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Mammal &Primate Evolution
Placental mammalsLate MesozoicCenozoic (60-65 mya)
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Plesiadapiformes• Purgatorius
(Montana)• Plesiadapis (N.A. &
Europe)Europe)• Altiatlasius (Morocco )
Colugo (‘flying’ lemur)Colugo (‘flying’ lemur) 2
Primate Evolution:EoceneProsimian radiation/60+ genera
Fig. 10-2, p. 2593
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Superfamily:Adapoidea > 35 genera (lemurlike)
• Cantius (N.A. & Europe)• Adapis (Ad´-a-pis) Europe• Notharctus
(N th k´ t ) N A(Noth-ark -tus) N.A.• Smilodectes
(Smi-lo-dek´-teese) N. A.
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Lemur-like Adaptive Pattern
Complete post-orbital barLarger, rounder, braincases
Nails replacing clawsEyes rotated forward
PrehensileEtc.
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Superfamily:Omomyoidae (tarsier-like)
• F. Omomyidae• e.g., Necrolemur,
Tetonius
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Early Anthropoids: Fayum, EgyptLate Eocene - Oligocene
2 genera of prosimians
6 genera of early anthropoids
F. Eosimiidae
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Catopithecus
Other Early Anthropoids
North AfricaAgnolaOman
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ThailandMyanmarChina
Eosimias
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New World Monkeys
Branisella bolivianaBranisella boliviana10
Old World AnthropoidsCatarrhini :
– Old World Monkeys– Apes– Humans
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Oligocene [34-23 MYA]
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Old World Anthropoids (Fayum)
• Apidium (3 species) 2.1.3.3• Propliopithecus (4 species) 2.1.2.3
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Aegyptopithecus
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Summary
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HOMINOIDS
• 6 genera, 12 species– 1. small-bodied (gibbon and siamang)– 2. large-bodied forms:
• Pongo (orangutan)• Pongo (orangutan)• Gorilla• Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos)• Homo
• Asian large-bodied (orangutan) and• African large-bodied (gorillas, chimpanzees,
bonobos, and humans)
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Major branches in Major branches in anthropoid evolution anthropoid evolution
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MIOCENE (23-7 mya)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 191
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Miocene Hominoids
Simons & Pilbeam 1960•Ape-like•Human like (e.g., Ramapithecus”)
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Miocene Environments
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Early Miocene Apes – in Africa
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European Forms (13—11 MYA)
– genus Dryopithecus– France, Spain, Austria,
Hungary
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South/Southwest Asian Forms (16—7 M.Y.A.)
– Turkey: early Middle Miocene (16—14 m.y.a.) Ankarapithecus
Ankarapithecus
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Skulls of a chimp (left), orang (right) flanking face of Sivapithecus.
The sivapithecines are found over a wide area (Turkey to
Sivapithecus – an ancestral orang-utan?
area (Turkey to Nepal) and timespan (13 – 8 Mya).
Drawings from John Hawk’s weblog:http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/24
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“Ramapitecus”
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Evolutionary relationships of hominoids
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Other Miocene Hominoids– Pliopithecus :middle and
late Miocene of Europe; gibbon ancestor?
– Greece (Ouranopithecus10 9 ) G10—9 m.y.a.), Greece
– Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Southern China (7—6 m.y.a.)
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Oreopithecus
Very well preserved skeleton from shale deposits in Tuscany. http://www.toyen.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/x616.htm Reconstructed skeleton – look at the
pelvis!http://www.ribollastory.net/scimmia5.html
And how it might have moved – through a swampy forest.Fleagle (1999)
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Gigantopithecus – the largest known ape
Comparison of Gigantopithecus mandible (left) and a modern human mandible (right) together with some of the “dragon’s teeth” which led to the discovery of this genus.
A phytolith from bamboo, found embedded on a Gigantopithecus molar.Ciochon et al (1990) PNAS 87 8120-8124
Above – the remarkable karst landscape of Liucheng (China) in which Gigantopithecus fossils have been found.
Left – a reconstruction to scale ofGigantopithecus, assuming a gorilla like postcranium.
Images from “The Ape that Was” by Russell Ciochon. http://www.uiowa.edu/~bioanth/giganto.html29
Summary of Primate Evolution
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Catarrhine Evolution
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