfgftelz pmgp}fznmlz ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,97
=,0,5
Zkm p}pea gcnn}lfzv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
97
=,0,0 Zkm }p`el gcnn}lfzv . Nea ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9==,0,7 Pmwtclwm pezm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9;=,0,: U}mwzfcllefpm ejnflfwzpezfcl nmzkcj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 96
=,7 Tepz F2 Jmnchpetkfg jeze ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,85=,7,5 Hmljmp,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85=,7,0 Ehm jfwzpf`}zfcl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85=,7,7 Mj}gezfclea amyma,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80=,7,: Cgg}tezfcl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8:
=,: Tepz FF2 Eggmww zc flicpnezfcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,89=,:,5 Gcnn}lfgezfcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 89=,:,0 ZY#pejfc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 86=,:,7 Gcnt}zmp cxlmpwkft elj }wm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;4=,:,:
Pmejflh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
;;
=,:,= Af`pepv ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 68
=,= Tepz FFF2 Flicpnezfcl lmmjw elj }wm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,544=,=,5 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 544=,=,0 Yea}m ci flicpnezfcl elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,554=,=,7 Flicpnezfcl wkepflh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 557
=,9 W}nnepv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,55:
Gketzmp 92 Pmw}azw . Flzmpyfmxw 556
9,5 Cympyfmx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5569,0 Flzmpyfmx c}zgcnmw ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,504
9,0,5
Flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw tpcyfjmj `v zkm cphelfwezfclw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
505Zkm Lezfclea Af`pepv +LA& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 505
Nflfwzpv ci Amhea Pmicpn! Flicpnezfcl elj Epzw +NAPFE& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,500
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yfff
Afwz ci Ifh}pmw
Gketzmp 0
Ifh}pm 0,52 Mamnmlzw ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm 59
Gketzmp =
Ifh}pm =,52 Ehm jfwzpf`}zfcl ci zkm w}pymv pmwtcljmlzw 85
Ifh}pm =,02 Gcntepfwcl ci mj}gezfclea amyma 80
Ifh}pm =,72 Gcntepfwcl ci mj}gezfcl amyma elj ehm 87
Ifh}pm =,:2 El m{entam ci kcx zkm gezmhcpfgea u}mwzfclw keym `mml elwxmpmj `v zkmpmwtcljmlzw 88
Ifh}pm =,=2 Gcntepfwcl ci zkm }wehm ci Flzmplmz flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw ;9
Ifh}pm =,92 Kcx gcnt}zmp#Flzmplmz fw }zfafwmj `v zkcwm xkc }wm zkmwm iegfafzfmw ;8
Ifh}pm =,82 Pmejflh tezzmpl 65
Ifh}pm =,;2 Pmejflh nezmpfea v hmljmp 60
Ifh}pm =,62 Eggmww zc elj }wm ci t}`afg af`pepv 6;
Ifh}pm =,542 Flicpnezfcl lmmjw ci zkm tepzfgftelzw icp zkmfp jev.zc.jev egzfyfzfmw 545
Ifh}pm =,552 Gcntepfwcl ci wc}pgmw ci flicpnezfcl zc ommt }t.zc.jezm xfzk lmxw 547
Ifh}pm =,502 Gcntepfwcl ci wc}pgmw ci flicpnezfcl cl kmeazk fww}mw 54:
Ifh}pm =,572 Gcntepfwcl ci wc}pgmw icp flicpnezfcl cl eazmplezfym nmzkcjw ci nmjfgflm 549
Ifh}pm =,5:2 Gcntepfwcl ci wc}pgmw zc hmz flicpnezfcl cl mntacvnmlz 548
Ifh}pm =,5=2 Gcntepfwcl ci wc}pgmw ci flicpnezfcl icp gcnn}lfzv wmpyfgmw elj egzfyfzfmw 54;
Ifh}pm =,592 Ienfafepfzv xfzk af`pepv! ccowzcpmw ) Flzmplmz 554
Ifh}pm =,582 Yea}m ci flicpnezfcl elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv 557
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f{
Afwz ci Ze`amw
Gketzmp 7
Ze`am 7,52 Gcnn}lfgezfclw wletwkcz ci zkm Neajfymw :4
Gketzmp :
Ze`am :,52 Fwaelj.wfrm pmeojcxl :6
Gketzmp =
Ze`am =,52 Hmljmp pmtpmwmlzezfcl ipcn czk w}pymv gcnn}lfzfmw 9;
Ze`am =,02 Wzezfwzfgw cl pmwtclwm pezmw elj u}mwzfcllefpm gcntamzfcl pezmw 9;
Ze`am =,72 Zkm nmzkcj ci u}mwzfcllefpm gcntamzfcl 96
Ze`am =,:2 Gcppmaezfcl mzxmml zkm u}mwzfcllefpm gcntamzfcl nmzkcj elj
mj}gezfcl amyma ci tepzfgftelzw 84
Ze`am =,=2 Gcppmaezfcl mzxmml zkm u}mwzfcllefpm ejnflfwzpezfcl nmzkcj elj ehm 84
Ze`am =,92 Ehm jfwzpf`}zfcl ci zkm w}pymv pmwtcljmlzw 85
Ze`am =,82 Mj}gezfcl amyma ci zkm w}pymv pmwtcljmlzw 80
Ze`am =,;2 Mj}gezfclea u}eafifgezfclw heflmj e`pcej 8:
Ze`am =,62 Cgg}tezfclea wzez}w ci zkm tepzfgftelzw 8:
Ze`am =,542 Mntacvnmlz wmgzcp icp zkcwm pmwtcljmlzw xkc xmpm mntacvmj 8=
Ze`am =,552 Gcnn}lfgezfcl iegfafzfmw }wmj 89
Ze`am =,502 Gcnn}lfgezfcl nmzkcjw }wmj xfzkfl elj `mzxmml gcnn}lfzfmw 8;
Ze`am =,572 Eggmww zc ZY#pejfc elj pmaezmj nmjfe 86
Ze`am =,5:2 Eggmww zc gcnt}zmp elj zkm Flzmplmz ;5
Ze`am =,5=2 Gpcww ze`}aezfcl icp eggmww ympw}w }wm ci gcnt}zmpw ;0
Ze`am =,592 Flzmplmz eggmww elj }wehm ;7
Ze`am =,582 Flzmplmz flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw }wmj `v zkm w}pymv gcnn}lfzfmw ;=
Ze`am =,5;2 Zkm }wm ci gcnt}zmp#Flzmplmz! xkmpm fz fw }wmj ;9
Ze`am =,562 Gpcww ze`}aezfcl . Mymp }wmj e gcnt}zmp3 ]wm zkm Flzmplmz3 ;8
Ze`am =,042 Amyma ci aelh}ehm tpcifgfmlgv ;;
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{
Ze`am =,052 Amyma ci pmejflh fl `czk gcnn}lfzfmw ;6
Ze`am =,002 Mj}gezfclea amyma ci zkm pmwtcljmlzw elj xkez zkmv pmej 65
Ze`am =,072 Zkm lmxwtetmpw#neherflmw afwzmj `v zkm pmwtcljmlzw 67
Ze`am =,0:2 Lmxwtetmp w}`wgpftzfcl 6:
Ze`am =,0=2 @cco cxlmpwkft 6=
Ze`am =,092 W}`bmgz nezzmp ci `ccow cxlmj 6=
Ze`am =,082 Pmewclw icp lcz cxlflh `ccow 69
Ze`am =,0;2 Eggmww zc af`pepfmw elj af`pepv }wm 68
Ze`am =,062 Pmewclw icp lcz }wflh zkm t}`afg af`pepv 66
Ze`am =,742 Flicpnezfcl pmu}fpmnmlz icp jev.zc.jev egzfyfzfmw 544
Ze`am =,752 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw zkez nmmz flicpnezfclea lmmjw ci zkm pmwtcljmlzw 545
Ze`am =,702 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw }wmj zc ommt }t.zc.jezm xfzk lmxw 540
Ze`am =,772 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw }wmj icp flicpnezfcl cl kmeazk fww}mw 54:
Ze`am =,7:2 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw }wmj icp flicpnezfcl cl eazmplezfym nmzkcjw ci nmjfgflm 54=
Ze`am =,7=2 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw }wmj icp flicpnezfcl cl mntacvnmlz 549
Ze`am =,792 Flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw }wmj icp flicpnezfcl cl gcnn}lfzv wmpyfgmw elj egzfyfzfmw 548
Ze`am =,782 Ienfafepfzv xfzk zkm wzezmj flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw 546
Ze`am =,7;2 Yea}m ci flicpnezfcl elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv 555
Ze`am =,762 Flicpnezfcl wkepflh +kew zkmpm `mml elv flgfjmlz fl vc}p afim vc} xelzmj zc
wkepm3& 557
Ze`am =,:42 Kcx flicpnezfcl fw wkepmj 55:
Gketzmp 8
Ze`am 8,52 Mlhafwk aelh}ehm tpcifgfmlgv! mj}gezfclea amyma elj ehm 5=5
Ze`am 8,02 Mj}gezfclea amyma elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv 5=7
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{f
E``pmyfezfclw
EJ@ Ewfel Jmymactnmlz @elo
@JKPA @}pme} ci Jmncgpegv! K}nel Pfhkzw! elj Ae`cpMAFW Mympvjev Afim Flicpnezfcl Wmmoflh
HJT Hpcww Jcnmwzfg Tpcj}gz
F@ Flicpnezfcl @mkeyfc}p
FGZ Flicpnezfcl elj Gcnn}lfgezfcl Zmgklcachv
FGZw Flicpnezfcl elj Gcnn}lfgezfcl Zmgklcachfmw
FW Flicpnezfcl Wz}jfmw
FZ Flicpnezfcl Zmgklcachv
AJG Amewz Jmymactmj Gc}lzpfmw
AFW Af`pepv elj Flicpnezfcl Wz}jfmw
NGKM Neajfymw Gcaamhm ci Kfhkmp Mj}gezfcl
NGWZ Nflfwzpv ci Gcnn}lfgezfcl Wgfmlgm elj Zmgklcachv
NAPFE Nflfwzpv ci Amhea Pmicpn! Flicpnezfcl elj Epzw
NAPFE5 Flzmpyfmxmm 5 ipcn NAPFE
NAPFE0 Flzmpyfmxmm 0 ipcn NAPFE
NcFE Nflfwzpv ci Flicpnezfcl elj Epzw
NTLJ Nflfwzpv ci Taellflh elj Lezfclea Jmymactnmlz
LGFZ Lezfclea Gmlzpm icp Flicpnezfcl Zmgklcachv
LGFZ5 Flzmpyfmxmm ipcn LGFZ
LGAKP Lezfclea Gmlzpm icp Aflh}fwzfg elj Kfwzcpfgea Pmwmepgk
LGAKP5 Flzmpyfmxmm ipcn LGAKP
LGAFW Lezfclea Gcnnfwwfcl ci Af`pepfmw elj Flicpnezfcl Wgfmlgm
LA Lezfclea Af`pepv
LA5 Flzmpyfmxmm 5 ipcn LA
LA0 Flzmpyfmxmm 0 ipcn LA
CFI Cphelfwezfcl Flzmplezfcleam jm ae Ipelgctkclfm
PGE Pmejflh elj G}az}pea Egzfyfzv
ZEN Zmamgcnn}lfgezfclw E}zkcpfzv ci Neajfymw
ZYN Zmamyfwfcl Neajfymw
]LMWGC ]lfzmj Lezfclw Mj}gezfclw! Wgfmlzfifg elj G}az}pea Cphelfwezfcl
]LFGMI ]lfzmj Lezfclw Flzmplezfclea Gkfajpml(w Mnmphmlgv I}lj
YcN Ycfgm ci Neajfymw
XWFW Xcpaj W}nnfz cl zkm Flicpnezfcl Wcgfmzv
XXX Xcpaj Xfjm Xm`
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5
Gketzmp 52 Flzpcj}gzfcl
Zkfw zkmwfw fw el m{tacpezcpv wz}jv cl flicpnezfcl eggmww elj }wm fl zkm wneaa fwaelj
jmymactflh wzezm ci zkm Neajfymw elj tpctcwmw flymwzfhezfcl ci zkm Neajfymw flicpnezfcl
g}az}pm zc ejjpmww zkm fww}mw ci eggmww zc elj }wm ci flicpnezfcl, Zkfw gketzmp flzpcj}gmw zkm
zctfg elj tpmwmlzw zkm pmwmepgk u}mwzfclw elj zkm wtmgfifg c`bmgzfymw icp zkm wz}jv, Fz eawc
flga}jmw e `pfmi flzpcj}gzfcl ci zkm pmwmepgk nmzkcjcachv elj c}zaflmw zkm wfhlfifgelgm ci
zkfw pmwmepgk, Zkm afnfzezfclw elj eww}ntzfclw zkez xmpm nejm fl cpjmp zc geppv c}z zkm wz}jv
epm eawc fjmlzfifmj, Zkm iflea wmgzfcl tpcyfjmw el c}zaflm ci zkm zkmwfw,
5,5 Pmwmepgk u}mwzfclw elj c`bmgzfymw
Zkm efn ci zkfw wz}jv fw zc m{tacpm zkm pmaezfclwkft `mzxmml flicpnezfcl g}az}pm elj
jmymactnmlz! elj zc kfhkafhkz epmew fl flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl elj eggmww zkez lmmj zc `m
ejjpmwwmj fl zkm Neajfymw, Zkm pmwmepgk u}mwzfclw icp zkfw wz}jv zkmpmicpm epm2
+5& Kcx miimgzfym epm zkm m{fwzflh elj taellmj flicpnezfcl flfzfezfymw fl taegm fl zkm
Neajfymw3 elj
+0& Xkez gkelhmw epm pmu}fpmj fl zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm gc}lzpv zc amej zc
jmymactnmlz3
Zkm wtmgfifg c`bmgzfymw ci zkfw wz}jv epm zc2
5, jmiflm elj myea}ezm zkm tpmwmlz flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm Neajfymw?
0, flymwzfhezm zkm pmamyelz flicpnezfcl flfzfezfymw fl taegm?
7, flymwzfhezm zkm pmamyelz flicpnezfcl flfzfezfymw taellmj?
:, fjmlzfiv zkm flicpnezfcl lmmjw ci zkm tmctam ci zkm Neajfymw?
=, fjmlzfiv zkm gkeaamlhmw ewwcgfezmj xfzk zkm fntamnmlzezfcl ci flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw? elj
9, jpex }t pmgcnnmljezfclw icp zkm i}z}pm jfpmgzfcl ci flicpnezfcl flfzfezfymw,
5,0 @egohpc}lj zc zkm pmwmepgk
Zkm fntcpzelgm ci flicpnezfcl fl zkm jmymactnmlz tpcgmww fw xmaa jcg}nmlzmj! xkmzkmp fl
el cphelfwezfclea gclzm{z! fl pmaezfcl zc `}wflmww tmpicpnelgm! cp fl zmpnw ci e gc}lzpvw
mgclcnfg jmymactnmlz, Wz}jfmw pmhepjflh zkm fntegz ci flicpnezfcl cl jmymactnmlz keym
`mml geppfmj c}z ew mepav ew 5690 fl zkm ],W, +Amwzmp ) Ocmkamp! 0447&! xfzk e pmgmlz icg}w ci
wfnfaep wz}jfmw efnmj zcxepjw jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw,
Ocpml +5668& ewwmpzw zkez k}nel jmymactnmlz gel `m jfpmgzav aflomj zc zkm jmymactnmlz ci e
lezfcl elj zkez flicpnezfcl fw e `ewfg pfhkz ci mympvclm, Wkepne +044=& jmgaepmw zkez k}nel
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0
jmymactnmlz fw e omv flhpmjfmlz fl mgclcnfg elj tcympzv pmj}gzfcl +t, 5& elj zkez afnfzmj
eggmww zc flicpnezfcl elj pmwc}pgmw fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw! mwtmgfeaav icp zkm tccp! fw e yfzea
iegzcp kfljmpflh k}nel jmymactnmlz, Fz fw `mafmymj zkez! zc egkfmym zkm `mlmifzw ci
flicpnezfcl! jmymactflh lezfclw lmmj zc ewwmww zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm xfzkfl zkm gc}lzpv
+Pewmpcoe! 0445&,
5,0,5 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm
Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw cizml jmwgpf`mj xfzkfl zkm ipenmxcpo ci cphelfwezfclea `mkeyfc}p elj
cphelfwezfclea g}az}pm +Cafymp! 044:&, Fl zkm ifmaj ci flicpnezfcl wz}jfmw! flicpnezfcl g}az}pm
fw ncwz cizml aflomj zc flicpnezfcl afzmpegv elj flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p +Hmljfle! 044:&,
Wflgm g}az}pm pmtpmwmlzw zkm ezzfz}jmw elj `mkeyfc}p zkez epm gkepegzmpfwzfg ci e tepzfg}aep
wcgfea hpc}t cp cphelfrezfcl +Amfjlmp! 0447& icp zkm t}ptcwm ci zkfw wz}jv flicpnezfcl g}az}pm
fw jmiflmj ew zkm ezzfz}jmw! `mafmiw elj `mkeyfc}p zcxepjw flicpnezfcl cxlmpwkft elj
flicpnezfcl }wm,
@ewmj cl zkm afzmpez}pm m{tacpmj +wmm Gketzmp 0&! flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl e jmymactflh gc}lzpv
gclzm{z gel `m w}nnepfwmj ew keyflh e l}n`mp ci gclzpf`}zflh mamnmlzw zc fzw mlpfgknmlz
elj i}aifanmlz, Zkmwm flga}jm fljfhmlc}w olcxamjhm! flicpnezfcl elj gcnn}lfgezfcl
zmgklcachfmw +FGZw&! flicpnezfcl afzmpegv! pmwmepgk ) t}`afgezfcl! af`pepv elj flicpnezfcl
wmpyfgmw! neww nmjfe! elj flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw, Zkm afzmpez}pm eawc w}ttcpzw zkez af`pepfmw elj
flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw taev e tfyczea pcam fl `pflhflh zchmzkmp eaa ci zkmwm mamnmlzw,
Ejjfzfcleaav! eaa ci zkmwm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm mamnmlzw epm wketmj elj flia}mlgmj
wfhlfifgelzav `v flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw fl taegm! `m fz fl ipmmjcn ci flicpnezfcl elj gctvpfhkz
amhfwaezfcl! tezmlzflh! t}`afwkflh wzeljepjw cp elv czkmp wfnfaep tcafgfmw +Imezkmp! 044:&,
E wz}jv gclj}gzmj `v Rkmlh +044=& cl flicpnezfcl g}az}pm elj jmymactnmlz fl Gkfle
gclga}jmw zkez zc zp}av wzmt flzc zkm flicpnezfcl wcgfmzv! jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw lmmj zc ejctz
kcafwzfg ettpcegkmw zkez epm wmlwfzfrmj zcxepjw g}azfyezflh e ncjmpl flicpnezfcl g}az}pm! elj
zc neom flgpmnmlzea wcgfea flwzfz}zfclea gkelhmw eaclhwfjm zmgklcachfgea fllcyezfclw,
Kmlgm! fz fw zkm efn ci zkfw wz}jv zc eleavwm zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm Neajfymw fl zkm
kctm ci fjmlzfivflh gkelhmw pmu}fpmj zc amej flzc el flicpnezfcl wcgfmzv,
5,0,0 Zkm Wz}jv Wmzzflh
Zkm Neajfymw fw e wneaa fljmtmljmlz fwaelj wzezm fl zkm Fljfel Cgmel elj zc}pfwn elj ifwkflh
epm fzw nefl flgcnm.hmlmpezflh egzfyfzfmw, Zkm epgkftmaehc kfwzcpfgeaav xew flke`fzmj `v
@}jjkfwz tmctam! `}z Fwaen xew ejctzmj fl 55=7 elj kew `mml zkm clav pmafhfcl tpegzfgmjwflgm zkml +Nckenmj! 0449`&, Elj fl wtfzm ci keyflh @pfzfwk tpczmgzcpezm wzez}w ipcn 5;;8
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7
zc 569=! zkm Neajfymw aegow zkm gcaclfea fntpflz ew zkm @pfzfwk zcco lc kelj fl zkm flzmplea
ejnflfwzpezfcl ci zkm gc}lzpv +Neaclmv! 5689! t, 9=9&,
Xkfam Jkfymkf fw zkm lezfclea aelh}ehm! elj amhea elj ciifgfea gcppmwtcljmlgmw epm gclj}gzmj
fl Jkfymkf! Mlhafwk fw }wmj ew zkm tpfnepv nmjf}n icp zmegkflh zkpc}hkc}z zkm mj}gezfcleawvwzmn, Zkm gc}lzpv `cewzw e afzmpegv amyma! fl zkm acgea aelh}ehm! ci 6;- icp `czk neamw elj
imneamw +Nflfwzpv ci Taellflh elj Lezfclea Jmymactnmlz +NTLJ&! 044=&,
Zkm gc}lzpv iegmw gclwfjmpe`am gkeaamlhmw fl zkm tpcyfwfcl ci mu}fze`am wmpyfgmw elj
cttcpz}lfzfmw zc fzw tct}aezfcl ci e`c}z 744!444! j}m zc zkm jfwtmpwmj lez}pm ci fzw
hmchpetkfgea aevc}z5, Ci zkm zczea tct}aezfcl! 7:,8- afym cl Nea! zkm getfzea fwaelj, Ncwz
t}`afg wmpyfgmw! w}gk ew wgkccaw elj nmjfgea iegfafzfmw! epm gmlzpmj cl elj epc}lj Nea
+NTLJ! 0440&, Ew Gcllmaa +5667& wzezmw! }lmyml jmymactnmlz elj }p`el `few epm zvtfgea ci
myml zkm wneaamwz fwaelj nfgpcwzezmw +t, 575&,
Zkm mgclcnfg fljfgezcpw ci zkm Neajfymw wkcx e wzmejv pfwm, Kcxmymp! zkm gc}lzpv fw
y}almpe`am zc m{zmplea iegzcpw ew fz pmafmw cl fntcpzw icp fzw `ewfg iccj elj gaczkflh lmmjw, Zkm
pmaezfym fwcaezfcl ci zkm gc}lzpv elj zkm pmnczmlmww ci zkm fwaeljw epm iegzcpw zkez epm
gclwfjmpmj jmzpfnmlzea icp wneaa fwaelj wzezmw fl zkm zpelwfzfcl zc jmymactmj gc}lzpv wzez}w
+Gcllmaa! 5667&, Zkm ejymlz ci zkm Flzmplmz elj zkm Xcpaj Xfjm Xm` +XXX& kew `mml e
tpcnfwflh jmymactnmlz icp gc}lzpfmw afom zkm Neajfymw ew hmchpetkfg fwcaezfcl gel `m
pmj}gmj xfzk zkm }wm ci FGZw, Kcxmymp! zkm gcwzav flipewzp}gz}pm pmu}fpmj zc pmet fzw `mlmifzw
fw kfljmpflh zkm ne{fn}n }wm ci FGZw,
Fl zkm wenm xev ew nelv czkmp gcntepe`am jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw! zkm Neajfymw fw
m{tmpfmlgflh zkm jfhfzea jfyfjm! xkmpm zkm tmctam cl zkm getfzea fwaelj! Nea! keym eggmww zc
elj wofaaw fl zkm }wm ci FGZw! ea`mfz afnfzmj! elj zkcwm cl zkm c}zmp fwaeljw keym n}gk ncpm
gcliflmj eggmww cp lc eggmww ez eaa +Eknmj! 044:&,
Zkm `ewfw ci zkfw wz}jv epfwmw ipcn zkm tmpgmfymj jfiimpmlgm fl zkm amyma ci eggmww zc eljezzfz}jmw zcxepjw flicpnezfcl fl jfiimpmlz gc}lzpfmw xfzk jfiimpflh amymaw ci jmymactnmlz, Zkm
afzmpez}pm w}ttcpzw zkm tpcyfwfcl ci flicpnezfcl ew e tpmpmu}fwfzm zc w}ggmwwi}a lezfclea
jmymactnmlz, Fz fw zkmpmicpm zkm efn ci zkfw wz}jv zc icg}w cl epmew ci flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl
elj eggmww fl zkm Neajfymw zkez lmmj zc `m ejjpmwwmj zc ezzefl zkm ne{fn}n `mlmifz ci zkm
eyefae`am pmwc}pgmw,
5 E net ci zkm Neajfymw fw ez Ettmljf{ 5,
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5,7 Pmwmepgk nmzkcj
Fl zkfw pmhepj! fz fw tpctcwmj zc wz}jv zkm amyma ci eggmww elj }wm ci flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw elj
wmpyfgmw `v zkm Neajfyfel gcnn}lfzv, Zkm wz}jv }wmw e nf{mj nmzkcjw pmwmepgk ettpcegk
xkmpm e amyma ci zpfelh}aezfcl xfaa `m ezzmntzmj zc mlw}pm zkez zkm nmzkcjw epm
gcntamnmlzepv elj zkez zkm ifljflhw elj pmgcnnmljezfclw epm xmaa.ic}ljmj,
Zkm nmzkcjw mntacvmj fl zkfw wz}jv flga}jm zkm icaacxflh2
5,7,5 Jcg}nmlz eleavwfw
Zkm tpmwmlz flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm Neajfymw fw wz}jfmj elj myea}ezmj `ewmj cl eyefae`am
jcg}nmlzezfcl elj ciifgfea pmgcpjw ci cphelfwezfclw xkfgk ciimp flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw elj
xkfgk jmea xfzk flicpnezfcl flipewzp}gz}pm fl zkm Neajfymw, Zkfw fw tpmwmlzmj ew `egohpc}ljzc zkm pmwmepgk! elj tepzav ejjpmwwmw c`bmgzfymw 5! 0! elj 7 ci zkm tpcbmgz, Ejjfzfcleaav! e
afzmpez}pm pmyfmx tpmwmlzw el myea}ezfcl ci jfiimpmlz flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw elj tcafgv
flfzfezfymw fl gc}lzpfmw wfnfaep zc zkm Neajfymw fl jmymactnmlzea wzez}w, Zkfw pmyfmx ci
afzmpez}pm fw eawc }wmj zc ewwfwz fl zkm ipenflh ci zkm w}pymv elj zkm wmnf.wzp}gz}pmj flzmpyfmx
u}mwzfclw,
5,7,0 W}pymv u}mwzfcllefpm
Zc fjmlzfiv zkm flicpnezfcl lmmjw elj flicpnezfcl }wm ci zkm tmctam ci zkm Neajfymw! e zephmz
gcnn}lfzv xew wmamgzmj ipcn e p}pea fwaelj elj ipcn zkm }p`el getfzea! Nea,
Zkm u}mwzfcllefpm efnw zc mwze`afwk zkm amyma ci eggmww elj tmpgmfymj aego ci eggmww zc
flicpnezfcl `v megk gcnn}lfzv, Fz xfaa eawc ewwfwz xfzk el eleavwfw ci afzmpegv ew xmaa ew zkm
flicpnezfcl afzmpegv amymaw ci zkm gcnn}lfzfmw, Zkm afzmpegv amyma fw mntkewfwmj kmpm ew
Mlhafwk afzmpegv wofaaw! wflgm zkm kfhk afzmpegv pezm ci zkm gc}lzpv pmtcpzmj fl ciifgfea
t}`afgezfclw jcmw lcz pmeaav gcflgfjm xfzk aelh}ehm afzmpegv wofaaw lmmjmj icp nmelflhi}a
eggmww zc zkm xfjm eppev ci flicpnezfcl cl zkm Flzmplmz! xkfgk fw tpmjcnflelzav fl zkmMlhafwk aelh}ehm,
Fz fw tpctcwmj zc gclj}gz zkm w}pymv iegm.zc.iegm! zc pmj}gm zkm lcl.pmwtclwm pezm ewwcgfezmj
xfzk tcwzea u}mwzfcllefpmw! elj fz fw `mafmymj zkfw ettpcegk xc}aj `m ncpm pmejfav eggmtzmj
`v zkm p}pea gcnn}lfzv,
Zkm wentam wmamgzfcl ipcn megk gcnn}lfzv xfaa `m `ewmj cl e wzpezfifmj peljcn ettpcegk
elj fz fw tpctcwmj zc wmamgz mympv ifym kc}wmkcajw cl wmamgzmj wzpmmzw! zkml wmamgzflh clm neam
elj clm imneam e`cym 5; vmepw ci ehm xkc gclwmlz zc tepzfgftezm, Fz fw taellmj zc keym =4
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gcntamzmj u}mwzfcllefpmw ipcn megk ci zkm gcnn}lfzfmw, Zkm w}pymv ejjpmwwmw c`bmgzfym :!
elj eawc gclzpf`}zmw zc c`bmgzfymw 5 elj = ci zkm tpcbmgz,
5,7,7 Wmnf.wzp}gz}pmj flzmpyfmxw
Pmamyelz wzeomkcajmpw fl zkm flicpnezfcl wmgzcp ci zkm Neajfymw xfaa `m flzmpyfmxmj zc c`zefl
e ncpm flwfhkzi}a yfmx ci zkmfp taelw icp zkm i}z}pm xfzk pmhepj zc flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl elj
eggmww! icg}wwflh eawc cl tcafgv amyma fww}mw, Zkm flzmpyfmxw xfaa `m ci pmamyelz ciifgfea+w&
ipcn zkm2
. Lezfclea Af`pepv +LA&?
. Nflfwzpv ci Amhea Pmicpn! Flicpnezfcl elj Epzw +NAPFE&?
. Lezfclea Gmlzpm icp Aflh}fwzfg elj Kfwzcpfgea Pmwmepgk +LGAKP&? elj
. Lezfclea Gmlzpm icp Flicpnezfcl Zmgklcachv +LGFZ&,
Zkm eleavwfw ci zkm flzmpyfmxw gcntamnmlzw zkm jcg}nmlz eleavwfw e`cym elj gclzpf`}zmw zc
c`bmgzfymw 5! 0! elj 7 ci zkm tpcbmgz,
5,7,: Iflea eleavwfw
Zkm c}zgcnm ci zkm afzmpez}pm pmyfmx! jcg}nmlz eleavwfw! w}pymv elj flzmpyfmxw wkc}aj
kfhkafhkz zkm epmew zkez lmmj zc `m ejjpmwwmj fl zkm flicpnezfcl flipewzp}gz}pm icp lezfclea
jmymactnmlz miicpzw fl zkm Neajfymw, Zkfw elwxmpw c`bmgzfym = elj fw }wmj zc jpex.}t
pmgcnnmljezfclw zc ejjpmww c`bmgzfym 9 ci zkfw tpcbmgz,
5,: Wfhlfifgelgm ci zkm pmwmepgk
Zkm efn ci zkm tpctcwmj pmwmepgk fw zc mwze`afwk zkm fntcpzelgm ci e kmeazkv flicpnezfcl
g}az}pm fl zkm jmymactnmlz ci zkm Neajfymw, Fz fw hmlmpeaav `mafmymj zkez el flgpmewm fl zkm
olcxamjhm `ewm ci elv gcnn}lfzv xfaa `m e wfhlfifgelz iegzcp fl kmatflh wcaym wtmgfifg elj
gkpclfg fljfyfj}ea elj wcgfea tpc`amnw +Penfpmr! 0440&,
Zkm ifljflhw ipcn zkfw tpmwmlz wz}jv nev kmat fl zkm jmwfhl ci flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw zkez
xc}aj `m }wmi}a zc zkm tmctam ci zkm Neajfymw! ncpm wtmgfifgeaav fl p}pea epmew, Zkm wz}jv
wkc}aj gclzpf`}zm zc zkm mlkelgmnmlz cizkm gc}lzpvw flicpnezfcl g}az}pm xfzk e wtmgfifg
icg}w cl zkm mlkelgmnmlz ci flicpnezfcl flipewzp}gz}pm elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv xkfgk xfaa2
. keym el fntegz cl flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl fl Neajfymw?
. `pflh icpzk zkm aego ci flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw#amhfwaezfcl zkez nev `m ommtflh zkm gc}lzpv
ipcn pmegkflh fzw flicpnezfcl tczmlzfea?
. gclzpf`}zm zc zkm pmwmepgk afzmpez}pm cl zkm Neajfymw? elj
. gclzpf`}zm zc zkm flzmplezfclea afzmpez}pm cl czkmp gcntepe`am wfz}ezfclw,
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5,= Afnfzw ci wgctm elj omv eww}ntzfclw
Clav clm p}pea fwaelj xfaa `m wmamgzmj enclh zkm 56= p}pea fwaeljw j}m zc zkm zfnm gclwzpeflzw
elj zkm wgctm ci zkfw tpcbmgz, Zkfw nfhkz keym fntafgezfclw cl zkm hmlmpeafwe`fafzv ci zkm
w}pymv c}zgcnmw zc zkm mlzfpm p}pea gcnn}lfzv ci zkm Neajfymw, I}pzkmpncpm! zkm w}pymv fw
clav flga}wfym ci tmctam e`cym 5; vmepw ci ehm, Zkfw xfaa keym fntafgezfclw cl zkm
hmlmpeafwe`fafzv ci zkm c}zgcnmw zc zkm mlzfpm gcnn}lfzv, I}pzkmpncpm! zkm afnfzmj l}n`mp ci
w}pymv tepzfgftelzw ipcn megk gcnn}lfzv nev lcz tpcyfjm e wzezfwzfgeaav wzpclh
u}elzfifgezfcl ci zkm c}zgcnmw, E aephmp wentam! mwtmgfeaav ipcn zkm }p`el gcnn}lfzv xew
jmwfpmj, Kcxmymp! zkm w}pymv gcnn}lfzfmw elj zkm wentam wfrm xmpm afnfzmj fl zkfw wz}jv j}m
zc zkm afnfzmj zfnm eyefae`am zc gclj}gz zkm tpcbmgz,
5,9 Gketzmp c}zaflmwZkfw gketzmp! Gketzmp 5! tpmwmlzw el cympyfmx ci zkm tpcbmgz, Fz c}zaflmw zkm wtmgfifg pmwmepgk
u}mwzfclw elj zkm c`bmgzfymw zc `m egkfmymj `v zkm mlj ci zkm tpcbmgz, Fz eawc c}zaflmw zkm
wfhlfifgelgm elj zkm afnfzezfclw ci zkm pmwmepgk,
Gketzmp 0 m{tacpmw zkm pmamyelz afzmpez}pm xfzkfl zkm flicpnezfcl wgfmlgm jfwgftaflm, Fz
wtmgfifgeaav gclwfjmpw zkm afzmpez}pm zkez jmeaw xfzk zkm pmaezfclwkft `mzxmml flicpnezfcl elj
lezfclea jmymactnmlz, Fz eawc m{tacpmw zkm gclgmtz ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm `czk fl zkm
cphelfwezfclea gclzm{z ew xmaa ew zkm wcgfmzea gclzm{z, @ewmj cl zkmwm! elj czkmp pmamyelz
afzmpez}pm! fz jpexw c}z zkm mamnmlzw ci el flicpnezfcl g}az}pm elj ifleaav zmewmw c}z zkm
fntcpzelgm ci zkm pcam ci af`pepfmw elj flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw fl eaa zkm mamnmlzw tpmwmlzmj, Zkm
aewz wmgzfcl fl zkfw gketzmp flymwzfhezmw zkm miicpzw ci wcnm jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw zc ejjpmww
zkm flicpnezfcl het,
Gketzmp 7 tpcyfjmw el flzpcj}gzfcl zc zkm Neajfymw elj zpegmw zkm jmymactnmlzea nfamwzclmw
fl epmew afom mgclcnv! afzmpegv! mj}gezfcl! cpea zpejfzfcl! elj zeom.}t ci lmx zmgklcachfmw, Fz
eawc m{tacpmw zkm m{fwzflh pmwmepgk g}az}pm! tpcyfwfcl ci flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw elj ejctzfcl ci
flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw elj wzeljepjw,
Gketzmp : jmwgpf`mw zkm pmwmepgk jmwfhl c}zaflflh zkm nmzkcjcachfgea ettpcegk elj zkm
wtmgfifg pmwmepgk nmzkcjw zkez xmpm }zfafwmj! m{taeflflh zkm pmewclw icp zkmfp ejctzfcl, Fz
jmwgpf`mw zkm jmymactnmlz elj fntamnmlzezfcl ci zkm pmwmepgk flwzp}nmlzw elj fjmlzfifmw zkm
afnfzezfclw fl megk, Zkm wentaflh wzpezmhv zkez xew ejctzmj fl zkm wmamgzfcl ci tepzfgftelzw
icp zkm w}pymv elj zkm flzmpyfmxw fw eawc c}zaflmj,
Gketzmpw = elj 9 tpmwmlzw zkm pmw}azw ci zkm ifmaj xcpo ipcn zkm p}pea elj }p`el w}pymv elj
zkm flzmpyfmxw xfzk zkm flicpnezfcl wzeomkcajmpw, Gketzmp = fw jmyczmj zc zkm pmw}azw ipcn zkm
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w}pymvw, Fz flga}jmw el cympyfmx elj jmwgpf`mw zkm tepzfgftelz pmgp}fznmlz tpcgmj}pm! zkflhw
zkez xcpomj elj zkcwm zkez jfj lcz, Fz eawc flga}jmw jmzefamj jeze ze`amw ci zkm pmw}azw ipcn zkm
w}pymv u}mwzfcllefpm elj zkmwm epm tpmwmlzmj ew fljfyfj}ea gcnn}lfzv pmw}azw! vmz fl e
gcntepe`am icpnez `mzxmml `czk gcnn}lfzfmw, Gketzmp 9 flga}jmw zkm pmw}azw ipcn zkm
flicpnezfcl wzeomkcajmp flzmpyfmxw fl leppezfym icpn `pflhflh zchmzkmp pmamyelz zkmnmw `ewmj
cl zkm c`bmgzfymw ci zkm flzmpyfmx gcntclmlz,
Gketzmp 8 tpmwmlzw jfwg}wwfcl `ewmj cl zkm eleavwfw ci zkm pmw}azw ipcn `czk zkm w}pymv elj
flzmpyfmxw fl afhkz ci zkm `egohpc}lj flicpnezfcl elj zkm afzmpez}pm pmyfmx, Fz eawc flga}jmw e
wmgzfcl cl zkm nmzkcjcachfgea fww}mw elj afnfzezfclw epfwflh ipcn zkm tpcbmgz zkez flfzfeaav
xmpm lcz icpmwmml,
Gketzmp ; fw zkm gclga}jflh gketzmp elj w}nnepfwmw omv gclga}wfclw epfwflh ipcn zkm tpcbmgz
elj eawc tpmwmlzw pmgcnnmljezfclw fl afhkz ci zkmwm gclga}wfclw, Fz icg}wmw cl `pcej zpmljw
fl af`pepv elj flicpnezfcl wmpyfgm tpcyfwfcl! xkfgk wmmn zc `m zkm ncwz ettpctpfezm fl zkm
tpmwmlz gclzm{z,
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Gketzmp 02 Afzmpez}pm Pmyfmx
Zkm icaacxflh afzmpez}pm pmyfmx xfaa m{tacpm zkm pcam ci flicpnezfcl fl zkm jmymactnmlz
tpcgmww elj pmyfmx zkm gclzm{z ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm xfzkfl zkm cphelfwezfclea ew xmaa ew zkm
wcgfmzea jcnefl, Zkfw xfaa `m icaacxmj `v e pmyfmx ci zkm fntcpzelgm ci af`pepfmw elj
flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv fl mlkelgflh flicpnezfcl g}az}pm elj xfaa
flymwzfhezm miicpzw `v wcnm jmymactflh lezfclw zc ejjpmww zkm flicpnezfcl het `mzxmml
jmymactmj elj jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw,
0,5 Flicpnezfcl elj jmymactnmlz
Flicpnezfcl! clm ci zkm `}rrxcpjw fl zkm jmymactnmlzea gclzm{z! kew `mml jmiflmj ew
olcxamjhm fl gcnn}lfge`am icpn! mfzkmp xpfzzml! tpflzmj cp fl wtmmgk +Cple! 5666&,
Flicpnezfcl `mgcnmw olcxamjhm xkml gclzm{z fw ejjmj zc fz? `v wvlzkmwfw! pmiamgzfcl cp
flzmptpmzezfcl +Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weo! 5668&, I}pzkmpncpm! ew Hezkmhf +5664& wzezmw!
jmymactnmlz fw pmaezmj zc olcxamjhm, Olcxamjhm fw jmpfymj ipcn flicpnezfcl, Olcxamjhm
elj! zkmpmicpm! flicpnezfcl epm yfzea zc zkm jmymactnmlz miicpzw ci elv gc}lzpv +t, 5&,
J}m zc zkm lez}pm ci flicpnezfcl elj olcxamjhm `mflh jfiifg}az zc u}elzfiv! zkm jfpmgz
pmaezfcl `mzxmml flicpnezfcl elj jmymactnmlz fw cizml jfiifg}az zc tcpzpev, Kcxmymp! zkm
afzmpez}pm jcmw gclzefl l}nmpc}w pmimpmlgmw zc zkfw pmaezfclwkft, Icp m{entam2
Zkm pmaezfclwkft `mzxmml flicpnezfcl elj jmymactnmlz ettmepw zc `m gacwm, Fi icp m{entam! xm
acco ez zkm ncwz w}ggmwwi}a Ewfel mgclcnfmw Betel! Wflhetcpm elj Ocpmexm iflj zkez zkmv epm
fljmmj gc}lzpfmw fl xkfgk mgclcnfg elj wgfmlzfifg flicpnezfcl epm xfjmav elj mewfav eyefae`am
+Imezkmp! 044:! t, 55;&,
Zkm fntcpzelgm ci flicpnezfcl fl zkm jmymactnmlz tpcgmww! xkmzkmp fl el cphelfwezfclea
gclzm{z! fl pmaezfcl zc `}wflmww tmpicpnelgm! cp fl zmpnw ci e gc}lzpvw mgclcnfg
jmymactnmlz! fw xmaa jcg}nmlzmj, Zkmwm flga}jm! `}z epm lcz afnfzmj zc wz}jfmw `v @kezz!
044:? Jewh}tze! 5667? J}`m! 56;;? Mympw! 0445? Imezkmp! 044:? Hezkmhf! 5664? Hflnel!56;8? Hpfnwkex! 566=? Kcpzcl! 0444? Kcxoflw ) Yeaelzfl! 5668? Fu`ea! 044:? Okel! 0447?
Ocpml! 5668? O}aepezlm! 5668? NgGcllma! 5666? Nmlc}! 5667? Ncpeamw! 0445? Wkepne!
044=? Wz}mepz! 0444? Ye}hkel ) Zeh}m.W}zgafiim! 5668? elj Xelh! 0449, Wz}jfmw pmhepjflh
zkm fntegz ci flicpnezfcl cl jmymactnmlz kej `mml geppfmj c}z ew mepav ew 5690 fl zkm ],W,
+Amwzmp ) Ocmkamp! 0447&,
Fz fw egolcxamjhmj zkez flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw gclzpf`}zm wfhlfifgelzav zc zkm mgclcnfg xmaa.
`mflh ci gc}lzpfmw elj zkez zfnmav eggmww zc flicpnezfcl fw yfzea icp mgclcnfg hpcxzk, Wz}mepz
+0444& wzezmw zkez! eggcpjflh zc e pmgmlz pmtcpz ipcn zkm Flzmplezfclea Jmymactnmlz Pmwmepgk
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Gmlzpm! zkm ncwz yfzea jfiimpmlgm `mzxmml pfgk elj tccp lezfclw! fw zkm olcxamjhm het
zkm getegfzv zc hmlmpezm! egu}fpm! jfwwmnflezm elj }wm wgfmlzfifg elj zmgklfgea olcxamjhm +t,
548&,
Zkm afzmpez}pm eawc gclzeflw m{zmlwfym pmimpmlgmw zc zkm fntcpzelgm ci flicpnezfcl fl k}neljmymactnmlz, Ocpml +5668& ewwmpzw zkez k}nel jmymactnmlz gel `m jfpmgzav aflomj zc zkm
jmymactnmlz ci e lezfcl elj zkez flicpnezfcl fw e `ewfg pfhkz ci mympvclm, Wkepne +044=&
jmgaepmw zkez k}nel jmymactnmlz fw e omv flhpmjfmlz fl mgclcnfg elj tcympzv pmj}gzfcl +t,
5& elj zkez afnfzmj eggmww zc flicpnezfcl elj pmwc}pgmw fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw! mwtmgfeaav
icp zkm tccp! fw e yfzea iegzcp kfljmpflh k}nel jmymactnmlz,
Vfaner +566;& tcwmw e gclzpcympwfea eph}nmlz! wzezflh zkez }lamww e gc}lzpv kew wcaymj zkm
nefl tpc`amnw afom k}lhmp! mj}gezfcl! kmeazk! wcgfea wmg}pfzv elj tcafzfgea ipmmjcn! fz fw lcz
tcwwf`am zc pmeafrm zkm pfhkz zc flicpnezfcl +t, 5&, Gclympwmav! fz fw eawc egolcxamjhmj zkez
eggmww zc flicpnezfcl fw fntcpzelz zc amej zc el flicpnmj gfzfrmlpv zc ezzefl tcafzfgea ipmmjcn
elj zkm afom, Eaclh zkmwm aflmw! zkm Xcpaj W}nnfz cl zkm Flicpnezfcl Wcgfmzv +XWFW! 0447&
nmmzflhw fl Hmlmye pmgchlfwmj zkez mj}gezfcl! olcxamjhm! flicpnezfcl elj gcnn}lfgezfcl
epm ez zkm gcpm ci k}nel tpchpmww! mljmeyc}p elj xmaa`mflh,
Wzmflxegkw +5666& gaefnw zkez! `ewmj cl zkm fntcpzelgm ci flicpnezfcl icp zkm jmymactnmlz
ci gc}lzpfmw elj fljfyfj}eaw fz fw fntcpzelz zc zeom flzc gclwfjmpezfcl iegzcpw w}gk ew g}az}pea
ewtmgzw! xkfgk flia}mlgm zkm w}ggmwwi}a }wm ci flicpnezfcl, Zkm ezzeflnmlz ci zkm w}ggmwwi}a
}wm ci flicpnezfcl icp zkm ejyelgmnmlz ci olcxamjhm! xkfgk fl z}pl ewwfwzw jmymactnmlzea
miicpzw! kew `mml j}``mj olcxamjhm wcgfmzv, Ew c}zaflmj `v @pfzr! Acp! Gcmzrmm ) @mwzmp
+0449&! e olcxamjhm wcgfmzv fw gkepegzmpfwmj ew e wcgfmzv xkmpm olcxamjhm fw zkm ncwz
fntcpzelz iegzcp ci tpcj}gzfcl, Ncpmcymp! olcxamjhm jmymactnmlz fw }ljmptfllmj `v e
kfhkmp amyma ci mj}gezfcl! elj zkm icg}w fw lcz clav cl zkm }wm ci ncjmpl FGZw! `}z ncpm
fntcpzelzav cl gclzmlzw! nmelflh elj olcxamjhm +Mympw! 0445! t, 57&,
Fz fw zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci e wcgfmzv zkez jfgzezmw fi fz fw fljmmj e olcxamjhm wcgfmzv, Ew
O}aepezlm +5668& wzezmw! zkm nebcpfzv ci tmctam fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw jc lcz wmmn zc `m
exepm ci zkm flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw }wmi}a zc zkmn +t, 558&, Elj fz fw `mafmymj zkez! zc egkfmym
zkm `mlmifzw ci flicpnezfcl! jmymactflh lezfclw lmmj zc ewwmww zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm xfzkfl
zkm gc}lzpv zc }ljmpwzelj zkm wfz}ezfcl elj zc fjmlzfiv zkm wtmgfifg jfpmgzfclw lmmjmj zc
}ljmpzeom zkfw mljmeyc}p +Pewmpcoe! 0445&,
0,0 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm
Zkm zmpn flicpnezfcl g}az}pm kew `mml ipmu}mlzav }wmj fl zkm pmgmlz afzmpez}pm! gcnnclav fl
zkm gclzm{z ci `}wflmww tmpicpnelgm! cphelfwezfclea g}az}pm! elj cphelfwezfclea `mkeyfc}p
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+Gkmtefzfw! 566:! 5668? Gkcc! Tfmpmzzm! Jmzacp ) Acple! 044;? G}ppv ) Nccpm! 0447?
Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weo! 5668? Jeymltcpz! Mggamw ) Tp}weo! 5660? Hflnel! 56;8? Hpfnwkex!
566=? Bepymltee ) Wzetamw! 0444! 0445&, Fz kew pepmav `mml }wmj fl zkm gclzm{z ci e wcgfmzea
flicpnezfcl c}zacco +@e}gkwtfmw! 566;&, Zkm flicpnezfcl wz}jfmw afzmpez}pm aflow gclgmtzw
w}gk ew flicpnezfcl afzmpegv! afimaclh ameplflh! FGZw! neww gcnn}lfgezfcl! elj zkm afom! ew
fjmlzfivflh mamnmlzw ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm +@e}gkwtfmw! 566;? Hmljfle! 044:? Kcymp!
0448? Oc}rlmzwcye! 0449? Amclkepjz! 56;;? Tclb}el! 0440? Penfpmr! 0440?
Wzmflxegkw!5666? Wz}phmw ) Lmfa! 566;? Wrmgwo! 56;9? elj Rkmlh! 044=&,
Fppmwtmgzfym ci zkm wzelgm ci zkm e`cym wz}jfmw! xkmzkmp fl el cphelfwezfclea gclzm{z cp ipcn e
wcgfmzea flicpnezfcl c}zacco! zkm zmpn flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw ewwcgfezmj xfzk kcx tmctam
yea}m! }wm! ettpcegk elj keljam flicpnezfcl, Ejjfzfcleaav! fz flgcptcpezmw lczfclw w}gk ew
flicpnezfcl tpcyfwfcl elj amyma ci eggmww, I}pzkmpncpm! fz jmeaw xfzk zkm g}az}peagcljfzfclflh ci zkm hpc}t! xkmzkmp fl el cphelfwezfcl cp fl zkm hmlmpea wcgfmzv ez aephm,
G}az}pm hmlmpeaav pmimpw zc e xev ci afim! flga}jflh `mkeyfc}p! `mafmiw! fjmew elj epzmiegzw
+@elbc! 566;&, Amfjlmp +0447& yfmxw g}az}pm ew e wkepmj nmlzea ncjma xkfgk flia}mlgmw
kcx fljfyfj}eaw flzmptpmz `mkeyfc}p elj `mkeym zkmnwmaymw! cizml xfzkc}z zkmfp `mflh exepm
ci zkm }ljmpavflh eww}ntzfclw +t, =54&, Zkfw xew jmpfymj! fl tepz! ipcn Kciwzmjmw +56;4!
5665& jmiflfzfcl ci lezfclea g}az}pm ew zkm gcaamgzfym tpchpennflh ci zkm nflj zkez
jfwzflh}fwkmw clm hpc}t ci tmctam ipcn elczkmp +gfzmj fl Amfjlmp! 0447! t, =54&,
0,0,5 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl zkm cphelfwezfclea gclzm{z
Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm gel zk}w `m gclwfjmpmj ew zkm gcaamgzfym flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p ci e
gcnn}lfzv, Lmympzkmamww! ew G}ppv ) Nccpm +0447& tcflz c}z! zkm afzmpez}pm gclzeflw yepfc}w
jmiflfzfclw elj tmpgmtzfclw ci zkm zmpn elj fzw nelfimwzezfclw, Clm ci zkm mepafmwz }wmw ci zkm
zmpn fw ic}lj fl Hflnel +56;8&! xkmpm iegzcpw jmzmpnflflh flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl e `}wflmww
mlyfpclnmlz xmpm wz}jfmj `ewmj cl e l}n`mp ci gcntelfmw elj fz xew gclga}jmj zkez e
kfhkav jmymactmj flicpnezfcl g}az}pm gcppmaezmj tcwfzfymav xfzk w}ggmwwi}a `}wflmwwtmpicpnelgm +t, 54:&,
Hflnelw +56;8& }wm ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl zkm gclzm{z ci zkm fntcpzelgm ci flicpnezfcl
ew xmaa ew zkm nezmpfea pmwc}pgmw icp el cphelfwezfclw w}ggmww fw nfppcpmj fl zkm jmiflfz fcl
tpctcwmj `v G}ppv ) Nccpm +0447&! xkmpm fz fw jmiflmj ew e g}az}pm fl xkfgk zkm yea}m elj
}zfafzv ci flicpnezfcl fl egkfmyflh ctmpezfclea elj wzpezmhfg w}ggmww fw pmgchlfwmj +t, 6:&,
Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weo +5668& }wm zkm zmpn flicpnezfcl g}az}pm zc nmel zkm tezzmpl ci
`mkeyfc}pw elj ezzfz}jmw zkez m{tpmww el cphelfrezfclw cpfmlzezfcl zcxepj flicpnezfcl +t,
;:&, Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw jmwgpf`mj xfzkfl Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weow +5668& jmwgpftzfcl cie
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lmx ettpcegk icp flicpnezfcl nelehmnmlz zmpnmj flicpnezfcl mgcachv0,Zkmv w}hhmwz zkez
flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw zkm w}n zczea ci zkm flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p egzw ci fljfyfj}eaw elj zkez
flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p elj g}az}pm epm zxc flzmppmaezmj gclgmtzw, Zkmv i}pzkmp wzezm zkez
flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p pmimpw zc kcx fljfyfj}eaw ettpcegk elj keljam flicpnezfcl +t, ;7&,
Xkez Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weo +5668& jmwgpf`m fl zkmfp xcpo pmaezmw eawc zc olcxamjhm
nelehmnmlz! xkmpm eggmww zc flicpnezfcl fw lcz zkm wenm ew olcxamjhm! `}z icg}wmw cl zkm
miimgzfym }wm ci flicpnezfcl zc gpmezm olcxamjhm,
Hpelhmp +0444& gaewwfifmw flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ew clm ci zkm wf{ mamnmlzw ci el flicpnezfcl
flipewzp}gz}pm ncjma elj fjmlzfifmw ic}p icpgmw! xkfgk xcpo eheflwz jmymactflh elj
w}wzeflflh el flicpnezfcl g}az}pm +t, 00&, Zkmwm flga}jm zkm nfw}wm ci flicpnezfcl! zkm
hmlmpea aego ci wtezfea exepmlmww wkcxl `v nelv jmgfwfcl neompw! zkm xfjmwtpmej imep ci
flicpnezfcl elj olcxamjhm! elj zkm hmlmpea aego ci hccj flicpnezfcl nelehmnmlz tpegzfgmw,Cafymp +044:& gclwfjmpw flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl zkm g}az}pea jcnefl ci cphelfwezfclea g}az}pm
zc flga}jm lezfclea g}az}pm! gcptcpezm g}az}pm elj cgg}tezfclea g}az}pm, Wkm gclga}jmw zkez
flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw wketmj `v ezzfz}jmw zcxepjw elj yea}mw ci flicpnezfcl +t, 74;&,
Zkm tmpwtmgzfym zeoml `v ncwz ci zkm afzmpez}pm fl zkm cphelfwezfclea gclzm{z! gclgfwmav
w}nnepfwmj `v Cafymp +044:& fw zkez zkm yea}mw eggcpjmj zc flicpnezfcl! elj ezzfz}jmw
zcxepjw fz epm fljfgezcpw ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm +t, 0;;&,
Hfyml zkez flicpnezfcl g}az}pm jmeaw xfzk gcaamgzfym `mkeyfc}p! fz xc}aj `m ettpctpfezm zc
jpex }tcl zkm flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p afzmpez}pm xfzkfl zkm af`pepv elj flicpnezfcl wz}jfmw
ifmaj, Ew Rkmlh +044=& wzezmw! mamnmlzw ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm! w}gk ew }wmpw tmpgmtzfcl
zcxepjw flicpnezfcl! wcgfea yea}mw elj tezzmplw ci `mkeyfc}p pmaezmj zc zkm gcaamgzfcl!
flzmptpmzezfcl elj }zfafrezfcl ci flicpnezfcl epm tpmwmlz fl zkm FW _Flicpnezfcl Wz}jfmw^
afzmpez}pm +t, 0&, Zkfw yfmxtcflz fw eawc tpmwmlzmj fl Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weo +5668& elj
Xm`wzmp +0449&,
0,0,0 Flicpnezfcl g}az}pm xfzkfl zkm `pcejmp FW afzmpez}pm
Zkm flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p elj flicpnezfcl wmmoflh `mkeyfc}p afzmpez}pm! jcmw lcz ettmep zc
}wm zkm zmpn flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ew e gcaamgzfym ettpcegk zc flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p,
Lmympzkmamww! fz kew wcnm wfnfaepfzfmw elj cympaetw xfzk zkm m{fwzflh afzmpez}pm cl flicpnezfcl
g}az}pm fl zkm wcgfmzea gclzm{z, Ifwkmp! J}ppelgm elj Kflzcl +044:& w}n }t zkm flicpnezfcl
`mkeyfc}p afzmpez}pm ew icaacxw2
0 Flicpnezfcl wzpezmhv! flicpnezfcl tcafzfgw! flicpnezfcl mkeyfc}p#g}az}pm! flicpnezfcl wzeii! elj flicpnezfclepgkfzmgz}pm epm tpmwmlzmj ew zkm wf{ ncwz gpfzfgea gcntclmlzw ci flicpnezfcl mgcachv +Jeymltcpz ) Tp}weo! 5668&,
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Xkfam wcnm pmwmepgkmpw }wm fz _flicpnezfcl `mkeyfcp +F@&^ leppcxav zc pmimp clav zc flicpnezfcl.
wmmoflh egzfyfzfmw fl e `mkeyfcpea wmlwm? czkmpw! w}gk ew Xfawcl +5666! t, 0:6&! }wm fz ncpm `pcejav
zc jmwgpf`m zkcwm egzfyfzfmw e tmpwcl nev mlhehm fl xkml fjmlzfivflh kfw cp kmp cxl lmmjw icp
flicpnezfcl! wmepgkflh icp w}gk flicpnezfcl fl elv xev! elj }wflh cp zpelwimppflh zkez
flicpnezfcl! xkfgk Xfawcl +0444 _t, :6^& aezmp pmtkpewmj ew zkm zczeafzv ci k}nel `mkeyfcp fl
pmaezfcl zc wc}pgmw elj gkellmaw ci flicpnezfcl! flga}jflh `czk egzfym elj tewwfym flicpnezfcl.
wmmoflh! elj flicpnezfcl }wm, Fz xew eaclh zkfw aflm zkez Tmzzfhpmx mz ea, +0445! t, ::& jmiflmj F@
ew kcx tmctam lmmj! wmmo! hfym! elj }wm flicpnezfcl fl jfiimpmlz gclzm{zw +t, 8=:&,
Xfawclw +0444& zczeafzv ci k}nel `mkeyfc}p m{taelezfcl e`cym fw wfnfaep zc zkm gclgmtz ci
flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl zkm wcgfmzea gclzm{z tpctcwmj `v @e}gkwtfmw +566;&, Zkm ncjma ci
flicpnezfcl `mkeyfc}p tpmwmlzmj `v Xfawcl +5668& elj pmimppmj zc fl Xfawcl +0444&
fjmlzfifmw lezfclea g}az}pm ew clm ci zkm tcwwf`am iegzcpw zkez nev flia}mlgm tmpgmtzfclw ci
flicpnezfcl lmmjw! }wm! cp lcl.}wm `v fljfyfj}eaw,
E gcntamnmlzepv epme xfzkfl flicpnezfcl wmmoflh `mkeyfc}p fw zkm mympvjev afim flicpnezfcl
wmmoflh +MAFW& xkfgk Weycaeflml +566=& jmiflmw ew zkm egu}fwfzfcl ci yepfc}w flicpnezfclea
mamnmlzw xkfgk tmctam mntacv zc cpfmlz zkmnwmaymw fl jefav afim elj wcaym tpc`amnw lcz
jfpmgzav ewwcgfezmj xfzk zkm tmpicpnelgm ci cgg}tezfclea zewow +tt, 099098&, Wcnm
afzmpez}pm cl MAFW eawc }wmw zkm lczfcl ci wcgfea getfzea zc jmwgpf`m kcx zkm pmwc}pgmw nejm
eyefae`am zc fljfyfj}eaw zkpc}hk wcgfea lmzxcpow flia}mlgm fljfyfj}ea flicpnezfcl wmmoflh
+Bcklwcl! 0448&, I}pzkmpncpm! MAFW kew fzw pmamyelgm xfzkfl zkm gclzm{z ci flicpnezfclg}az}pm ew myfjmlz ipcn zkm icaacxflh jmwgpftzfcl `v Weycaeflml +566=&2
Clm fw `cpl fl e g}az}pm xfzkfl e wcgfea gaeww xkfgk hfymw `ewfg ncjmaw icp newzmpv ci afim Zkm
g}az}pm xfzk fzw wtmgfifg yea}mw lcz clav jfpmgzw ke`fzw elj ezzfz}jmw zc xcpoflh afim `}z eawc zc
wtmljflh amfw}pm zfnm! icp m{entam! zkm pcam ci `cco pmejflh elj zmamyfwfcl xezgkflh, Lez}peaav! fl
ejjfzfcl zc wtmgfifg wcgfea gaewwmw zkcwm myea}ezfclw epm eiimgzmj eawc `v zkm hmlmpezfcl zc xkfgk
clm `maclhw +t, 09:&,
Fl czkmp xcpjw! fz fw zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm hfyml wcgfmzv zkez jfgzezmw kcx tmctam hc
e`c}z wmmoflh flicpnezfcl lmmjmj icp mympvjev afim, Fl zkfwtmpwtmgzfym! Wtflo elj Gcamw
+0445e& wz}jv flymwzfhezflh flicpnezfcl wmmoflh gkellmaw }wmj `v Eipfgel Enmpfgel acx.
flgcnm kc}wmkcajw elj Ifwkmp! Le}nmp! J}ppelgm! Wzpcnwof! ) Gkpfwzfelwmlw +044=&
m{tacpezcpv wz}jv zc fjmlzfiv! enclh czkmp zkflhw! tmctamw tpmimppmj xevw ci wmmoflh
flicpnezfcl! gel `m zpmezmj ew wz}jfmw ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm wz}jv hpc}tw, Zkmfp }wm ci
zkm zmpn flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz elj flicpnezfcl ke`fzw pmwtmgzfymav! gel `m gclwfjmpmj
wvlclvnc}w zc flicpnezfcl g}az}pm, Icp flwzelgm! fl Wtflo elj Gcamw +0445e& pmwmepgk ci
flicpnezfcl.wmmoflh gkellmaw ci zkm pmwfjmlzw ci Xvllmxccj! fz fw c`wmpymj zkez zkm
gcnn}lfzvw flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz fw `ewmj cl zkmfp tkvwfgea elj zmppfzcpfea jfnmlwfclw
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+t, =6&, Zkfw tpctcwfzfcl fw w}ttcpzmj fl Wtfloelj Gcamw +0445`& xcpo xkmpm fz fw eph}mj
zkez2
Zkm i}z}pm icp MAFW pmwmepgk afmw xfzk jmmtmlflh elj flzmhpezflh zkm yepfc}w MAFW gcntclmlzw,,,
Xkez fw lmmjmj fw! ifpwz! e jmmtmp }ljmpwzeljflh ci MAFW ipcn jfympwm g}az}pea elj wcgfea wfz}ezfcl
tmpwtmgzfymw? wmgclj! zkm jmymactnmlz ci hmlmpeafre`am tpcgmww ncjmaw zkez kcaj egpcww wfz}ezfclw?elj ifleaav! zkm flzmhpezfcl ci MAFW zkmcpfmw elj ncjmaw xfzkfl e `pcejmp k}nel flicpnezfcl
`mkeyfcp gclzm{z, Zkm Flzmplmz fw zkm jpfyflh icpgm `mkflj `pcejmlflh AFWw _Af`pepv elj
Flicpnezfcl Wgfmlgm^ eleavwfw ci flicpnezfcl wmmoflh `mvclj xcpo elj wgkcca, Zkm flzmpegzfym
tczmlzfea ci zkfw kv`pfj flicpnezfcl iacx gkellma wkc}aj `pflh zkm tcxmp ci flicpnezfcl }wm zc nelv
ncpm wmgzcpw ci wcgfmzv zkel fw lcx zkm gewm! `}z fz eawc icpgmw pmwmepgkmpw flzmpmwzmj fl zkmwm fww}mw
zc zeom e xfjmp! ncpm flzmhpezfym ettpcegk zc wz}jvflh flicpnezfcl wmmoflh elj }wm zkez flga}jmw
lclwmmoflh `mkeyfcp fl fzw k}nel flicpnezfcl `mkeyfcp tmpwtmgzfym _fzeafgw ejjmj^ +t, 74:&,
Zkm ejymlz ci zkm Flzmplmz kew `pc}hkz e`c}z gkelhmw fl zkm xev AFW tpcyfjmw fzw wmpyfgmw,
Kcxmymp! zkm }wm ci zkm Flzmplmz elj czkmp ncjmpl flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw jmtmljw ympv n}gk
cl zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci zkm wcgfmzv gclgmplmj, Wz}phmw elj Lmfa +566;& `mafmym ympv
wzpclhav zkez af`pepfmw! epgkfymw! jcg}nmlzezfcl elj flicpnezfcl gmlzpmw gellcz nmelflhi}aav
`m jfwg}wwmj fl fwcaezfcl +t, 0&, Zkmv keym zc `m gclwfjmpmj xfzkfl zkm gclzm{z ci e zczea
flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz xkfgk mlgcntewwmw fww}mw ipcn cpea gcnn}lfgezfcl zc yfpz}ea
pmeafzv, Fl zkmfp wz}jv! zkmv m{tacpm zkm pcam ci pejfc! zmamyfwfcl! ifan! zkm tpmww! gcnt}zmpw!
`ccow! elj t}`afwkflh! elj zmamgcnn}lfgezfclw zc gcntpmkmlj zkm flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz
ci Eipfge,
Zkm jfwzflgzfcl `mzxmml flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz elj flicpnezfcl g}az}pm pmgchlfwmw zkm
flzmpegzfcl ci tmctam zkez cgg}pw xfzkfl zkm g}az}pm, Flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz! ew jfwg}wwmj
`v Wmmzkepene +5660! gfzmj fl @kezz! 044:&! pmimpw zc flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw! flicpnezfcl
jfwwmnflezfcl! zmamgcnn}lfgezfcl! flicpnezfcl tmpwcllma! elj gcctmpezfcl enclh
flicpnezfcl keljaflh ehmlgfmw,
Zkm lczfcl ci zkm flicpnezfcl wcgfmzv fw lczmxcpzkv kmpm ew fz fw e zmpn }wmj xfzkfl zkm
flicpnezfcl wz}jfmw afzmpez}pm zc pmimp zc zkm g}ppmlz wcgfmzv, Fz gcllczmw zkm fntcpzelgm eljgmlzpeafzv ci flicpnezfcl fl jefav egzfyfzfmw! fl zkm mgclcnv! elj fl wcgfmzv hmlmpeaav! `m fz ci
zmgklcachfgea! mgclcnfg! cgg}tezfclea! wtezfea! cp g}az}pea gclgmtzfcl +Xm`wzmp! 0449&, Zkm
ncwz gcnncl jmiflfzfcl ci el _flicpnezfcl wcgfmzv^tpc`e`av fw zmgklcachfgea _Kcxmymp!
j}pflh zkm tewz jmgejm^ e hpej}ea wkfiz gel `m c`wmpymj fl ieyc}p ci ncpm wcgfc.mgclcnfg
elj g}az}pea jmiflfzfclw ci flicpnezfcl wcgfmzv +Wmpyemw ) Geptmlzfmp! 0449! t, =&, Zkm
g}az}pea gclgmtzfcl ci flicpnezfcl wcgfmzv }wmj `v Xm`wzmp +0449& gel fl czkmp xcpjw `m
zmpnmj zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci e hfyml wcgfmzv,
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c}zacco! flicpnezfcl afzmpegv elj FGZ afzmpegv ci fljfyfj}eaw,
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olcxamjhm elj wofaaw tpcyfjflh zephmzmj fljmtmljmlz egzfyfzv zc ctzfn}n wezfwiegzfcl ci
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zkm w}n zczea ci zkm tmpwclea flicpnezfcl g}az}pm ci fljfyfj}eaw fl e gc}lzpv xfaa `m nfppcpmj
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Tclb}el +0440& zeomw }t flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fl zkm gclzm{z ci zmegkflh elj ameplflh! wgfmlgm
elj zmgklcachv! `}wflmww elj flj}wzpv! elj wcgfea jmymactnmlz ew zkm ic}p omv wmgzcpw, Zkmwm
epm pmyfmxmj xfzkfl zkm ipenmw ci flicpnezfcl afzmpegv elj flicpnezfcl g}az}pm! ew xmaa ew
af`pepv elj flicpnezfcl tpcifgfmlgfmw, Wkm eawc fjmlzfifmw k}nel! flicpnezfcl! flipewzp}gz}pm!
gcctmpezfcl! amejmpwkft! elj wcgfea gcljfzfclw ew zkm omv jfnmlwfclw elj gcntclmlzw zkez
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i}pzkmp wzezmw zkez flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw e `pcejmp gclgmtz zkel fw flicpnezfcl afzmpegv elj
zkez zkmwm zxc epm n}z}eaav gcntamnmlzepv gclgmtzw! xkfgk epm eawc flzmpjmtmljmlz cl
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neom flgpmnmlzea wcgfea flwzfz}zfclea gkelhmw eaclhwfjm zmgklcachfgea fllcyezfclw, Zkfw xew
eawc ejjpmwwmj fl el mepafmp pmyfmx geppfmj c}z `v ]LMWGC xfzk pmhepj zc zkm tpchpmww elj
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@ewmj cl zkmwm c`wmpyezfclw! fz ettmepw zkez zkmpm fw lc gclwmlw}w cl e jmiflfzfcl ci
flicpnezfcl g}az}pm, Wgkcaepw keym mfzkmp gcnm }t xfzk e lmx jmiflfzfcl `ewmj cl zkmfp
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zmpn ew e hmlmpea g}az}pea fjmlzfzv xfzkc}z jxmaaflh cl fzw nmelflhw, Icp flwzelgm! Pewmpcoe
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zkm tpcyfwfcl ci kfhk flzmpmwz cp }ljmpwzelje`am nezmpfeaw +t, 709&! xkfam Gckml +0449&! fl
clm ci zkm ympv tct}aep `ach mlzpfmw ci zkm vmep fl zkm AFW ifmaj! wzezmw zkez zkm }lfympwm ci
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zkfw mljmeyc}p wflgm zkm g}az}pm ci clm gcnn}lfzv yepfmw ipcn elczkmp! fl wcnm gewmw fl
nflcp xevw! elj fl czkmpw u}fzm nebcp xevw, Zkfw xc}aj `m zp}m icp fljfyfj}eaw xfzkfl e
hfyml gcnn}lfzv, I}pzkmpncpm! ew @e}gkwtfmw +566;& wzezmw! zkm zxc xcpjw flicpnezfcl
elj g}az}pm epm i}rrv elj jm`eze`am xcpjw,
0,0,: Mamnmlzw ci el flicpnezfcl g}az}pm
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jcxl flzc fzw gcpm mamnmlzw, @ewmj cl zkm afzmpez}pm m{tacpmj! flicpnezfcl g}az}pm gel `m
w}nnepfwmj ew keyflh e l}n`mp ci gclzpf`}zflh mamnmlzw zc fzw mlpfgknmlz elj i}aifanmlz, Fl
zkm gclzm{z ci jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw! zkmwm mamnmlzw flga}jm2 fljfhmlc}w olcxamjhm +@pfhhw
) Wkepnt! 044:&! FGZw +@pfzr mz ea,! 0449? G}ppv ) Nccpm 0447&! flicpnezfcl afzmpegv
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+@pfzr mz ea,! 0449? Kcymp! 0448&! af`pepfmw elj flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw +Gckml 0449?
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+Wz}phmw ) Lmfa! 566;&! elj flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw +Hpev! 56;7&, Zkmwm epm wkcxl
jfehpennezfgeaav fl Ifh}pm 0,5 elj jmwgpf`mj `macx,
Ifh}pm 0,52 Mamnmlzw ci el flicpnezfcl g}az}pm
Fljfhmlc}w Olcxamjhm
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0447? W}o}ae! 0449&, Fz fw flgpmewflhav `mafmymj zkez zkm xmwzmpl olcxamjhm wvwzmn!
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+@pfhhw ) Wkepnt! 044:&,
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eggmtzmj clav fl pmgmlz vmepw! Leoeze +0440& jmgaepmw zkez zkm fntcpzelgm ci fljfhmlc}wolcxamjhm kew `mml fl m{fwzmlgm fl zkm mj}gezfclea pmean icp zkm aewz zkpmm jmgejmw myml fi fz
xew lcz icpneaav egolcxamjhmj ew fljfhmlc}w olcxamjhm +t, 0;=&, Fz xew pmimppmj zc fl e
g}az}pea gclzm{z! icp flwzelgm! g}az}pea ameplflh wzvamw! g}az}pea ettpctpfezmlmww! elj g}az}pea
gclzmlz, Leoeze mntkewfwmw zkez pmimpmlgmw zc g}az}pm epm pmimpmlgmw zc e xkcam wvwzmn ci
olcxflh! `mflh elj egzflh +t, 0;=&,
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gcnncl fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw +Pewmpcoe! 0447e&, Zkm olcxamjhm fw `ewmj cl zkmfp
m{tmpfmlgm elj eawc ipcn flicpnezfcl zkez kew `mml tewwmj zc zkmn ipcn cajmp hmlmpezfclw!
lmfhk`c}pw elj tmmp hpc}tw fl zkm icpn ci wclhw! tpcymp`w! pmafhfc}w wzcpfmw! ienfav kfwzcpv!
icaoacpm elj gclympwezfclw e`c}z afim, Fz fw flgpmewflhav imepmj zkez zkfw fntcpzelz olcxamjhm
nfhkz `m acwz fl zkfw zpelwfzfcl elj zkez zkm enc}lz ci flicpnezfcl zkez gel `m wzcpmj `v el
fljfyfj}ea cp myml gcaamgzfym nmncpv fw afnfzmj fl u}elzfzv elj `v zkm afimwtel ci
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fntcpzelz! ew zkm icg}w fl zkfw jfwgftaflm fw cl pmgcpjmj flicpnezfcl, Kcxmymp! zkm gcaamgzfclw
kmaj fl af`pepfmw ci jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw epm tpmjcnflelzav xmwzmpl cpfmlzmj ew zkm acgea
gcnn}lfzv jcmw lcz tpcj}gm pmgcpjmj flicpnezfcl zkez gel `m tkvwfgeaav kmaj fl af`pepfmw,
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nephfleafwmj gcnn}lfzfmw elj fl cpea gcnn}lfzfmw ew flicpnezfcl gclzfl}mw zc m{fwz fl
icpnw zkez epm lcz getz}pmj elj wkepmj +t, 048&,
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zkpc}hk zkm }wm ci FGZw ew n}gk ew `v flgpmewflh zkm amyma ci flicpnezfcl afzmpegv elj
mntcxmpnmlz ci zkm wcgfmzv zkpc}hk eggmww zc! elj }wm ci! olcxamjhm +G}ppv ) Nccpm!
0447? Jmeplamv ) Imezkmp 0445? Pewmpcoe! 0445&, FGZw iegfafzezm eggmww `v `pflhflh
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pmtcwfzcpfmw ci flicpnezfcl,
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ew flymwznmlz icp zkm pmu}fpmj gcllmgzfyfzv fw k}hm xkml gcntepmj xfzk zkmfp afnfzmj`}jhmzw, Zkm mepafmp jfwg}wwfclw ci flicpnezfcl het! xkmpm flj}wzpfeafwmj gc}lzpfmw kej
eggmww zc u}eafzv flicpnezfcl xkfam tccp gc}lzpfmw jfj lcz! fw lcx nfppcpmj fl zkm jfhfzea
jfyfjm jm`ezm, Zkm zmpn jfhfzea jfyfjm pmimpw zc zkm het `mzxmml fljfyfj}eaw! kc}wmkcajw!
`}wflmwwmw elj hmchpetkfg epmew xfzk pmhepj `czk zc zkmfp cttcpz}lfzfmw zc eggmww FGZw elj zc
zkmfp }wm ci zkm Flzmplmz icp e xfjm yepfmzv ci egzfyfzfmw +CMGJ! 0445 gfzmj fl Xmjhmxcpzk!
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elj flj}wzpfeafwmj lezfclw epm neoflh tpchpmww ez e iewz tegm,
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lcz afnfzmj zc! gcnt}zmp afzmpegv! jfhfzea afzmpegv! flzmplmz afzmpegv elj lmzxcpo afzmpegv, El
flicpnezfcl afzmpezm tmpwcl kew `mml jmiflmj `v Penfpmr +0440& ew el flicpnmj elj
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b}wz zkm tpflzmj xcpj +Mfwml`mph! Acxm ) Wtfzrmp! 044:&, Ew Bckl +044=& m{taeflw2
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ci flicpnezfcl! zc pmgchlfrm mlzpmtpmlm}pfea cttcpz}lfzfmw fl zkm wmgzcp! zc acgezm! myea}ezm! elj
wmamgz ettpctpfezm flicpnezfcl wc}pgmw! elj zc zpelwaezm flicpnezfcl flzc olcxamjhm zc `m }wmj
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elj mj}gezfcleaav gmlzpea zc wcgfmzv ew fz tpcnczmw zkm ipmm iacx ci fjmew! zkm wtpmej ci
olcxamjhm elj tpcnczmw pmejflh elj xpfzflh, Zkfw xfaa `m gclwfjmpmj i}pzkmp fl zkm wmgzfcl
cl zkm pcam ci af`pepfmw elj flicpnezfcl gmlzpmw elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv fl zkm mlkelgmnmlz
ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm,
Neww Nmjfe
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e tcxmpi}a flicpnezfcl wc}pgm fl elv gc}lzpv, Ew Wz}phmw elj Lmfa +566;& xpfzm! zc
gcntpmkmlj zkm flicpnezfcl mlyfpclnmlz fl e gc}lzpv! af`pepfmw! epgkfymw! jcg}nmlzezfcl
elj flicpnezfcl gmlzpmw gellcz nmelflhi}aav `m jfwg}wwmj fl fwcaezfcl +t, 0&, Fz fw wzezmj zkez
zkm pcam ci pejfc! zmamyfwfcl! ifan! zkm tpmww! gcnt}zmpw! `ccow! elj t}`afwkflh! elj
zmamgcnn}lfgezfclw kew zc `m zeoml flzc gclwfjmpezfcl ew xmaa,
Wzfaxmaa! Amegk ) @}pzcl +0445& pmtcpz zkez pejfc gel `m e ympv miimgzfym nmelw ci
gcnn}lfgezfcl elj wtpmejflh ci flicpnezfcl ew fz gel `m `pcejgewz xfjmav zc e aephm
gcnn}lfzv fl e gcwz.miimgzfym nellmp, Afzmpez}pm eawc wkcxw zkez fl ejjfzfcl zc pejfc!
zmamyfwfcl elj lmxwtetmpw epm nefl wc}pgmw ci flicpnezfcl icp tmctam fl jmymactflh
gc}lzpfmw +Bcklwcl! 0448&,
Fz fw eawc zp}m zkez ncwz jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw amyv wcnm icpn ci gclzpca cymp zkm
jfwwmnflezfcl ci flicpnezfcl `v zkm zpejfzfclea nmjfe! afom pejfc! zmamyfwfcl elj lmxwtetmpw
+Wnemam! 0448&, Kcxmymp! zkm flzpcj}gzfcl ci FGZw kew ctmlmj }t n}gk xfjmp nmelw ci
}lgclzpcaamj gcnn}lfgezfcl xkfgk kmat fl zkm ctml iacx ci flicpnezfcl +Wenej! 0445&,
Flicpnezfcl Tcafgfmw
Zkm pmh}aezfcl ci gcnn}lfgezfcl zmgklcachfmw fw hcymplmj `v zkm flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw fl
m{fwzmlgm elj kmlgm fw el fntcpzelz mamnmlz fl zkm flicpnezfcl g}az}pm jfwg}wwfcl,
Flicpnezfcl tcafgv fw e wmz ci flzmppmaezmj tpflgftamw! aexw! h}fjmaflmw! p}amw! pmh}aezfclw! elj
tpcgmj}pmw h}fjflh zkm cympwfhkz elj nelehmnmlz ci zkm flicpnezfcl afimgvgam +Eljpvgk}o!
044:! t, 6&, Zkm flicpnezfcl afimgvgam fw jmwgpf`mj ew zkm tpcgmww ci zkm gpmezfcl! gcaamgzfcl!
cphelfrezfcl! jfwzpf`}zfcl! pmzpfmyea! }wm elj tpmwmpyezfcl ci flicpnezfcl +Eljpvgk}o! 044:&,
Flicpnezfcl tcafgv fw e `pcej epme elj zkmpm fw lc gclwmlw}w e`c}z xkez gclwzfz}zm
flicpnezfcl tcafgv +Jmeplamv ) Imezkmp! 0445! t, 9:&! ew flicpnezfcl fw n}azfjfnmlwfclea
elj flycaymw `czk mgclcnfg elj wcgfea gclwfjmpezfclw, Flicpnezfcl tcafgv mlgcntewwmw e
xfjm yepfmzv ci epmew elj flga}jmw! `}z fw lcz pmwzpfgzmj zc! gctvpfhkz elj flzmaamgz}ea tpctmpzv!
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jeze tpczmgzfcl! ipmmjcn ci zkm tpmww elj ipmmjcn ci flicpnezfcl! flzmplezfclea
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Flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw! wtmgfifgeaav fl zkm zmamgcnn}lfgezfclw elj FGZ epmew epm gpfzfgea icp
jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw fl miicpzw zc gclymphm zkm flicpnezfcl het, Ew Oet}p +0445& tpctcwmw!fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw zkmpm fw e pfwo zkez FGZw nfhkz egz}eaav pmw}az fl e jfymphmlgm ipcn
ejyelgflh zkm flicpnezfcl wmgzcp, Km i}pzkmp wzezmw zkez zc ne{fnfwm zkm gkelgmw ci w}ggmww!
jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw n}wz mlw}pm zkez flymwznmlz fl FGZ fw eggcntelfmj `v flymwznmlz fl
wcgfea getfzea +t, 9&, Zkfw xfaa `m iegfafzezmj zkpc}hk ettpctpfezm tcafgv nmew}pmw icp e gc .
cpjflezmj ettpcegk zc flicpnezfcl egpcww eaa wmgzcpw,
@ewmj cl zkm fntcpzelgm ci wzpezmhfg flicpnezfcl }wm elj tpcyfwfcl egpcww jfwgftaflmw! zkmpm
keym `mml miicpzw ez gccpjflezflh lezfclea flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw, Lezfclea flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw
genm zc zkm icpmipclz j}pflh zkm aezm 5694w elj ]LMWGC kew `mml }phflh jmymactflh
gc}lzpfmw zc ejjpmww zkfw fww}m +Pmknel! 5669&, Pmknel +5669& pmtcpzw zkez zkm wzpezmhfg
tcafgv fww}mw zkez lmmj zc `m zeoml flzc gclwfjmpezfcl fl zkm icpnezfcl ci lezfclea flicpnezfcl
tcafgfmw epm2 gctvpfhkz elj flzmaamgz}ea cxlmpwkft? tpfyegv pfhkzw? mgclcnfg ewtmgzw!
mwtmgfeaav j}m zc zkm nclctcafwzfg lez}pm ci hcymplnmlzw fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw? gaewwfifmj
flicpnezfcl! icp t}ptcwmw ci lezfclea wmg}pfzv? wcgfc.tcafzfgc.g}az}pea elj acgea fww}mw! icp
wcympmfhlzv elj tpczmgzfcl ipcn g}az}pea fntmpfeafwn! zmgklcachfgea fww}mw! flga}jflh nmjfe
elj zmamgcnn}lfgezfclw pmh}aezfclw? elj flzmplezfclea jfnmlwfclw! pmhepjflh zpelw.`cpjmp
jeze iacx,
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flia}mlgmj wfhlfifgelzav `v flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw fl taegm fl e hfyml gc}lzpv! `m fz fl ipmmjcn
ci flicpnezfcl elj gctvpfhkz amhfwaezfcl! tezmlzflh! t}`afwkflh wzeljepjw! cp elv czkmp wfnfaep
tcafgfmw +Imezkmp! 044:&, Ncpmcymp! flicpnezfcl tcafgv gcnnclav jmeaw xfzk zkm hcymplelgm
ci flicpnezfcl eggmww! flicpnezfcl pmzpfmyea! flicpnezfcl wzcpehm elj jfwwmnflezfcl! }wm ci
flicpnezfcl zmgklcachfmw! flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw! elj w}`wmu}mlzav kcx flicpnezfcl eiimgzw
c}p wcgfmzv +@}wkofl ) V}pcx! 56;4? Gkepzpelj! 56;9? B}jhm! 56;=? Ncpeamw! 0445? LGAFW!
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5665&, Zkmpmicpm! lezfclea flicpnezfcl tcafgfmw epm mwwmlzfea icp aclh.zmpn wzpezmhfmw fl zkm
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jfiimpmlz jfwgftaflmw, Wcgfmzea flicpnezfcl g}az}pm fw fntcpzelz fl zkm tpcgmww ci flicpnezfcl
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e gclwgfc}w elj }lgclwgfc}w flzmpmwz ci zpelwnfzzflh fz fljfyfj}eaav elj gcaamgzfymav +t, 0;&,
Zkfw taegmw af`pepv elj flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw ez zkm gmlzpm ci flicpnezfcl g}az}pm jfwg}wwfclw,
Zkmpmicpm! icp zkm t}ptcwm ci zkfw pmwmepgk! w}`wmu}mlz wmgzfclw xfaa mntkewfwm zkm pcam ci
af`pepfmw elj flicpnezfcl wmpyfgmw elj flicpnezfcl afzmpegv,
0,7 Pcam ci af`pepfmw ) flicpnezfcl afzmpegv
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flicpnezfcl g}az}pm, Zkm FIAE#IEFIM af`pepfmw elj flzmaamgz}ea ipmmjcn +gfzmj fl Lfgkcawcl!
0440& wzezm zkez2
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neom flicpnmj gkcfgmw! zkmv n}wz keym eggmww zc tcafzfgea! wcgfea! wgfmlzfifg elj mgclcnfg
flicpnezfcl elj g}az}pea m{tpmwwfclw, Zkmv lmmj eggmww zc zkm xfjmwz pelhm ci fjmew! flicpnezfcl elj
fnehmw, Ipmmjcn! tpcwtmpfzv elj zkm jmymactnmlz ci wcgfmzv jmtmlj cl mj}gezfcl! ew xmaa ew cl
}lpmwzpfgzmj eggmww zc olcxamjhm! zkc}hkz! g}az}pm elj flicpnezfcl +t, 0=6&,
Af`pepfmw taev el fntcpzelz pcam fl iegfafzezflh zkm pfhkz zc flicpnezfcl ew xmaa ew zc ipmmjcn
ci m{tpmwwfcl ew c}zaflmj e`cym, Zkm pfhkz zc flicpnezfcl gel clav `m iegfafzezmj `v zkm pfhkz
zc keym eggmww zc flicpnezfcl +Ocpml! 0444&, Ocpml i}pzkmp wzezmw clm gel kepjav icpn el
ctflfcl! jfwg}ww nezzmpw! xpfzm el epzfgam cp neom e lmxw tpchpennm xfzkc}z wc}pgmw ciflicpnezfcl +t, 08=&,
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flicpnezfcl! xkmzkmp fz `m tpflz! jfhfzea! cp lmzxcpomj eggmww, Xkml gclwfjmpflh zkm wgmlepfc
fl jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw! elj mwtmgfeaav fl zkm p}pea epmew! zkmpm fw lc `mzzmp xev ci tpcyfjflh
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gclga}jmj zkez t}`afg af`pepfmw epm fntcpzelz gclzpf`}zcpw zc wcayflh zkm flicpnezfcl
tpc`amnw ci tmctam xfzk tccp wcgfea pmwc}pgmw,
Kcxmymp! Z}gomp +0447& pmtcpzw zkez af`pepv tpcyfwfcl fw acx cl zkm tpfcpfzv afwzw ci
hcymplnmlzw fl tccp gc}lzpfmw wfntav j}m zc zkm aego ci pmwc}pgmw zc wmz }t af`pepfmw xkml
zkmv keym zc jmea xfzk tpc`amnw afom k}lhmp elj tcympzv, Z}gomp +0447& i}pzkmp wzezmw zkez fl
wcnm gc}lzpfmw! tcafzfgea tpfcpfzfmw taev e pcam fl zkm tpcyfwfcl ci pmwc}pgmw `v gclzpcaaflh
xkez e af`pepv nev kcaj, Ew jfwg}wwmj mepafmp! jmymactflh gc}lzpfmw eawc keym zkm tpc`amn ci
lcz keyflh zkm pfhkz flicpnezfcl fl zkm pfhkz icpnez elj aelh}ehm,
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zkfw jcmw lcz ettav icp zkm tccp, Zkm pcam ci zkm t}`afg af`pepv fl iegfafzezflh flicpnezfcl fw
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Af`pepfmw taev el fntcpzelz pcam fl fntpcyflh afzmpegv ew xmaa ew flicpnezfcl afzmpegv elj
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