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8/10/2019 Management - Learning Lecture Notes
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HOW WE LEARN
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Learning
Learning has taken place if an individual behaves, reacrespond as a result of experience in a manner different the way he formerly behaved.
Conditions for learning:-
Knowledge should be implemented
Change should last for considerable period of time.
It should not be temporary rather it should be permanent.
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Definitions: Learning is:
1. a persisting changein human performance orperformance potential . . . (brought) about as a resul
the learners interaction with the environment(Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9).
2. the relatively permanent changein a personsknowledge or behavior due to experience (Mayer, 1982, p1040).
3. an enduring changein behavior, or in thecapacity to behave in a given fashion, which res
from practice or other forms of experience (Shuell, 1986, p
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Theories of LEARNING
Social Learning Theory
Connectionism Theory
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Social Learning Theory (SLT)
A. Bandura (1973)
Learning takes place through observationand sensorial exper
SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media & games
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Social Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience.
It assumes that behavior is a function of consequences. It involves:-
Attention Processes:- People learn from model only when they recognipay attention to its critical feature.
Retention Process:- A models influence will depend on how well the ind
remember the models action after the model is no longer readily availab
Motor Reproduction Processes:- After a person has seen a new behavioobserving the model the watching must be converted into doing
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Social earning Theory
Learning From Models -Albert Bandura
1. Attention: Attend to pertinent clues
2. Retention: Code for memory (store avisual image) Retain in memory
3. Reproduction: Accurately reproducethe observed activity
4. Motivation: Possess sufficientmotivation to apply new learning
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Social Learning Theory
Research indicates that the following factors influence the stof learning from models:
1. How much powerthe model seems to have
2. How capablethe model seems to be
3. How nurturing (caring) the model seems to be4. How similarthe learner perceives self and mo
5. How many models the learner observes
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Social Learning Theory
Four interrelated processes establish and
strengthen identification with the model:
1. Children want to be like the model
2. Children believe they are like themodel
3. Children experience emotions likethose the model is feeling.
4. Children act like the model.
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SLT in the Classroom
Collaborative learningand group work
Modeling responses andexpectations
Opportunities to observeexperts in action
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Thorndikes Puzzle Box
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Thorndikes Laws
Also called Stimulus-Response learning. Law of effectA chance act becomes a learned behavior wh
connection is formed between a stimulus (S) and a responseis rewarded.
Law of exercisethe S-R connection is strengthened by use
weakened with disuse.
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Thorndikes Laws (Cont.)
Law of readinessmotivation is needed to develop an assodisplay changed behavior.
Associative shiftinga learned behavior (response) can be sfrom one stimulus to another.
Once a behavior is learned, the stimulus is gradually changed.
Dog + stand up, then stand up alone.
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Factors affecting Learning
The factors that influence learning process can be categorized into t
internal and external factor.
External factors
Environment
Relationship
Context reward/punishment and methods.
Internal factors
Perception
Emotion
Attitude
Ability
Motivation
memory