Management of feacal (fecal) and solid waste in Nigerian cities:

Focus on Federal Capital Territory Abuja

Ijeoma P.C. Nnani(Ph.D: PUBH Epidemiology)

Walden University

PUBH 8165

Instructor: Dr. Denise Feda

2012, July 18th

Real Life ExperienceFreedom is to pee in the open by the

road side and toss banana peels out of moving car windows!!

Rationale

Sanitation and hygiene key to healthy life

• Contributed to great public health achievements

• Reduce and prevent infectious disease like cholera, thyphoid

• Improve quality and life expectancy

• Still inadequate provision in Nigerian cities and villagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 1999, April). . Ten Great Public HealthAchievements -- United States, 1900-1999. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm

Description of IssueDescription of Issue

Inadequate toilet and waste disposal facilities

Consequences include;

poor hygiene and sanitary conditions

spread of infections disease, illness, death and

economic cost

Environmental and public health challenge in Nigeria.

Incredible ScenarioIncredible Scenario

Poor government oversight of waste disposal

Scarcity/lack of public water supply by

government

Urine, feces and trash disposed freely in the open

Open often stagnant street gutters used as toilets

Incinerating land fills next to populated residence

Non-availability of public toilet facilities

Incredible ScenarioIncredible Scenario

Free roaming animals including cattle everywhere

Industrial waste disposal on land and water ways

Fecal disposal in streams and rivers

Same water sources for domestic use

Public toilet facilities not part of urban plans

Scarce to find rest areas with toilet facilities for travelers

Public Health ChallengePublic Health Challenge

Poor sanitation and Hygiene

Bad odor and poor air quality

Environmental pollution and degradation

High BOD5 in soils leading to depletion of oxygen

Disease outbreak and death

Author nknown (n.d.). The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control Retrieved from www.unc.edu/courses/2007spring/envr/890/ 003/readings/Fe...

Public health ChallengesPublic health Challenges

Contamination of food and drinks

Lack of effective disease surveillance

High incidence of diarrhea

Other fecal/waste borne disease-Hepatitis A &E,

typhoid fever, E.coli, Cholera outbreaksGlobal Security.Org. (n.d.) Military Nigeria Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/nigeria/intro.htm Okeke,I. N., Ojo, O., Lamikanra, A. & Kaper J. B. (2003, October) Etiology of Acute Diarrhea in Adults in Southwestern Nigeria . J Clin Microbiol.; 41(10) PMCID: PMC254369 Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC254369/S: 4525–4530. doi:  10.1128/JCM.41.10.4525-4530.2003Prüss, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L.& Bartram, J. (2002, May). Estimating the Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a Global Level. Volume 110 | number 5 | May 2002 Environmental Health Perspectives. Retrieved from www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/.../ArticleEHP052002.pd...

EvidenceEvidence

150,000 death annually from diarrhea

Diarrhea is second highest cause of under five mortality

Over 18% prevalence

High incidence of malaria

Sanitations coverage average of 28%

Low life expectancy ranking 112 in the worldLimlim, R. (2008). Goodwill message by Dr. Robert Limlim, acting UNICEF representative in Nigeria, during the national launching of hand washing campaign at Sheraton hotel and towers Abuja on May 22, 2008. Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_2364.html WHO/UNICEF. (n.d.). A Snapshot of sanitation in Africa a special tabulation for Africa San based on preliminary data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/africasan/en/index.htmlCIA (n.d.). WorldFact Book. Retrieved 7/31/12 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=Nigeria&countryCode=ni&regionCode=afr&rank=211#ni

EvidenceEvidence

Toxic chemicals and microbes are in water samples

High nitrates, coliform microbes in overhead tank and

stream samples

Mountains of polyethylene and plastic bottles

Breeding grounds for mosquitoes , malaria vector

Lack of or inadequate water supply in and around Abuja

Ukhun, M.E., Tobi S.B, & Okolie N.P. (2005). Toxic chemicals and microbes in some Nigerian water samples. Journal of Medical Sciences, 5: 260-265.Retrieved from http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jms.2005.260.265 DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.260.265

Needed ActionNeeded Action

Policy and regulatory control

Cultural change and public awareness

Provision of water, public toilet and

efficient waste disposal facilities

Disease surveillance system

Responsible stakeholder- Responsible stakeholder- GovernmentGovernment

Provide policy and leadership for sanitation

Provide effective water, public toilet and waste disposal

system

Strengthen and implement environmental sanitation

standards

Mount health campaign on sanitation

Reward local governments that meet sanitation targets

Others StakeholdersOthers StakeholdersMediaDrive behavioral change to embrace sanitation and

hygiene

General publicChange of habit of freely urinating and defecating in the

open

Businesses- gas stations, eating places and othersProvide access to public toiletsProvide commercial rest areas for travellers

Other StakeholderOther Stakeholder

International and National organizations

Assist to ensure water and waste disposal safety

Funding for projects including public enlightenment

Thank youThank youComments welcome!!!!

ReferencesReferences

Author unknown (n.d.). The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control Retrieved from www.unc.edu/courses/2007spring/envr/890/ 003/readings/Fe...

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, (1999, July). Ten great achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of infectious diseases. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) July 30 1999/498(29); 621-629 Retrieved 7/31/12 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4829a1.htm

CDC ( 2011, September). Global Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH). Retrieved

7/31/12 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_diseases.html

CIA (n.d.). WorldFact Book. Retrieved 7/31/12 from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=Nigeria&countryCode=ni&regionCode=afr&rank=211#ni

ReferencesReferencesGlobal Security.Org. (n.d.). Military Nigeria. Retrieved from

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/nigeria/intro.htm

Limlim, R. (2008). Goodwill message by Dr. Robert Limlim, acting UNICEF representative in Nigeria, during the national launching of hand washing campaign at Sheraton hotel and towers Abuja on May 22, 2008. Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_2364.html

Okeke,I. N., Ojo, O., Lamikanra, A. & Kaper J. B. (2003, October). Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern Nigeria . J Clin Microbiol.; 41(10) PMCID: PMC254369 Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC254369/S: 4525–4530. doi:  10.1128/JCM.41.10.4525-4530.2003

ReferencesReferencesPrüss, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L.& Bartram, J. (2002, May). Estimating the

Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a Global Level. Volume 110 | number 5 | May 2002 Environmental Health Perspectives. Retrieved from www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/.../ArticleEHP052002.pd...

Ukhun, M.E., Tobi S.B, & Okolie N.P. (2005). Toxic chemicals and microbes in some samples of Nigerian water Journal of Medical Sciences, 5: 260-265.Retrieved from http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jms.2005.260.265 DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.260.265

WHO/UNICEF. (n.d.). A Snapshot of sanitation in Africa a special tabulation for Africa San based on preliminary data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/africasan/en/index.html