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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Whitetailed Deer(Odocoileus virginianus)
ORDER: Artiodactyla
FAMILY: Cervidae
Conservation Status: The Key deer, Odocoileus virginianus
clavium, is an Endangered subspecies and the Columbian
whitetailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus leucurus, is Near
Threatened.
The Whitetailed Deer is distinguished from the Mule Deer by the
smaller size of its ears, the color of its tail, and most strikingly, by
antler shape. In Whitetails, the main beam of the antlers grows
forward rather than upwards, and each tine develops as its own
separate branch rather than being split into a forked pair. The two
species also run differently when they are alarmed. Mule Deer stot, aboingboingboing motion in which all four feet leave and hit the
ground with each bound, whereas Whitetailed Deer spring forward,
pushing off with their hind legs and landing on their front feet.
Today Whitetails are very widespread in North America: there may
be as many as 15 million in the United States. These Deer are
adaptable browsers, feeding on leaves, twigs, shoots, acorns, berries,
and seeds, and they also graze on grasses and herbs. In areas where
they live alongside Mule Deer, the species naturally separate
ecologically, the Whitetails staying closer to moist streams and
bottomlands, the Mule Deer preferring drier, upland places.
Also known as:
Deer, Whitetail
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are about 20% larger than females.
Length:
Range: 0.852.4 m males
Weight:
Range: 22137 kg males
Odocoileus virginianus male, winter coat, left; female,
summer coat, right, with fawn
Credit: painting by Elizabeth McClelland from Kays and
Wilson's Mammals of North America, Princeton
University Press (2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Collared Peccary(Pecari tajacu)
ORDER: Artiodactyla
FAMILY: Tayassuidae
There are only three species of Peccaries in the world, all in South
America. Only Collared Peccaries also live in North America. Their
range includes a great variety of habitats, and they eat all kind of
vegetation, including cactus. They live in highly social and
communicative groups. Grooming is an important social behavior,
and they have at least 15 different types of calls signaling alarm,
submission, and aggression. Territorial groups of 1550 animals stay
together, and cooperate to defend the herd, but they form subgroups
that disperse to feed. An alpha male is the dominant animal in the
herd. Peccaries often have twins.
Also known as:
Javalina
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Range: 0.851.02 m
Weight:
Range: 1525 kg
Pecari tajacu inset shows group at waterhole
Credit: painting by Elizabeth McClelland from Kays and
Wilson's Mammals of North America, Princeton
University Press (2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 3
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Coyote(Canis latrans)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Canidae
Coyotes are among the most adaptable mammals in North America.
They have an enormous geographical distribution and can live in very
diverse ecological settings, even successfully making their homes in
suburbs, towns, and cities. They are omnivorous, eating plants,
animals, and carrion. Socially, coyotes live in a variety of
arrangements. Some live alone, others in mated pairs, and others in
packs, which may consist of one mated pair, their new young, and
offspring from the previous season that have not yet left their parents.
Packs are an advantage when preying on larger mammals such as
deer, or defending food resources, territory, and themselves.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are larger than females.
Length:
Range: 7501,000 mm
Weight:
Range: 820 kg males; 718 kg females
Canis latrans eastern animals are larger (top); typical
western animal and pups are shown belowCredit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 4
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Common Gray Fox(Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Canidae
Gray foxes are adept at climbing trees. They are active at night and
during twilight, sleeping during the day in dense vegetation or
secluded rocky places. Nursing mothers and pups use a den a
hollow log, abandoned building, tangle of brush, or cracked
boulderfor shelter. When she is nursing small pups, the female
stays within a few hundred meters of the den, but otherwise adults
may range over a 25 square km area. Pups begin to forage on their
own at about four months of age, and maintain close ties with the
mother until they are about seven months old. By about ten months,
both males and females are old enough to reproduce, and most
females will have a litter annually from then on.
Also known as:
Zorra, Zorra Gris, Gato de Monte
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Range: 8001,130 mm
Weight:Range: 37 kg
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 5
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Ocelot(Leopardus pardalis)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Felidae
Conservation Status: The Texas Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis
albescens, is Endangered.
Ocelots occur in a wide range of habitats, from rain forest to savanna
to dry, scrubby terrain, at mid to low elevations from Texas and
Arizona to northern Argentina. They are feed on small mammals,
and also frequently include birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects in
their diet. Some also take domestic poultry. Males occupy territories
of 418 square km that may encompass the territories of one or more
females, who use home ranges of 211 square km. Ocelots have
litters of 1, 2, or occasionally 3 kittens, and raise them in a den. Theden can be a bare area in a dense thicket, a hollow tree, or a cave.
The young are born fully furred, but with their eyes closed. When
they are about a year old, males disperse to lead solitary lives. Young
females, who are sexually mature at about 1522 months of age,
often settle on or near their mother's territory. Ocelots are threatened
by habitat loss and hunting for the fur trade.
Also known as:
Ocelote, Tigrillo
Length:Average: 1,078 mm males; 1,022 mm females
Range: 9501,367 mm males; 9201,209 mm females
Weight:
Average: 10 kg males; 8.8 kg females
Range: 714.5 kg males; 710.8 kg females
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 6
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Margay(Leopardus weidii)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Felidae
Margays are small spotted cats that closely resemble ocelots, but are
about half the size and lack the ocelot's two prominent black cheek
stripes. Margays are forestdwellers and good climbers and jumpers,
so agile that captives have been seen running along a clothesline,
jumping 4 m horizontally and as high as 2.5 m vertically, and
hanging by their hind feet to manipulate objects with their front
paws. They probably often hunt in trees in the wild, for monkeys,
sloths, opossums, squirrels, and other small mammals. They
probably also prey on birdsthey are known to go after poultryand
some reptiles and amphibians, and may occasionally eat fruits and
vegetables. It is unclear if there ever was a viable Margay populationin the United States, where they are reported to have occurred in
Texas. Work carried out in Central America suggests that the species
is declining in response to human activities in the tropics and
subtropics and they are protected in many areas..
Also known as:
Caucel, Cunaguaro, Margay Cat, Tiger Cat, Tigrillo
Length:
Average: 931 mm males; 907 mm females
Range: 8621,300 mm males; 8051,029 mm females
Weight:
Range: 37 kg males; 35 kg females
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 7
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Cougar(Puma concolor)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Felidae
Conservation Status: Two subspecies P. concolor coryi, the Florida
Panther, and P. concolor cougar, the Eastern Cougar, are Critically
Endangered; the parent species is Near Threatened.
Cougars avoid open habitats such as flat, shrubless deserts and farm
fields, but can make a living in swamps, forests, and desert scrub
habitat. They live solitary lives at low population densities, and
usually avoid humans, but about four attacks are reported annually in
the United States and Canada. Cougars hunt at night, either stalking
their prey or waiting in ambush to pounce. They take hoofed
mammals, sometimes including domestic livestock, and other prey,including rabbits, hares, porcupines, bobcats, coyotes, beavers,
opossums, skunks, and even other Cougars. They rarely bed down in
the same place two days in a row unless they are watching young or
consuming a large kill. Some states and provinces allow Cougars to
be hunted for sport
Also known as:
Mountain Lion, Puma, Florida Panther, Catamount
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are significantly heavier than females.
Length:
Average: 1,270 mm males; 1,140 mm females
Range: 1,0201,540 mm males; 8601,310 mm females
Weight:
Average: 62 kg males; 42 kg females
Range: 36120 kg males; 2964 kg females
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 8
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Jaguarundi(Puma yaguarondi (Herpailurus yaguarondi))
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Felidae
Conservation Status: The Texas Jaguarundi, Puma yaguarondi
cacomitli, is Endangered.
Jaguarundi are uniformly coloredrather than spottedand are
either reddish brown or dark gray. Both colors can appear in the
same litter of kittens. This cat is less nocturnal than any other in the
United States, yet it is extremely secretive, preferring areas of dense,
low cover in tropical and subtropical habitats. Jaguarundi stalk their
preywhich includes reptiles, birds, and small mammalsalone or
in pairs. When they hunt near farms, they often find poultry easy
prey. This bad news for the farmer usually quickly turns into worsenews for the Jaguarundi. They are not hunted for their fur, but feel
the effects of habitat loss and conflicts with humans who have taken
over their habitat.
Also known as:
Onza, Gato Moro, Leoncillo, Yaguarundi
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:Range: 8881,372 mm
Weight:
Range: 4.59 kg
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
North American Hognosed Skunk(Conepatus leuconotus)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Mephitidae
Conservation Status: A subspecies, the Big Thicket Hognosed
Skunk, Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes, is Extinct.
Skunks are seldom thought of as useful animals, but Hognosed
Skunks can be helpful to farmers because they eat cropdestroying
insects. They have powerful forelimbs and long claws, suited to
digging up insect larvae and grubs. They also eat plant matter and
sometimes small rodents if the opportunity arises. Like Striped and
Spotted skunks, they are best known for the scent produced by, and
sprayed from, their anal glands. Spraying is a last resort. The skunk's
dramatic black and white coat serves as a warning signal to othermammals, and its first response is to run. A frightened Hognosed
Skunk may then turn around to face its adversary, stand on its hind
feet, and take a few steps forward, then come down on all fours and
hiss. If that doesn't work, the next step is to bare its teeth, raise its
tail, and bite, spray, or both.
Also known as:
Gulf Coast Hognosed Skunk, White Backed Skunk, Rooter Skunk,
Texan Skunk, Badger Skunk, Conepat
Length:Average: 636.5 mm males; 589.7 mm females
Range: 444934 mm males; 445840 mm females
Weight:
Range: 1,1354,500 g
Conepatus leuconotus eastern variant (base of tail is black)
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Longtailed Weasel(Mustela frenata)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Mustelidae
Longtailed Weasels are voracious predators, foraging day and night
for small vertebrates, and scavenging for carrion when necessary. In
captivity, adults can consume an amount equal to onethird their
own body weight in 24 hours. In the wild they may store food in a
burrow or near a kill site. They are solitary except for the
JulyAugust breeding season. Both males and females maintain
territories, marking them with chemical secretions from anal glands.
Litters usually comprise 45 pups, born in a den. In 12 weeks they
reach full adult body weight and begin hunting for food, pursuing
mates, and establishing territories. Foxes, raptors, Coyotes, domestic
dogs and cats, and rattlesnakes all prey on Longtailed Weasels, andalthough they can live in a variety of habitats, population densities
are low. In some locations they are endangered, and in others,
considered threatened or species of concern.
Also known as:
Bridled Weasel
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are larger than females.
Length:Range: 330420 mm males; 280350 mm females
Weight:
Range: 160450 g males; 80250 g females
Mustela frenata winter coat, left; summer coat, center;
"Bridled Weasel", right
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 12
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Ringtail(Bassariscus astutus)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Procyonidae
Ringtails are nocturnal, catsized carnivores. They are good climbers
and are found in habitats that range from dry canyons to wet
woodlands, in highland and lowland terrain. They prey on small
mammals, but their varied diet also includes other vertebrates,
insects, nuts, and fruit. These animals are solitary and territorial,
marking their home ranges by depositing urine and feces.
Also known as:
Babisuri, Bandtailed Cat, Basaride, Bassarisk, Cacomistle,
Cacomixtle, Civet Cat, Comandreja, Guayanoche, Mico de Noche,
Mico Rayado, Onza, Pintorabo, Ringtailed Cat, Rintel, Sal Coyote
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 793 mm males; 756 mm females
Range: 616811 mm
Weight:
Range: 0.91.3 kg
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 13
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Northern Raccoon(Procyon lotor)
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Procyonidae
Raccoons are among the most adaptable of the Carnivora, able to live
comfortably in cities and suburbs as well as rural and wilderness
areas. They use small home ranges, as small as 13 square km, and
show flexibility in selecting denning sites, from tree hollows to
chimneys to sewers. A varied diet is at the root of their adaptability.
Raccoons eat just about anything, finding food on the ground, in
trees, streams, ponds, and other wet environments, and from
unsecured trash cans, which they open adroitly by hand. They can
live anywhere water is available, from the deep tropics well into
southern Canada. Even in the suburbs, Raccoons can occur at
densities of almost 70 per square km. Females can breed when theyare not yet a year old, and typically have litters of four young, which
they raise themselves. The female nurses her cubs for about 70 days.
The cubs' eyes open at 1824 days and they begin exploring the
world outside the den when they are 910 weeks old. By 20 weeks
of age they can forage on their own.
Also known as:
Coon
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are 10%30% larger than females.
Length:
Range: 603950 mm
Weight:
Range: 1.810.4 kg
Credit: painting by Consie Powell from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 15
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Wagner's Mastiff Bat(Eumops glaucinus)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Molossidae
Wagner's mastiff bat is considered endangered by the state of Florida,
where habitat destruction and the use of pesticides may be
contributing to its decline. It is a mediumsized bat with long, narrow
wings. These bats leave their day roosts after dark and fly high,
covering long distances quickly as they feed on insects. Eumops
glaucinus is a freetailed bat. Like other bats in the family Molossidae,
its tail extends beyond the tail membrane, or uropatagium (the skin
that stretches between the back legs).
Also known as:
Florida Mastiff Bat
Length:
Average: 139.7 mm males; 138 mm females
Range: 123165 mm males; 117156 mm females
Weight:
Average: 34.1 g males; 36.1 g females
Range: 2547 g males; 28.255.4 g females
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 16
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Pallas's Mastiff Bat(Molossus molossus)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Molossidae
This freetailed bat prefers warm climates and is most commonly
found in northern South America, Central America, and the
Caribbean Islands. It is believed that several colonies that have been
found roosting in buildings in the Florida Keys are members of this
family. This bat is about the same size as the Brazilian/Mexican
freetailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Molossus molossus has
several guard hairs on the rump, but can be distinguished from other
freetailed bats with guard hairs by its smaller size and wrinkled
lips.
Length:Range: 89104 mm
Weight:
Range: 1014 gm
Molossus molossus Pallas's mastiff bat
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Big Freetailed Bat(Nyctinomops macrotis)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Molossidae
The big freetailed bat has long, narrow, tapering wings. The length
and shape of the wings give it speed and enable it to fly long
distances, but its flight is not as maneuverable as that of bats with
shorter, broader wings. These bats live in rugged habitats in the
Southwest in the summer and migrate to Mexico in the winter. When
they are foraging, they emit echolocation calls that sound like clicks
to human ears. Most bats use calls that are beyond the range of
human hearing. The bats forage, mostly for large moths, in total
darkness, not leaving their day roosts until well after sunset. Their
tails extend well beyond the tail membrane (uropatagium), the
membrane that stretches between the hind legs.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are slightly larger than females.
Length:
Range: 145160 mm males; 120139 mm females
Weight:
Range: 2230 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 18
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Brazilian Freetailed Bat(Tadarida brasiliensis)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Molossidae
Conservation Status: Near Threatened.
Millions of Brazilian freetailed bats spend their summers in the
southwestern United States. Gigantic colonies summer in Bracken
Cave, Texas; Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico; and even within the
city of Austin, Texas, under the Congress Avenue Bridge. They are a
spectacular sight spiraling out of their day roosts like great, dark,
swirling clouds when they emerge in the evening to forage. The bats
eat untold numbers of insects each night, sometimes catching their
prey at altitudes of a mile or more. They typically migrate to central
and southern Mexico in the winter, where they live in smallercolonies. They mate there, and fly north again as far as 1,300 km
between February and April. Females give birth to a single pup, in
June, and nurse it for about six weeks. Although they number in the
millions, conservation is a concern, because they raise their young in
a limited number of caves, and because pesticides can accumulate in
their body tissues.
Also known as:
Guano Bat, Mexican Freetailed Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:Males may be about 5% longer than females but females weigh
about 5% more than males.
Length:
Average: 95 mm
Range: 85109 mm
Weight:
Range: 1015 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 19
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Ghostfaced Bat(Mormoops megalophylla)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Mormoopidae
Ghostfaced bats forage exclusively on largebodied moths, and are
strong, fast fliers. They spend their days in caves or abandoned mine
shafts, and emerge soon after dark to fly to the arroyos and canyons
where they forage. They return to the roost about seven hours later. A
colony of ghostfaced bats may number half a million individuals.
Where several kinds of bats share a cave, they stay separate from
other species. Ghostfaced bats have small eyes, and their lips are
wrinkled into a strange, funnellike shape. There is also a leaflike
bump on the chin, giving rise to two other common names:
leafchinned bat and old man bat.
Also known as:
Leafchinned Bat, Old Man Bat, Peter's Ghostfaced Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 7898 mm
Weight:
Range: 1516 g
Mormoops megalophylla , the ghostfaced bat
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 20
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Mexican Longtongued Bat(Choeronycteris mexicana)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Phyllostomidae
Conservation Status: Near Threatened.
Mexican longtongued bats feed on fruits, pollen, nectar, and
probably insects. The populations that summer in the United States
migrate to Mexico and northern Central America in winter, following
the blooming cycle of plants such as agaves (century plants) and
some cacti. They are members of a very diverse, mostly tropical
family of leafnosed bats, the Phyllostomidae. The nose leaf, which
looks like a small triangular bump near the tip of the nose, may help
direct the ultrasonic echolocation signals the bat sends through its
nostrils.
Also known as:
Hognosed Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Range: 81103 mm
Weight:Range: 1025 g
Mexican longtongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana) on
left and Mexican longnosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) on
right
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 21
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Hairylegged Vampire Bat(Diphylla ecaudata)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Phyllostomidae
Conservation Status: Near Threatened.
Vampire bats are amazingly wellequipped to live on a diet of blood
and only blood something no other mammal in the world does. Its
teeth are so razorsharp that the bird or mammal it feeds on usually
does not even feel the tiny bite it inflicts. The bat's saliva contains a
chemical that keeps the blood flowing, and its tongue is grooved
the bat uses it almost like a straw. As soon as the bat feeds, it
urinates. Its body retains the nourishing part of the blood but gets rid
of the water, so that it does not have to fly away carrying an extra
load of weight. Diphylla ecaudata is one of three species of vampirebats, all of which are found only in the New World tropics. Only one
specimen of a vampire bat has ever been found in the United States,
in Texas in 1967, and it probably had wandered some 700 km north
from its breeding population..
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 83 mm
Range: 6793 mm
Weight:
Average: 31 g
Range: 2443 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 22
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Mexican Longnosed Bat(Leptonycteris nivalis)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Phyllostomidae
Conservation Status: Endangered.
The Mexican longnosed bat feeds mainly on the nectar and pollen of
agaves, and is found in Texas in June and July, when the plants are in
bloom there. Then it migrates southward into Mexico, where it lives
in pineoak forests and deserts. It may be the main pollinator of a
plant that has economic value in Mexico, the pulque plant. Little is
known about the bat's pattern of reproduction. Nursing females and
juvenile bats have been seen in Texas in June and July.
Also known as:Big Longnosed Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 83 mm
Range: 7688 mm
Weight:
Range: 1830 g
Mexican longtongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana) on
left, and Mexican longnosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) on
right
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 23
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Southern Longnosed Bat(Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Leptonycteris curasoae))
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Phyllostomidae
Conservation Status: Vulnerable.
The southern longnosed bat is associated with arid grassland, scrub
land, and tropical dry forest. Its daytime roosts include caves and
abandoned mines, where upwards of 10,000 bats sometimes
congregate. They are good longdistance fliers: some commute 30
km a night from their roosts to the places where they feed on nectar
and pollen. North American populations of this bat migrate each year
from the southwestern United States to northern and central Mexico,
following the flowering season of nectaring plants such as agaves.
The bats also feed on the flowers of silk trees, saguaro, andorganpipe cactus, and even show up at hummingbird feeders. One
individual may visit as many as 100 cacti each night. Southern
longnosed bats are the only pollinators of some plant species.
Also known as:
Sanborn's Longnosed Bat, Little Longnosed Bat, Lesser
Longnosed Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 81 mm
Range: 7585 mm
Weight:
Range: 1525 g
Leptonycteris yerbabuenae also known as L. curasoae
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 24
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Big Brown Bat(Eptesicus fuscus)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
Big brown bats make their homes in rural areas, towns, and cities,
sometimes choosing barns, houses, or other buildings as roosts.
Males usually live alone; females gather in maternity colonies in the
spring and summer to give birth and raise their young. A maternity
colony may include 20 75 adults and their offspring. Females in
the eastern United States usually give birth to twins; those in the
West usually have a single pup each year. Females may return to the
same colony year after year. On warm, dry evenings, the bats leave
the roost shortly after sunset to forage for insectsespecially flying
beetleswhich they catch and eat in the air. When the weather is cold
or wet, they may stay in the roost, dropping their body temperatureand living on stored fat. In the winter, they hibernate. Many migrate
a short distance (less than 80 km) to find mines or caves for
hibernation, but some spend the winter in attics or walls where the
temperature is cool but stays above freezing.
Also known as:
Brown Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:
Average: 112 mm
Range: 87138 mm
Weight:
Average: 16 g
Range: 1123 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 25
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Hoary Bat(Lasiurus cinereus)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
Hoary bats are found from northern Canada all the way to Guatemala,
and also in South America and Hawaii. They are solitary and roost in
trees. Their frosted, or hoary, look comes from a tinge of white over
their grayishbrown fur. Their flight is distinctively fast and direct
and can be used as an identifying trait. Hoary bats eat moths, beetles,
grasshoppers, wasps, and dragonflies.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:Average: 80.5 mm males; 83.6 mm females
Range: 7787 mm
Weight:
Range: 2035 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 26
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Southern Yellow Bat(Lasiurus ega)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
A strong flier with yellowish fur, the southern yellow bat is a lowland
species, adapted to both dry and wet habitats. It roosts in trees,
particularly palms. These bats are often seen hunting over water,
including over swimming pools. Very few species of bats have more
than one or two young at a time, and most have just two nipples, but
some bats in the genus Lasiurus have four nipples and can have
triplets or quadruplets. Southern yellow bats most often have triplets.
The young bats nurse for about two months before they are able to fly
and forage for themselves.
Also known as:Western Yellow Bat, Tropical Yellow Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:
Average: 115.1 mm
Range: 102118 mm
Weight:
Average: 11.9 gRange: 1014 g
Lasiurus ega inset shows white hairs on underside of wing
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Northern Yellow Bat(Lasiurus intermedius)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
Clumps of Spanish moss make good daytime roosting places for
northern yellow bats. Small groups of males or slightly larger groups
of females are often found roosting together in forested areas near a
permanent source of water. They are seldom found roosting in houses
or other manmade structures. They feed over open spaces: they are
seen over golf courses, beaches, and along the edges of ponds,
hunting for mosquitoes, flies, and other insect prey. Barn owls are
known to prey on them. Unlike most other Lasiurus bats, they have
only two nipples, and if a female gives birth to more than two
offspring, usually only two survive. Young are born in May or June
and are flying by June or July.
Also known as:
Eastern Yellow Bat, Florida Yellow Bat, Greater Yellow Bat, Big
Yellow Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:
Range: 121131.5 mm
Weight:
Average: 17 g
Range: 1420 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 28
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
California Myotis(Myotis californicus)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
California myotis are found in deserts and arid basins. They drink at
small waterholes, and when they forage, they fly low and slow over
water and other open areas, and at forest edges. Many California
myotis are active in winter, but some that live at higher elevations or
farther north hibernate. Mating usually occurs in the fall, and sperm is
stored in the female's uterus until spring, when ovulation and
fertilization occur. A single pup is born in June or July, when food is
plentiful. The young develop rapidly and can fly in about a month.
Also known as:
California Bat
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:
Range: 7094 mm
Weight:
Range: 3.35.4 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 29
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Cave Myotis(Myotis velifer)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
The cave myotis, one of the larger myotis species, has a
stubbynosed appearance. The ears reach only to the end of the short
nose when bent forward. Typical of North American bats, cave
myotis feed on insects, especially moths and beetles. They breed
seasonally, giving birth to a single offspring of about 3 g, or 25
percent or more the weight of the mother. The young are flying and
foraging for insects when they are about a month old, but nurse for
about six weeks. A nursing bat hangs upside down next to its mother,
nestled in her wing, sometimes hanging onto the roost with one foot
and its mother with the other; the female has a nipple under each arm,
near her armpits.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females have longer forearms than males.
Length:
Average: 56.7 mm
Range: 44.255 mm
Weight:
Average: 12 g
Range: 914 g
Myotis velifer inset shows darker variation
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 30
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Longlegged Myotis(Myotis volans)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
Longlegged myotis typically occupy mountainous or relatively
rugged areas. They often live in coniferous forest, although they are
sometimes found in oak or streamside woodlands, and even deserts.
They feed mostly on moths, but are opportunistic, eating whatever
softbodied insects are most abundant. When several longlegged
myotis are feeding in the same area, and two bats seem to be on a
collision course, they alter their echolocation calls, adding a
lowerfrequency "honk."
Also known as:
Hairywinged Myotis
Length:
Range: 76106 mm
Weight:
Average: 7.5 g
Range: 510 g
Myotis volans ssp. interior
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 31
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Eastern Pipistrelle(Pipistrellus subflavus)
ORDER: Chiroptera
FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
Not as small as its western cousin, the eastern pipistrelle weighs in at
6 to10 g and is comparable in size to many bats in the family
Vespertilionidae. Eastern pipistrelles are stronger fliers than western
pipistrelles, and some migrate several hundred miles in late summer
and early fall, to the caves where they hibernate. Like their cousins,
female eastern pipistrelles give birth to twins. The neonates are
hairless, but develop rapidly and are able to fly when they are two to
three weeks old. Males have been known to live to 15 years of age;
the maximum recorded longevity for females is 10 years.
Also known as:Pipistrelle
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:
Range: 7590 mm
Weight:
Range: 601 g
Pipistrellus subflavus inset shows tricolored hair
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson'sMammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Virginia Opossum(Didelphis virginiana)
ORDER: Didelphimorphia
FAMILY: Didelphidae
The Virginia opossum, the only marsupial found north of Mexico, is
an adaptable omnivore at home on the ground and in the trees.
Opossums prefer forested habitats, but they are quite successful even
in urban areas. They are active at night, yearround: in freezing
weather, an unlucky opossum can lose its eartips and the end of its
tail to frostbite. Like all marsupials, opossums give birth to tiny,
undeveloped young. The embryos develop in the mother's womb for
less than two weeks, then the newborn opossums crawl from the
birth canal to the mother's pouch, where they fasten tight to a nipple.
They stay there, attached to the nipple, for 55 or 60 days. A female
opossum usually has 13 nipples, and litters are usually smaller thanthat, but a baby that cannot attach to a nipple dies. After about 60
days the young opossums leave the pouch, but they stay close to their
mothersometimes riding on her back when they are out at
nightand nurse for another month or more.
Also known as:
Opossums, Possum
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are slightly larger and much heavier than females, with larger
canine teeth.
Length:
Average: 740 mm
Range: 350940 mm
Weight:
Range: 0.86.4 kg males, 0.33.7 kg females
Credit: painting by Todd Zalewski from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Least Shrew(Cryptotis parva)
ORDER: Insectivora
FAMILY: Soricidae
Least Shrews have a repertoire of tiny calls, audible to human ears
up to a distance of only 20 inches or so. Nests are of leaves or
grasses in some hidden place, such as on the ground under a cabbage
palm leaf or in brush. Weighing in at only a few grams, this shrew is
remarkably adaptable, as its extensive north to south distribution
attests. From southern New England to northern Panama, the Least
Shrew inhabits grassy fields, marshes, and woodland habitats.
Also known as:
Small Shorttailed Shrew, Little Shorttailed Shrew, Bee Shrew
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 75 mm
Range: 6189 mm
Weight:
Range: 310 g
Cryptotis parva summer
Credit: painting by Nancy Halliday from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 34
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Vagrant Shrew(Sorex vagrans)
ORDER: Insectivora
FAMILY: Soricidae
Vagrant Shrews live in moist habitats throughout their range. They
are common in lakeside or streamside communities of sedges,
grasses, and willows, and in coastal salt marshes. Like some other
shrews, Vagrant Shrews emit highfrequency vocalizationsa kind
of echolocationthat they use to orient themselves. Unlike some
shrews, Vagrant Shrews do not posses toxic saliva. Vagrant Shrews
have regular fluctuations in body weight, reaching a weight of about
5 6 g at one month of age, then dropping to 4 5 g until late
winter, when they gain about 3 g and are ready to breed. The young
are born in the spring, in round nests made of plant materials. At
birth, they weigh only about half a gram.
Also known as:
Wandering Shrew
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 107 mm
Range: 100115 mm
Weight:
Range: 38 g
Credit: painting by Nancy Halliday from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Eastern Cottontail(Sylvilagus floridanus)
ORDER: Lagomorpha
FAMILY: Leporidae
Eastern Cottontails share habitats with seven other cottontails and six
species of hares. They have been transplanted to areas outside their
historically widespread range, which included swamps, prairies,
woodlands, and forests. They have two ways of escaping danger: a
zigzag dash or a slink, in which they creep along, low to the
ground, with their ears back. Eastern Cottontails are among the most
prolific lagomorphs. Females can have seven litters a year, producing
as many as 35 young. Litters, usually of 3, are born in a furlined
nest of dried grasses and leaves.
Also known as:Florida Cottontail
Sexual Dimorphism:
Females are larger than males.
Length:
Average: 430 mm
Range: 395477 mm
Weight:
Range: 8011,533 g
Credit: painting by Ron Klinger from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 36
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse(Liomys irroratus)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Heteromyidae
The Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse occurs in central and northeastern
Mexico and the extreme south of Texas. It inhabits a variety of
semiarid brushy or rocky habitats, and is common where it lives.
The "pockets" of the pocket Mouse are furlined cheek pouches,
where seeds are carried from the foraging area to the burrow.
Mexican Spiny Pocket Mice are grayishbrown, with white
underparts. On the back, a mixture of stiff spiny hairs and soft ones
gives the animal a somewhat coarse appearance. These Mice are
nocturnal and are active yearround.
Sexual Dimorphism:Males are larger than females.
Length:
Average: 238 mm males; 226 mm females
Range: 216262 mm males; 207251 mm females
Weight:
Range: 4060 g males; 3550 g females
Credit: painting by Elizabeth McClelland from Kays and
Wilson's Mammals of North America, Princeton
University Press (2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Silky Pocket Mouse(Perognathus flavus)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Heteromyidae
Conservation Status: The subspecies P. flavus goodpasteri
(Goodpaster's silky pocket mouse) is Near Threatened.
The smallest Perognathus species of all, the Silky Pocket Mouse is
among the smallest rodents in North America. These Mice are most
active on cool, humid nights, typically foraging for fallen seeds by
sifting sand with their tiny forepaws. Sometimes they climb the
stems of grasses to harvest seeds that have not yet fallen. They carry
nesting materials and seeds back to the burrow in their furlined
cheek pouches, and store seeds within the burrow. The Mice do not
hibernate in winter, but remain active within their burrows, fueled bya cache of seeds. Silky Pocket Mice have not often reproduced in
captivity, so knowledge about their reproductive habits is somewhat
sketchy. They are known to have one or two litters a year, depending
on climate and food availability. Two to six young are born in a
litter, after a gestation of about four weeks.
Also known as:
Baird's Pocket Mouse
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 113 mm
Range: 100130 mm
Weight:
Range: 510 g
Perognathus flavus indistinguishable visually from P.
merriami; differentiated by territory
Credit: painting by Elizabeth McClelland from Kays and
Wilson's Mammals of North America, Princeton
University Press (2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Mexican Woodrat(Neotoma mexicana)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
Mexican Woodrats inhabits rocky outcrops, cliffs, and slopes,
primarily in montane regions from northern Colorado to Honduras.
They eat a wide variety of leaves, seeds, and berries, and sometimes
store large amounts of food. They are mediumsized, grayishbrown
woodrats with white underparts, bushy tails, and gray throat hairs.
Owls, foxes, coyotes, bobcats, weasels, and rattlesnakes all prey on
them. Many Mexican Woodrat populations are separate from each
other (disjunct), because patches of suitable habitat are separated
from each other by terrain the Woodrat cannot cross. For example,
Woodrats living on one mountaintop may remain isolated from
Woodrats on another. Fossils of this species that are more than10,000 years old have been found in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas,
and Mexico.
Also known as:
Trade Rat, Packrat
Length:
Range: 290417 mm
Weight:
Range: 151253 g
Neotoma mexicana gray (upper) or rufous brown (lower)
coatCredit: painting by Ron Klinger from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 39
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Coues's Rice Rat(Oryzomys couesi)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
Couess rice rats prefer cattailbulrush marshes for habitat. Like the
closely related Marsh rice rat, Couess is thought to be highly
aquatic, active at night, and carnivorous. They are excellent climbers,
and nest above the ground. Their nests are built either in cattails or in
small trees. When they nest in cattails Couess rats only use the
cattail leaf to build their nests. In trees, the rats use a mix of plant
materials for the nest. They tend to breed during the nonwinter
months, and may breed throughout the year when winter is mild.
They usually have litters of five, after a gestation of about 25 days.
The distribution of Couess rice rat in the United States limited to
southern Texas along with their restricted habitat preference makesthis species one of the rarest rodents in the United States.
Also known as:
Reasca Rice Rat
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are larger than females.
Length:
Range: 390410 mm
Weight:
Range: 6771 g
Credit: painting by Ron Klinger from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 40
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Whitefooted Mouse(Peromyscus leucopus)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
The Whitefooted Mouse has a very wide distribution. It is the most
abundant rodent in mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in the
eastern United States, and is probably equally abundant near farms.
Its habitat preferences are very different in southern Mexico,
however, as it prospers in semidesert vegetation. Whitefooted
Mice are excellent swimmers, and so are able to colonize islands in
lakes with relative ease. They are not agricultural pests, and they are
important ecologically because owls, weasels, snakes, and many
other predators eat them. Individuals may live several years in
captivity, but an almost complete turnover occurs annually in wild
populations. In some places they carry the tick that transmits Lymedisease.
Also known as:
Wood Mouse, Deermouse
Length:
Range: 150205 mm
Weight:
Range: 1525 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Deermouse(Peromyscus maniculatus)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
Conservation Status: Two subspecies (P. maniculatus anacapae,
the Anacapa Deermouse, and P. maniculatus clementis, the San
Clemente Deermouse) are Near Threatened.
Deermice rarely leave their homes during the day, but feed
opportunistically at night on whatever is available: seeds, nuts, fruit,
berries, insects and other animal matter, and whatever they find tasty
in houses. Deermice have the most extensive range of any North
American rodent, and are found in almost every kind of habitat. They
climb easily, tunnel through snow or scurry about on its surface, and
find shelter everywhere from mattresses to tree cavities to burrows inthe ground. Populations fluctuate in cycles of three to five years,
sometimes correlated with the amount of food available. The
Deermouse is important as a laboratory animal, and can be a factor in
the spread of some human diseases, including hantavirus, plague,
and Lyme disease.
Also known as:
Wood Mouse, Woodland Deermouse, Prairie Deermouse
Length:
Range: 120225 mm
Weight:
Range: 1030 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 42
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Pinyon Mouse(Peromyscus truei)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
Conservation Status: The subspecies P. truei comanche, the Palo
Duro mouse, is Near Threatened.
Pinyon Mice reproduce from midFebruary through midNovember,
giving birth to litters of 36 blind, hairless young that weigh about
2.3 g each. The young have fur by the time they are two weeks old.
At about 1621 days, their eyes open and their ears unfold. They
nurse for 34 weeks; sometimes a female becomes pregnant while
she is still nursing a litter. These Mice are common in arid and
semiarid regions in the West, at elevations from sea level to more
than 2,300 m. They are found most often among rocks where pinyonpine and juniper grow, but are not limited to this habitat.
Also known as:
Bigeared Cliff Mouse, Palo Duro Mouse
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:
Average: 195 mm
Range: 171231 mm
Weight:
Range: 1550 g
Peromyscus truei color variations: yellowishbrown (left)
and grayishbrown (right)
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Fulvous Harvest Mouse(Reithrodontomys fulvescens)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
The fulvous Harvest Mouse is a nocturnal species that lives in grassy
fields where there are shrubs. These Mice are good climbers, and
build baseballsized nests up off the ground, in vegetation. Winter
nests are sturdier than summer nests. When a nest is occupiedoften
by two Micethe one or two entrances are plugged. Fulvous
Harvest Mice eat invertebrates when they are available, during the
spring and summer, and switch to seeds in fall and winter. Along the
Texas coast, where invertebrates are available yearround, they are
the dominant item in the diet. Males and females seem to travel
together, which suggests they may pairbond in monogamous
relationships, a rarity for mammals. These Mice live for about a year,and seldom longer than 14 months.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are larger than females.
Length:
Range: 134189 mm
Weight:
Range: 6.525 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Western Harvest Mouse(Reithrodontomys megalotis)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
Western Harvest Mouse are adaptable, widespread, and abundant,
especially in meadows, prairies, old pastures, stream valleys, and
marshes. They eat seeds, insects, and plants. They rarely live for
more than a year, but under optimal conditions, a female can produce
more than 50 young in her lifetime. Their nests are built of plant
material, usually on the ground, but sometimes in burrows or in
vegetation slightly above the ground. Each mouse may have several
nests, which it uses at different times. The Mice are nonterritorial
and show a great deal of tolerance for one another, even huddling
together when it is cold. Such intimate contact carries risks: they are
afflicted with many parasites, including protozoans, worms, fleas,chiggers, mites, and lice. They are a vector for a hantavirus that can
cause acute respiratory illness and hemorrhagic fever in humans.
Also known as:
Longtailed Harvest Mouse, Desert Harvest Mouse, Dusky Harvest
Mouse
Sexual Dimorphism:
None
Length:Average: 140 mm
Range: 118170 mm
Weight:
Range: 815 g
Credit: painting by Wendy Smith from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 45
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Hispid Cotton Rat(Sigmodon hispidus)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Muridae
Conservation Status: Two subspecies, S. hispidus eremicus and S.
hispidus insulicola, are Near Threatened.
The Hispid Cotton Rat's fur is sprinkled or streaked with blackish or
dark brownish and grayish hairs. The Rats molt, losing and getting a
new coat, three times in three months as they move through juvenile
and subadult stages and into adulthood. Hispid Cotton Rats inhabit
tall, dense grasses that protect them from birds of prey. Their range
has recently expanded northward into central Virginia, Kentucky,
northern Missouri, southern Nebraska, and northern New Mexico,
and westward into western Colorado and the Imperial Valley ofCalifornia. Where their range and the ranges of Prairie Voles and
Pygmy Mice now overlap, the Hispid Cotton Rat appears to be
competitively excluding these species.
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are larger than females.
Length:
Range: 224365 mm
Weight:Range: 110225 g males; 100200 g females
Sigmodon hispidus upper right (with S. ochrognathus)
Credit: painting by Todd Zalewski from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 46
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Southern Flying Squirrel(Glaucomys volans)
ORDER: Rodentia
FAMILY: Sciuridae
Most of the Southern Flying Squirrel's range is east of the
Mississippi River, but it occurs west of the river in central Texas,
and as far south as Honduras, in Central America. Like the Northern
Flying Squirrel, it has a gliding membrane (patagium) and a flattened
tail. Flying squirrels are nocturnal and are much smaller than most
tree squirrels, which are diurnal. Although primarily associated with
hardwoods, especially oaks and hickories, Southern Flying Squirrels
inhabit forests of diverse types, and even live in cities and suburbs. A
natural cavity or old woodpecker hole in a live or dead tree is the
typical nest site. Where the ranges of the two species of flying
squirrels overlap, it appears the Southern Flying Squirrel mayoutcompete its larger relative.
Also known as:
Eastern Flying Squirrel
Length:
Average: 231 mm
Range: 198255 mm
Weight:
Average: 70 gRange: 4685 g
Glaucomys volans left (with G. sabrinus); G. volans'belly
hairs are white at base and tip
Credit: painting by Todd Zalewski from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)
http://CF08_NMNHMain/mna 47
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FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
for Latitude: 20 North Longitude: 97 30' West
Puebla, Mexico
Ninebanded Armadillo(Dasypus novemcinctus)
ORDER: Xenarthra
FAMILY: Dasypodidae
The tanklike Ninebanded Armadillo's range has greatly expanded
northward in the last 100 years. In the mid1800s it was found only
as far north as southern Texas; by the 1970s it lived in Oklahoma,
Kansas, Missouri and Tennessee; now its also on the East Coast.
Armadillos are typically active at night or twilight. They shuffle
along slowly, using their sense of smell to find foodmostly insects,
and occasionally worms, snails, eggs, amphibians, and berries. They
root and dig with their nose and powerful forefeet to unearth insects
or build a burrow. They always give birth to identical, samesex
quadruplets that develop from a single fertilized egg. Only two
mammals are known to get a disease called leprosy: humans andarmadillos. This has made armadillos important in medical research.
Also known as:
Longnosed Armadillo
Sexual Dimorphism:
Males are heavier than females.
Length:
Range: 615800 mm
Weight:
Range: 5.57.7 kg males, 3.66 kg females
Credit: painting by Todd Zalewski from Kays and Wilson's
Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press
(2002)