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FLIGHT BEHAVIOR
OF MALLARDS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)
Janina BrakelJavier Díaz Álvarez
Behavioral Ecology Miguel Herrero López Yuanheng Li
Dorothee Blattner
Behavioral Ecology
Most animals have predators.
Flight is one way to avoid getting caught.
Question: When to start to flee? How to move away?
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Depends on risk level and energy budget
Behavioral Ecology
Direct cues Indirect cues
Definition Cue deriving from the predator cue does not derive from the predator
but influences the likelihood of getting
caught by the predator
Examples Predator itself (visual)
Noise of predator (auditory)
Smell of predator (olfactory)
Distance to the refuge (shown for squirrels by Thorson et al. 1998)
Distance to the predator Crypticity
Speed of approaching predator Escaping substrate
Assessment of predatory risk
(Risk is the probability that a chosen action will lead to a loss.)
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Behavioral Ecology
Flight initiation distance (FID)
Def.: At the flight initiation distance animals move away from approaching
threats (Blumstein, 2003)
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
(from Blumstein, 2003)
costs of remaining
cost of flight
Behavioral Ecology
Economic model of flight distance
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Cos
t of
fle
eing
(C
) an
d re
mai
ning
(B
)
Distance of predator(from Ydenberg and Dill, 1886)
high quality patch high costs of leaving
low quality patch low costs of leaving
Behavioral Ecology
How to escape: flying or running?
Flying: most expensive mode of movement among vertebrates
Assumption: In order to save energy running away should be preferred
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Behavioral Ecology
Distance to refuge
Patch qualityFeeding/not feeding
RESEARCH QUESTION
H (1): Flight-initiation distance is shorter in feeding mallards
FID
Behavioral Ecology
Distance to refuge
Speed of predator approach
distance of predator
Patch qualityFeeding/not feeding
RESEARCH QUESTION
H (1): Flight-initiation distance is shorter in feeding mallards
H (2): Flight-initiation distance increases with increasing speed of approach
FID
Behavioral Ecology
Distance to refuge
Speed of predator approach
distance of predator
Patch qualityFeeding/not feeding
RESEARCH QUESTION
H (1): Flight-initiation distance is shorter in feeding mallards
H (2): Flight-initiation distance increases with increasing speed of approach
H (3): With increasing speed of approach mallards tend to fly away instead
of walking away.
FID
Behavioral Ecology
Blumstein DT (2003): Flight-Initiation Distance in Birds Is Dependent on Intruder Starting Distance. J Wildl Manage 67: 852-857
Thorson JM, Morgan RA, Brown JS, Norman JE (1998): Direct and indirect cues of predatory risk and patch use by fox squirrels and thirteen-lined ground squirrels. Behav Ecol 9: 151-157
Ydenberg RC and Dill LM (1886): The Economics of Fleeing from Predators. Adv Study Behav 16: 229-249
Pictures:http://www.conservationfund.org/gozero/louisiana_lakeophelia_grandcote (05.05.2011)http://www.jrcompton.com/photos/The_Birds/J/Dec-09.html (05.05.2011)https://www.math.duke.edu/education/prep02/Word2HTML/MathType%20export/Predator-prey.htm (05.05.2011)http://pixdaus.com/single.php?id=113964 (05.05.2011)http://barbaramartin.blogspot.com/2009/01/my-town-monday-marie-curtis-park.html (06.05.2011)http://www.photochart.com/photo_6266_Female%20Mallard.html (06.05.2011)
LITERATURE