Managing Transboundary Risks in the Iullemeden Aquifer System (Dodo)

IAEA/GEF IW Learn /USGS Exchange

(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Managing transboundary Managing transboundary Risks inRisks in

the Iullemeden Aquifer the Iullemeden Aquifer System System

IAEA/GEF IW Learn /USGS Exchange (study tour)

on Good Practices in Ground Water Resources Assessment, Management, and Public Participation

USA, April 16-26th, 2006USA, April 16-26th, 2006


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

•Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria

Aquifers :• Cretaceous Intercalary

Continental• Tertiary Terminal

Continental• > 2000 billion m3

Niger river :• 30 billion m3 per

year

Area : 525 000 km²•Mali : 31000 km² (6%)•Niger : 434000 km² (83%)•Nigeria : 60000 km² (11%).

Population :• 15 million

(2000)• 28 million

(2025)

IAS OVERVIEW


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

NATURAL RESOURCES

Non renewable Groundwater > 2000 billion m3

Surface water (Niger river) : 30 billion m3/y

« W » National parc (Niger Republic)

160 billion m3/y to Atlantic ocean

Fisheries > 200 species

Livestock > 4 million cattle

Irrigation land > 300 000 ha

Renewable Groundwater > 2 billion m3


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

SHARED IAS ISSUES•Increased water demand because of growing population : 15 millions in 2000, double in 2025

•Climate Change/Variability Droughts,

Floods•Decreased groundwater recharge rate

•Land degradation 100 000 ha/year

•Silting : river, lake, pools flood

•Deforestation > 1 million ton firewood


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

SHARED IAS ISSUES

• Lack of exchange information between countries sharing and exploiting the same resource

• Lack of cooperation on aquifers although existing basins Authorities in the region : NBA, LGA, etc…

• Aquifers only studied in the limits of the national borders


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Within the goal of sustainable :

•environmental protection and sub-regional and national development

•cooperative framework for joint management of risk and uncertainty

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To establish the capacity, to identify, reduce and mitigate transboundary risks from changing land and water use and from climate change in the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

PROJECT OUTCOMES

•Joint mechanisms for identification of transboundary risk issues in the IAS;

•A joint development and conservation strategy for the IAS;

•A joint tripartite legal and institutional cooperative framework for the IAS;

•Joint programmes for awareness, participation and inter-governmental communication.


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

IAS PROJECT COMPONENTS

•Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ;

•Strengthening the State of knowledge of IAS;

•Awareness, Participation, Capacity Building;

•Consultative Mechanism;


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

STEERING COMMITTEE

(Periodic control and Evaluation)

Countries : Partners :

DNH - Mali - UNEP/GEF

DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger - IAEA - ESA - IRD

DHH/FWRM - Nigeria - FAO - IGRAC - GTZ

STEERING COMMITTEE

(Periodic control and Evaluation)

Countries : Partners :

DNH - Mali - UNEP/GEF

DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger - IAEA - ESA - IRD

DHH/FWRM - Nigeria - FAO - IGRAC - GTZ

IAS Project

- OSS : Implementing Agency

- UNESCO : Scientific supervision

IAS Project

- OSS : Implementing Agency

- UNESCO : Scientific supervision

National Teams

National Coordinator

National Focal Point

National Coordination Committee

National Teams

National Coordinator

National Focal Point

National Coordination Committee

Scientific Audit

Scientific Evaluation

Validation of final reports

Scientific Audit

Scientific Evaluation

Validation of final reports

Experts

Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis

Consultative Mechanism

Recharge

Modelling

Remote Sensing

Experts

Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis

Consultative Mechanism

Recharge

Modelling

Remote Sensing

PROJECT STRUCTURE


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

•TDA (Mali, Niger and Nigeria) 3 major transboundary risks :

ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR :

• Common digitalized maps (Topography & Geology) for a further risks analysis;

• Land cover maps, DEM, Water balance;

• Database (>17000 boreholes), GIS, Model;

• Legal and consultative mechanism;

1. Modification of Water availability

2. Degradation of Water Quality,3. Climate Change/Variability

(impacts);


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

PARTIAL CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS

IMMEDIATE CAUSES

TRANSBOUNDARYISSUES

UNDERLYING

CAUSESIMPACTS

ROOT CAUSES

Climatic changes, (reduced rainfall and runoff)Recurrent droughtsReduced connexion between surface water and groundwater because of silting, sand dunes established

Groundwater resources scarcity

Increase in water demand (growth population, mining and agricultural activities)Inadequate water infrastructure

Reduced groundwater rechargeDecline of artesian water pressureReduced renewable groundwater resourceAlternative water resources

Increasing populationDeficient political and legal practical frameworkInadequate basin awarenessInsufficient knowledge and participation in sustainable water resource managementLack of consultative mechanism in groundwater resources management although several Basin AuthoritiesDeficiency in application of lawLack of exchange of information

High concentration of fluoride, nitrates

Groundwater quality degradation

Pollution by urban, industrial and mining activitiesAgricultural activities (pesticides, manures)Land use and inadequate change in land use

Soil SalinisationLess production in agricultureDiseasesAlternative water resources


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES & MANIFESTATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

EFFECTS & SYMPTOMSTRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONS

STRATEGIC ACTIONS

Groundwater resources scarcity

Increase of percentage of population without access of drinking waterLess agriculture (reduced area under irrigation)Transfer water (big towns, mining areas)

Transboundary migration of the population increasing water demand in the new habitatIncrease potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists using the same water point (well, dug well, boreholes)

Sustainable and jointly development of water resourcesOperational consultative mechanism of water resource management (exchange data, groundwater exploitation modelling, ) to alert water scarcity

Groundwater quality degradation Change option in water

demand (fluoride)Less production of agricultureSanitation issues (diseases)More importation of foodChange option of water use

Transport pollutions with effects on human population, ecosystem.Transport of diseases

Prevention and control of risk pollution“Pollutant-Payer”, taxesOperational legal framework


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Impacts of variability & climate change

Variation pluviométrique de la Guinée (1931-2000)

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

1931 1938 1945 1952 1959 1966 1973 1980 1987 1994 années

stD

ev

Série1

Moy. mobile sur 5 pér.(Série1)

ATTENTION ! La pluviométrie baisse

Index de pluie annuelle à Bamako

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Cum

ul s

tandard

isé

Variabilité de la Pluviom étrie Annuelle à Niam ey : Ecart à la Moyenne (m m )

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

Ecar

t (m

m)

Ecart / Moyenne (563 mm)

Evolution des Débits annuels : Ecart à la Moyenne

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

Eca

rt (

m3/

s)

Ecart / Moyenne (864 m3/s)

-4,00

-3,00

-2,00

-1,00

0,00

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3Ecr (Pluie)Ecr (Débit)Cumul Ecr.-Piézo.

2

5

8

11

14

17

20

23

13

/07

/19

90

13

/10

/19

90

13

/01

/19

91

13

/04

/19

91

13

/07

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91

13

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13

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13

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13

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13

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13

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NigerMaliGuinée


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Erosion and silting in Niger river

Development of sand dunes

IMMEDIATE CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

UNDERLYING CAUSE : Water pollution


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

IMMEDIATE CAUSE : FLUORIDE (>6mg/l)

Bony Fluorosis Apatite in Intercalary Continental aquifer:

Ca5(PO4)3 (OH, F, Cl)

More than 300 victims mainly children incurably deformed


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

COMMON DIGITALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

IAS DATABASE IAS DATABASE

17000 points d’eau inventoriés


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

1940-19501940-1950 1950-19601950-1960 1960-19701960-1970 1970-19801970-1980

1980-19901980-1990 1990-20001990-2000 2000-2000-20072007

EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS 1940 2007

> 17000 water points


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

IAS GEOMETRYIAS GEOMETRY


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Dynamic linkage between Database, GIS and Model (PM5) to facilitate data transfer

INTERFACE DA-GIS-MODELINTERFACE DA-GIS-MODEL


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

CI & CT MODELING: Boundary limits

Continental intercalaire Continental Terminal

1. Groundwater assessment

2. Groundwater-Surface water interactions

3. Assessment of the impact of climate variability


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Continental intercalaire

Continental Terminal

1. Groundwater flow: NIGER & MALI NIGERIA

2. Groundwater-Surface water interactions

PIEZOMETRY of Ci & CTPIEZOMETRY of Ci & CT


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

IAS MODEL : Water Balance

CONTINENTAL TERMINAL

INPUT (m3/s) OUTPUT (m3/s)

Recharge 3,294 Niger River 2,509

Leakance from Ci 0,016 Dallols 0,423

Goulbi Rima River 0,378

Total Input (CT) 3,31 Total Output (CT) 3,31

CONTINENTAL INTERCALAIRE

INPUT (m3/s) OUTPUT (m3/s)

Recharge 0,548 Niger River 1,468

North part supply 0,288 Leakance to CT 0,016

Goulbi Rima River 0,648

Total Input (Ci) 1,484 Total Output (CT) 1,484


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

IAS MODEL : System flow

Ci

CT

Niger

Rima

Ci

CT

Recharge

Nig

er


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Evolution of water abstraction IAS

Since 1995, Abstractions exceed Recharge (red line)


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

Applied Isotopes Techniques


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

REMOTE SENSING : PILOT SITES


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

ESA Tiger Initiative (NWSAS & IAS)

Elaboration of land cover maps and Digital Elevation Models (DEM)

Estimation of water abstraction for irrigation

Estimation of water requirements for crops

Water Balance

Capacity building : national workshops in NWSAS & IAS

AQUIFER Project


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

COMITE DE PILOTAGE

(Niveau Politique)SECRETAIRE

Facilitateur)

MALI

Comité Technique

NIGER

Comité Technique

NIGERIA

Comté Technique

STEERING COMMITTE

(Political level)

SECRETARY

Facilitator)

MALI

Technical Committee

NIGER

Technical Committee

NIGERIA

Technical Committee

TEMPORAL CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

Maintenance of Database; coordination national committee

activities ; preparation of decisions to the Steering

committee

MALI

Technical Committee

NIGER

Technical Committee

NIGERIA

Technical Committee

STEERING COMMITTEE

(Political Level)

PERMANENT CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

•Quantification and Analysis of Transboundary risks in IAS (TDA SAP ; Modeling)

•Addressing lack of data/information : A need for country capacity building

•Rational management of surface water and groundwater ; and

•Implementing consultative mechanism for cooperation and coordination.

CHALLENGES


(study tour)USA,

April 16 – 26 2007

THANKS

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Managing Transboundary Risks in the Iullemeden Aquifer System (Dodo)

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