Management Techniques and Process

Reported By: Alta Gracia S. Bañacia Group: 3

Evaluation and ControlAre integral components of the managerial function

for three reasons:

a. Both enable policy-maker to address the problem of resource allocation and help in prioritizing objectives and choosing methods for achieving them.

b. The evaluation findings may be used as basis for justifying on-going projects and programs.

c. Result of program review and audit help pinpoint responsibility for success or failure.

Control

Control as a basic function in managing an enterprise is concerned with the task of seeing to it that what is performed is kept within the prescribed management channels to achieve organization objectives and desired result.

Why the Need to Control

Control implies organizing task in a way that those who will perform the functions will do so efficiently and well.

Control Process

a) Establishing a standard based upon the plan – this means constructing a criteria for evaluating performance or an accountability chart which defines the limits permissible.

b) Measuring work accomplished, on-going or in progress.

c) Taking corrective action.

Evaluation

This is a process of assessing result, output per manpower expended, quality and quantity of product produced, impact and effectiveness of a program, and managerial efficiency.

Two Kinds of EvaluationPerformance Evaluation – Appraisal of performance

focuses on the individual employees

Program Evaluation – Evaluation of a program seeks to determine the extent to which the program achieves goal.

Instruments currently used for employee evaluation

a) Graphical Rating Scale – the evaluation criteria of this instrument include quality and quantity of output.

b) Alteration Ranking Method – the employees are ranked based upon a certain criterion.

c) Forced Distribution Method – employees are input in different categories using a pre-datermined ratio.

Sample of Ranking ScaleGraphing Scale________________________________________________Level of Performance________________Point Value____Outstanding 4Very Satisfactory 3Satisfactory 2Unsatisfactory 1

Alteration Ranking Methods

Column 1(MOST) Column II (Least)

1 _________________ 11 _______________

2 _________________ 12 _______________

3 _________________ 13 _______________

4 __________________ 14 _______________

5 __________________ 15 ________________

6 ___________________ 16 _________________

7 __________________ 17 ________________

8 __________________ 18 ________________

9 __________________ 19 _________________

10 __________________ 20 _________________

Percentage of EmployeeDistribution of 100%

Categories

15% High Performance

20% Average High30% Average20% Low Average15% Low

Who should Evaluate?

a) Immediate Supervisor or Unit Head

b) Peer

c) committee

d) self

Program Evaluation – Evaluation of a program seeks to determine the extent to the program achieves goal.

Two efficiency measures

a) Cost-Benefits – which tags a monetary value to program outcomes

b) Cost Effectiveness – which employs more qualitative standard of efficiency.

Two Variants of Evaluation of Efficiency

a) Program Monitoring – which aims to find out whether performance matches program objectives and reaches out the target clientele and provides for the intended beneficiaries.

b) Discrepancy Evaluation - which is primarily used with MBO (management by objectives).

Evaluation is summative if it looks into the result of the program after its installation.

Evaluation is formative if audit is made for the purpose of improving the program.

Evaluation Problems – Evaluation of a program or of performance has both built-in problems and those arising in the process of implementation.

Program Evaluation in the Philippines

In the Philippines, development is perceived primarily as socio-economic growth.

Based on relationship with other projects, these may be:

a) Independent Project – that which can be implemented without need for implementing other projects.

b) Mutually Exclusive Project – that which, when implemented, will preclude the implementation of other projects.

c) Complementary Project – that which will require the implementation of other projects to attain certain development objectives. It is a component of an integrated area development package.

Project development is a cycle of activity with three general phases

Pre-investment Phase

Implementation Phase

Post Investment Phase

Administrative CommunicationCommunication is an integral element of an

organization. Through the communication process, a person makes know his ideas and feelings to others.

Communication enhance coordination, improves working relationship and facilities the integration of the inputs of the different component units of an organization.

Directional Types of Communication

Base on directional flow, communication may be of three types:

Downward

Upward

Lateral or Horizontal

Communication Barriers

Barriers to effective directional types of

Communication may arise because of

physical distance.

Components of a Communication SystemA good communication system should have the

Following:

1) Communicator

2) Something to be communicated

3) Transmission Procedure

4) Recipient

5) Desired Response

Communicating with the Clientele

A public service-oriented organization communicates with its clientele in a more manifest way by undertaking programs and projects for the clientele community.

Control Through Communication

Kinds of Control

Control may be exercised by the following:

1. Society

2. Management