Management of Continuous and Discrete Data from a Highway Runoff Monitoring
Network in Eastern MassachusettsD.W. Ostendorf, E.S. Hinlein, and A. Judge
Civil and Environmental Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst
MassHighway ISAs 7721, 9130, 9775, 38721, 56565
“Coastal Environmental Sensing Networks”University of Massachusetts, Boston
Boston, MA July 23-34, 2009
Management of Continuous and Discrete Data from a Highway Runoff Monitoring
Network in Eastern MassachusettsD.W. Ostendorf, E.S. Hinlein, and A. Judge
Civil and Environmental Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst
MassHighway ISAs 7721, 9130, 9775, 38721, 56565
“Coastal Environmental Sensing Networks”University of Massachusetts, Boston
Boston, MA July 23-34, 2009
Overview
• Highway runoff monitoring network
• Continuous samples, field sensors
• Discrete samples, laboratory analysis
• Cost, reliability, and interpretation
• Conclusions
Highway Runoff Monitoring Network
• Interagency Service Agreements between UMass Amherst and Massachusetts Highway Department 1990-2011
• Evidentiary support quantifying potential highway deicing agent impacts on surface and groundwater quality
• Major ions, specific conductivity, precipitation, discharge, deicing agent application, handling, storage data
• Companion network of groundwater monitoring wells, supplemental data
• Cohasset (96-11), Plymouth (97-08), Andover (05-11), Dedham/Westwood (06-11); highways, roads, facilities
Four Coastal Runoff Research Sites
• Coastal Mass. vsAmherst (telemetry)• Deicing agents (ions and SpC)• Closed highway drainage systems (weirs and power)• Highway shoulder and median swale• Salt/premix storage facilities (3 to 4 orders)• Infiltration basins
Andover
Dedham Cohasset
Plymouth
Six Travel Lanes with Closed Drainage System-Plymouth SR25
Curbs, Catch Basins, Storm SewersAndover I495
Instrumented Outlet Weirs, Infiltration Basin-Plymouth SR25
Plymouth SR 25 Outlet Weir Infiltration Basin
Continuous (15 minute frequency) record of discharge (bubbler or sonic) and specific conductivity (potentiometricprobe) in instrumented V-notch weir
Highway Deicing Agents(SpC as Surrogate)
•Continuous field sampling of specific conductivity•Well correlated to major ions•Confirmed with discrete sampling program (Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, HCO3
-)
Salt/Premix Storage Facilities
Indoor storage, indoor handling at Cohasset (2001-present)
Indoor storage, outdoor handling at Cohasset (1980s-2001)
Continuous Monitoring Equipment Manufacturers
• DischargeISCO 4230 bubbler, Hydrological Services H55 bubbler,
ISCO 2150 velocity/flow cell• Specific Conductivity ProbesYSI 660R, Campbell Scientific 547• PrecipitationISCO 647L rain gage• Telemetry and loggingCampbell Science CR10X, CR1000, Verizon landlines,
UMA secure hard drive/user network• MaintenanceTMobile smart cell phone, Blackberry, GMC Yukon, Dell
Continuous Monitoring EquipmentISCO647 Rain Gage UMass Performance
∑∑ ⋅
=Months
freeIncidentFraction
Month07/06 11/06 03/07 07/07 11/07
Frac
tion
Inci
dent
Fre
e M
onth
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
135 Total Months
Continuous Monitoring EquipmentSpC Probe UMass Performance
Note: CSCI Stations are more exposed than YSI Stations
Date07/06 01/07 07/07 01/08 07/08 01/09
Frac
tion
Inci
dent
Fre
e M
onth
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
CSCI547 (235 Total Months)YSI600 (108 Total Months)
Continuous Monitoring EquipmentDischarge Meter UMass Performance
Note: HS55 most exposed station, ISCO4230 least exposed stationMonth
07/06 01/07 07/07 01/08 07/08 01/09 07/09
Frac
tion
Inci
dent
Fre
e M
onth
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
ISCO2150 (69 Total Months)HS55 (166 Total Months)ISCO4230 (108 Total Months)
Continuous Monitoring Equipment UMass Peformance
• No substitute for intelligent site visits, at intervals smaller than those you can afford to lose (dedicated, disciplined personnel with trucks and intelligible cellphones to laboratory control)
• Exposure: freezing (heating mats), sedimentation, (lightning strikes), tube leakage, rodents, flooding, downloading errors
• Lower exposure can compensate for fragile sensors (Cohasset): High fraction but decreasing with time
• Exposed sites require robust sensors (Dedham): Moderate initial fraction increasing to high
• SpC “easier” to sense than discharge
• Overall network performance is very good, given scale and scope (85% incident free months)
Discrete Highway Runoff Monitoring Autosampler
Andover Salt Storage Facility Autosampler
Automated 24 sample (1 L) collection from V-notch weir at programmed intervals, for subsequent laboratory analysis of major cations—Andover, Cohasset, Plymouth
Laboratory InstrumentsMajor anions by IC
Total inorganic carbon by TOC analyzer
Major cations by ICP
Discrete Monitoring Equipment Manufacturers
• AutosamplerISCO 6712, backup discharge and SpC, same telemetry
• Major cationsPerkin-Elmer Optima 5300 DV (OES) inductively coupled
plasma spectrometer
• Major anionsDionex ICS 2500 ion chromatograph
• Dissolved inorganic carbonShimadzu Vcph and 5500 total organic carbon analyzers
Most Important Highway Monitoring Network Element of All….(PostDoc/MS/PhD)
Andover I495 Closed Drainage Telemetry and Precipitation
“Capital” Cost Estimates
• Continuous Monitoring Stations (11)-$240,000[installed]• GMC Yukon-$34,000• IC-$15,000 [20% of total]• ICP-$22,000 [20% of total]• TOC-$6,000 [20% of total]• [ELAB II 208-$5.3 million for “free”] Present worth at 5% inflation, includes 10% indirects20% of lab sample load is surface (80% groundwater)
Annual Operating Cost Estimates• MS Laboratory Analyst (20%)-$12,000• Laboratory prep (20%)-$5,000• Laboratory repairs (20%)-$2,000• Laboratory supplies (20%)-$5,000• MS Field Analyst (100%)-$60,000• Travel (gas and vehicle repair)-$6,000• Field repairs-$5,000• Telemetry logging (11)-$6,000• [Excludes interpretation & ISA management] 11 continuous stations, 20% laboratory analyses
Approximate Surface Runoff Cost Ratios• Laboratory annual cost-$24,000/yr• Laboratory capital cost-$43,000• 864 lab analyses per year (3 autosamplers, one
storm per month)• (Annual+ Capital/5)/864=$38/lab sample• Field annual cost-$77,000/yr (3.2 times lab)• Field capital cost-$274,000 (6.4 times lab)• (Annual+Capital/5)/11=$12,000/yr-station
Excludes interpretation, QA/QC costs, & ISA management, excludes gw laboratory analyses 80%
InterpretationMajor Ions, Charge Balance, and SpC
Real major ions
Andover Salt/Premix Storage Facility
February 27-28, 2009 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:0
mg/
L
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Na+Cl-
February 27-28, 2009 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:0
mg/
L
0
50
100
150Ca+2K+SO4-2HCO3-
“Major” ions
InterpretationMajor Ions, Charge Balance, and SpC
February 27-28, 2009 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:0
Cha
rge
Bal
ance
, %
0
2
4
6
Specific Conductivity, μS/cm102 103 104 105
Cl,
mg/
L
101
102
103
104
105
2/27/094/11/093/26/095/14/09
Charge balanceAndover Salt/Premix Storage Facility
SpC vs Cl-
)SpC(262.0Cl =
Stormscale InterpretationHyetograph, Hydrograph, Pollutograph
Dedham/Westwood Continuous Monitoring Station
∑∑=
I
IIAVE q
ClqCl
Seasonal InterpretationMonthly Chloride Flux Estimate
Cohasset Salt/Premix Storage Facility Surface Runoff Station
Date3/1/09 3/8/09 3/15/09 3/22/09 3/29/09
kg C
l- /se
c
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
Acc
umul
ated
kg
Cl-
0
200
400
600
800
Annual Interpretation-Seasonal Variation of Monthly Average Chloride
Plymouth SR25 Surface Runoff Station
Date1/00 1/02 1/04 1/06 1/08
Ave
rage
Cl-
conc
entr
atio
n, k
g/m
3
10-2
10-1
100
101
InterpretationJEQ (2001), 30(5): 1756-1770
time,sx103 vs cpav time,sx103 vs qm, time,sx103 vs cmed time,sx103 vs cmed time,sx103 vs mil Col 1 vs Col 6
Time, s x 1030 10 20
SpC
0.0
0.5
1.016-17 March 2000
Succession of storms calibrates slow sink term for solid salt on pavement-same kinetics, different scales
Stormscale data calibrates source term for dissolved choride(Spc surrogate) at Cohasset
Year0 1 2 3 4
Salt,
kg/
m2
10-2
10-1
100
InterpretationJEE (2006), 132(12): 1562-1571
Plymouth SR25-Catchment Model
Pavement texture and deicing agent kinetics models for seasonal dissolution kinetics
InterpretationJEE (2009), in press
Basin plume displaces streamlines (and alters advection)
Storm scale vertical velocity augments vertical dispersivity by adding temporal fluctuation to aquifer heterogeneity (altering dispersion)
Time, sx1040 20 40 60 80
Ver
tical
dis
plac
emen
t, cm
-30
-20
-10
0
Surface/gwinteractions
Peer Reviewed Journal ArticlesSurface Runoff
• Cohasset-Ostendorf et al. (2001) JEQ 30: 1756; Ostendorf et al. (2006) JHydrol 326: 109; plus two published and one submitted groundwater papers—slow hydraulics
• Plymouth-Ostendorf et al. (2006) JEE 132: 1562; Ostendorf et al. (2007) JHydrol 338: 132; Ostendorf et al. (2009) HydrolResin press plus 11 published groundwater papers-fast hydraulics
• Dedham/Westwood-Ostendorf and Kilbridge (2009) JNEWWASept 2009: 215 plus one published and one submitted groundwater paper-newer site
• Andover-Ostendorf et al. (submitted) TRR-newest site
Many Slides and Much Talking to Suggest that…..
• UMass and MassHighway have established a coastal highway runoff monitoring network (1996-present) to document potential impacts of deicing agents on water quality; evidentiary support for EOT Chief Counselthrough sister state agency
• Specific discharge as surrogate for deicing agents (works due to emphasis on major ions) Continuous records from 11 surface water quality stations, with lab truth by 3 discrete autosamplers
• Approximate (uninterpreted and unmanaged) costs are $38/discrete sample and $12,000/yr-station; economies of scale and synergism with complementary groundwater network; 85% incident free months at surface stations
• Storm, seasonal, annual scale analyses, with transport to groundwater across hydrologic boundary; publishable
