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Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts
Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Planning
Identifyalternatives.
Select alternative that does the best job of furtheringorganization’s objectives.
Develop budgets to guideprogress toward theselected alternative.
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Directing and Motivating
Directing and motivating involves managing day-to-day activities to keep the organization running smoothly. Employee work assignments. Routine problem solving. Conflict resolution. Effective communications.
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Controlling
The control function ensuresthat plans are being followed.
Feedback in the form of performance reportsthat compare actual results with the budgetare an essential part of the control function.
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Planning and Control Cycle
DecisionMaking
Formulating long-and short-term plans
(Planning)
Measuringperformance (Controlling)
Implementing plans (Directing and Motivating)
Comparing actualto planned
performance (Controlling)
Begin
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Comparison of Financial and Managerial Accounting
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Direct Materials
Raw materials that become an integral part of the product and that can be conveniently traced directly to it.
Example: A radio installed in an automobile
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Direct Labor
Those labor costs that can be easily traced to individual units of product.
Example: Wages paid to automobile assembly workers
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Manufacturing costs that cannot be traced directly to specific units produced.
Manufacturing Overhead
Examples: Indirect materials and indirect labor
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Nonmanufacturing Costs
Administrative Costs
All executive, organizational, and
clerical costs.
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Product Costs Versus Period Costs
Product costs include direct
materials, direct labor, and
manufacturing overhead.
Period costs include all selling costs and
administrative costs.
Inventory Cost of Good Sold
BalanceSheet
IncomeStatement
Sale
Expense
IncomeStatement
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Balance Sheet
Merchandiser Current assets
CashReceivablesMerchandise Inventory
Manufacturer Current Assets
Cash Receivables Inventories
• Raw Materials• Work in Process• Finished Goods
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Merchandiser Current assets
CashReceivablesMerchandise Inventory
Manufacturer Current Assets
Cash Receivables Inventories
• Raw Materials• Work in Process• Finished Goods
Balance Sheet
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The Income Statement
Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.
Merchandising CompanyCost of goods sold: Beg. merchandise inventory 14,200$ + Purchases 234,150 Goods available for sale 248,350$ - Ending merchandise inventory (12,100) = Cost of goods sold 236,250$
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Basic Equation for Inventory Accounts
Beginningbalance
Additionsto inventory+ = Ending
balance
Withdrawalsfrom
inventory+
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Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
Calculates the cost of raw material, direct labor, and
manufacturing overhead used in production.
Calculates the manufacturing costs associated with goods that were finished during the
period.
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Manufacturing Cost Flows
FinishedGoods
Cost of GoodsSold
Selling andAdministrative
Period CostsSelling andAdministrative
ManufacturingOverhead
Work in Process
Direct Labor
Balance Sheet Costs Inventories
Income StatementExpensesMaterial Purchases Raw Materials
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Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior
How a cost will react to changes in the
level of activity within the relevant range.
Total variable costs change when activity changes.
Total fixed costs remain unchanged when activity changes.
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Variable Cost
Your total texting bill is based on how many texts you send.
Number of Texts Sent
Tota
l Tex
ting
Bill
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Variable Cost Per Unit
Number of Texts Sent
Cos
t Per
Tex
t Sen
t
The cost per text sent is constant at 5 cents per text.
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Fixed Cost Your monthly contract fee for your cell phone is fixed for the
number of monthly minutes in your contract. The monthly contract fee does not change based on the number of calls
you make.
Number of Minutes UsedWithin Monthly Plan
Mon
thly
Cel
l Pho
ne
Con
trac
t Fee
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Fixed Cost Per Unit
Number of Minutes UsedWithin Monthly Plan
Mon
thly
Cel
l Pho
ne
Con
trac
t Fee
Within the monthly contract allotment, the average fixed cost per cell phone call made decreases as more calls are made.
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Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior
Behavior of Cost (within the relevant range)Cost In Total Per Unit
Variable Total variable cost changes Variable cost per unit remainsas activity level changes. the same over wide ranges
of activity.
Fixed Total fixed cost remains Average fixed cost per unit goesthe same even when the down as activity level goes up.
activity level changes.
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End of Chapter 2
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