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Adaptive capacity to flood of communities in North Central Vietnam
Case studies in Yen Ho commune, Duc Tho district, Ha Tinh province and Hung Nhan commune,
Hung Nguyen district, Nghe An province
Man Quang HuyFaculty of GeographyVNU - University of ScienceHanoi, VietnamEmail: [email protected]
Objectives 1. investigating impacts of water disasters on
affected communities in Central provinces with case studies in 2 communes of Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces
2. analyzing community – based adaptation of affected communities based on bottom-up approach
3. identifying the top priorities in each community to increase its adaptive capacity
Climate change adaptation approaches
- Top-down
- Bottom-up
Community- based adaptation (CBA)There is no universally accepted definition of
CBA
The definition that is most popular:
“CBA is a community-led process based on communities’ priorities, needs, knowledge, and capacities, which should empower people to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate change” (Reid et al 2010)
Adaptive capacity
The ability of a system to adjust to climate change
(including climate variability and extremes) to moderate
potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to
cope with the consequences (IPCC).
Vulnerability = f (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity)IPCC
CVCA (climate vulnerability and capacity analysis) methodology of CARE
- hazard mapping
- historical timeline
- seasonal calendar
- group discussion to identify the top problems related to flood’s impacts
Assessing adaptive capacityHuman capital Knowledge of climate risks, conservation
agriculture skills, education
Social capital Support from government in agricultural produce, farmer-based organizations, participatory of households’ members in social organizations
Physical capital Furniture, production tools
Natural capital Cultivated land, aquaculture land
Financial capital Income, loans, rate of agricultural employment in every household
Adaptive capacity of
househoulds
Questionnaire
Community surveys
Adaptive capacity of
communities
Household survey (August 2013): 164 households in Hung Nhan and 190 households in Yen Ho
Community surveys (June 2014): 20 key informants in Hung Nhan and 15 key informants in Yen Ho being representatives for different income groups in the villages participated in two separated survey.
Assessing adaptive capacity
Nghe An
Ha Tinh
Lam River
Hung Nhan
commune
Yen Hocommu
ne
Lam River
Hung Nhan commune Yen Ho commune
674ha, 3856 inhabitants, the most part live based on agriculture.
746.25ha, 4536 inhabitants (2011), the most part live based on agriculture.
Economic structure: agricultural sector 53%, industrial sector: 30%, service sector: 17% (2012).
Economic structure: agricultural sector 50%, industrial sector: 30%, service sector: 20% (2013).
Be affected by the Lam River Be affected by the Lam River
Causes of floods: completely outside the dyke
Cause of floods: the lowest land in Duc Tho district
Case study areas
Season of crops and flood in two case study areas
Result 1. Impact of flood in Hung Nhan and Yen Ho (perception of community)
81.9% interviewed-households in Yen Ho and 95.3% in Hung Nhan ranked flood impacts as strongest in compared with other natural disasters (salinization, sea level rise, extreme cold, extreme hot, drought and heavy rain).
Result 1. Impact of flood in Hung Nhan and Yen Ho (perception of community)
Impact of flood Hung Nhan
Yen Ho
Cultivation
Decrease productivity (of plants) 55 71
Totally lost crop in some typical years
89 60
More diseases of plants 37 29
Slow growth (of plants) 13 13
Cattle and poultry breeding
Reduce natural foods 53 63
Increase disease 34 50
Lower productivity of cattle and poultry
29 46
Destroy cages 29 43
Received impacts of flood in Hung Nhan and Yen Ho (% households)
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communities
Livelihood of households in Yen Ho and Hung Nhan
Human capitalPhysical capital
Hung Nhan Yen Ho
Human capital-Education level of household headers(Job, Indigenous knowledge)
- 62.5% graduated from secondary - 23.6% graduated from high schools
- 45.5% graduated from secondary - 35.8% graduated from high schools
Physical capital-Roads
- Irrigation works-Housing + tile-roofed houses: + two-floored houses:-Means of transport + Motobikes: + Wagon: + Boats:
-only main roads connecting communes are paved and a tiny proportion of concrete roads inside the villages, the remainders are dirt road-failed to promote efficient
- 74.8%- 6.1%
-76/9%-48%-46.6%
-100% of concrete roads
-failed to promote efficient
- 51.4%-3.2%
-72.2%-48%-7.5%
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communitiesLivelihood of households in Yen Ho and
Hung NhanFinancial capital: average income,
accessibility to loans and debt levels
Average income/person Yen Ho (%) Hung Nhan (%)
Poor (under 400,000vnd) 17.3 39.7
Nearly poor (401,000-500,000vnd)
13.3 12.3
The remainder 69.4 48.0
Average income/person in the villages (applying Vietnamese poverty standard)
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communitiesLivelihood of households in Yen Ho and
Hung NhanFinancial capital: average income,
accessibility to loans and debt levels
Debt level of households
Debt level Yen Ho (%) Hung Nhan (%)
5-20 million VND 47.9 67.2
21-50 million VND 19.7 20
51-80 million VND 8.5 3.1
More than 80 million VND 8.5 3.1
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communitiesLivelihood of households in Yen Ho and
Hung NhanNatural capital: Land and land ownership,
inequality in access land
Proportion of owning agricultural land area
Debt level Yen Ho (%) Hung Nhan (%)
Owning > 2500m2 67.3 49.6
Owning < 1500m2 18.1 22.7
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communitiesLivelihood of households in Yen Ho and
Hung NhanSocial capital:
- Mostly people did not appreciate participation in social groups.
Institutional adaptation- The term “institutions” covers not only formal political
structures but also the more diffuse “rule of the game” and social and cultural norms.
- Building houses in higher height in comparison to the past since historical flood in 2010 (at least above water level in flood).
- Choosing alternatives in low-lying paddies
- Cultivating short-day rice varieties in the summer-autumn season to harvest by full moon in July (the lunar calendar). Despite low quality in comparison with long-day rice varieties, short-day varieties have still been viewed as appropriate choices.
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communities
Hung Nhan
- poor household can get a loan of 10 million VND without interest rate in 10 years to build “chòi” (hut) as a shelter of cows and buffalos.
- Building a community house in high land to be shelter for elderly and children in flood in 2011.
- Organizing maneuvers to response to flood and storm every fifth year. Each maneuver costs roughly 100 million VND, however district just funds for this activity a tenth of cost -> cooperated to Hung Chau commune to conduct the maneuver.
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communities
Chòi (hut) for cows and buffalos in Hung Nhan
Yen Ho
- restructuring the plant and livestock.
+ peanut -> planting corn in some areas due to not good quality soil since 2003. In spite of being higher price when selling, peanut takes more effort to care than corn.
+ cultivating rice -> farming fish in low-lying fields for the reason of high economic efficiency
+ cultivating high quality rice
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communities
Main livelihood of people in both areas is agriculture, in which, cultivation plays decisive role -> unstable
poor households have low access to financial capital -> more dependent on their membership of social
Yen Ho’s residents have better livelihood
Result 2. Adaptive capacity to flood of communities
Result 3. Identifying the top priorities in each communityFinding out alternative livelihood strategies to diversify income
For example, in Hung Nhan, developing breeding cows is a feasible one because of its high economic efficiency, whereas, aquaculture is an appropriate option in Yen Ho.
More finance supports (to get larger loans/credits from banks)
Technique supports in production
In Hung Nhan, increasing accessibility to evacuation of people and assets in flood (improving road system)
In Yen Ho,
- finalizing the part of ditch along the dyke running through the Village 5 to eliminate petechial fever and pollution in rain season
- local authority needs to check and change regulations in land lease policy to help farmer promote their production.
DISCUSSIONSmethod of assessing adaptive capacity
measuring losses due to flood and comparing losses (an important aspect of defining adaptive capacity)
Human factors causing flood are not taken into account in this study
Policy “New rural program” (top-down)
Different societies face different threats, and have different resources as well as coping mechanisms. The approach here can be applied in other circumstances to have insight into adaptation strategies in each locality.