Revision: Urban Change

-We will know what they are expected to know for the urban change exam

-We will begin to revise the main concepts and theories

Word, words and terminology

Urban

Rural

Urbanisation

Percentage urban

Rural-urban migration

Counterurbanisation

Urban hierarchy

Mega-city

World City

CBD

Edge city

Waste disposal

Paratransit

Derelict land

Garden grabbing

Functions

Deindustrialisation

Global shift

Ghetto

Sink estate

Gated community

Inner ring

Urban land value surface

Urban manager

Aggolomeration

Suburbanisation

TNC

Informal economy

Social housing

Threshold

Urban regeneration

Brownfield

Re-imaging

Reurbanisation

Suburban intensification

Centralising

Decentralising

Exclusion

Cycle of poverty

Multiple deprivation

Economic globalisation

Post-industrial

Image

Disaffected

Polaristaion

Floodplain

Risk

Sustainability

Sustonable development

Need

Ecological footprint

Carrying capacity

Carbon netral

Affordable housing

Definition BingoWrite four words from the following list

Cross them off if they are defined

Urban

Rural

Urbanisation

Percentage urban

Rural-urban migration

Counterurbanisation

Urban hierarchy

Mega-city

World City

CBD

Edge city

Waste disposal

Paratransit

Derelict land

Garden grabbing

Definitions

You need to know key words to understand the exam questions

Using key words show you know what you are talking about

Knowledge Check Q’s

p209 of book

In what ways do urban areas differ to rural

areas?Produce a table of urban characteristics and the rural comparisons e.g

Urban Rural

-Lack of ‘natural world’-High amounts of incidence of nature and natural processes

Hint:Think Environment, Economy. People

Urban Rural

-Lack of ‘natural world’-High amounts of incidence of nature and natural processes

-Dominance of buildings and transport network -Low building density, difficulty in access

-High levels of pollution (Water, air but also sound, light, visual)

-Pollution exists but of a different nature. Mainly confined to water and air associated with agricultural practice

-Pace of living (characterised as high)-Pace traditionally seen as more relaxed (is this a reality?)

-Employment in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors

-Employment dominated in the primary industry

-High level of service provision (commercial and social welfare sectors)

-Low levels of services

-High population density -Low population density

-Urban lifestyle, values and behavior (e.g no talking on the tube, rat race, wine bars and coffee shops)

-Rural lifestyles, values and behavior (e.g. local pub, community spirit,)

-Diversity in terms of wealth, age and ethnicity-Diverse in terms of wealth and age however mainly white

-Raised stress levels -Raised stress levels also (perceived to be lower)

Explain what is meant when it is said that ‘urbanistaion is a

multi-strand process.’

In pairs define Urbansiation

Hint: 5 parts

What makes it ‘multi-strand’ ?

UrbanisationThe process by which places and people become more urban

Five elements:

Shift in economy

Change in population distribution (concentration)

Change in way of life

Spread of built up area

Shift in size and character (village to town, town to city)

Not a single line definition. The idea of 5 strands to the definition.

Describe the three main features of urban change at a

global scale.

Dissect the question

Answer the question- use the text book if necessary

Describe the three main features of urban change at a

global scale.

1.The rural to urban shift

2.The MEDC- LEDC shift (who is urbanising)

3.The shift in size (global and national)

How and why do processes of urbansiation change along the

urbansiation pathway?

Sketch the pathway from the next slide

Place the key words from the box onto your diagram

Time

Urb

an

pop

ula

tion

as

% o

f to

tal p

op

ula

tion

0

100

50

25

75

1

2

3

4

5

LDCs

LEDCs

RICs

NICs

MEDCs

The rural society

phase (a)

Economic take-off begins.

Rapid rural-to-urban migration

(c)

Maturing economy: rates of

urbanisation continue

to rise(e)

Mass urbanisation in most

developed countries: rate of

urbanisation levels off

(b)

Advanced economies,

decentrailsation sets in

(d)

Time

Urb

an

pop

ula

tion

as

% o

f to

tal p

op

ula

tion

0

100

50

25

75

1

2

3

4

5

LDCs

LEDCs

RICs

NICs

MEDCs

GlossaryLDC Least economically developed countryRIC Recently industrialising countryNIC Newly Industriaised countryMEDC More economically developed countryLEDC Less economically developed country

The rural society phase: low levels of urbansiation; largely rural population of

subsistence farmers

Economic take-off begins;rapid rural-to-urban migration leads to an accelerating rate

of urbanisation

Maturing economy: rates of urbanisation continue to rise but then start to slacken off; suburban spread

Mass urbanisation in most developed countries: rate of

urbanisation levels off and percentage urban

peaks; most people now live in towns

In advanced economies,

decentrailsation sets in: people move to smaller towns and

cities and to semi-rural areas; urbanism

continues to spread

What case studies have you studied this

unit?Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK

Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Birmingham, UK

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Cambridge (Traffic)

London, UK

Mumbai, India

?

With the aid of examples, examine why the fortunes of

urban areas fluctuate.

How? Why? ExampleRapid rate of

unemploymentGlobal shift in manufacturing

Birmingham (second half of 20th C)

Attraction of TNCs Cheap Labour Dhaka (second half of 20th C)

‘Urban growth gives rise to more issues than urban decay.’ To what

extent do you agree with this statement?

Urban decay issues

Urban growt

h issues

Spider diagramsSpider diagrams

High levels of congestionHigh rates of unemployment

‘Deprivation is a relative term.’ Explain what this

means.

1.Define:

a)Deprivation

2.What does relative mean?

3.Bring the two together

4.What examples could you use?

Summarise the main challenges associated with providing services in an urban area.

Guess the challenge and define it

Funding

Physical access

Ageing areas and population

Life-cycle changes

Service thresholds

Examine the main threats to human health in urban

areas.

Car accident

-High levels of congestion

-High vehicle density

Dhaka- 60,000 road deaths a year

Are the use of brownfield sites and flood plains just issues for MEDC urban areas? Justify your

viewpoint.

London- Issues Mumbai-Issues

BrownfieldBrownfield

Flood Flood

Explain why transport is so important to the prosperity of

urban areas.

Why, why, why chain.

Transport leads to

prosperity

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

Do urban areas have to face a vicious downward spiral of

urban decay.

Create an essay plan.

Declining job opportunities; rising

unemployment

Decline in services

Physical fabric and

infrastructure deteriorate

More enterprising, economically active people move away

Increasing decay

Loss of investment confidence

Example:Birmingham

-Why?-How did it break it?

Why do land values affect the spatial patterns of urban

areas?a.Where is the most expensive land?

b.What is on this land?

c. Why?

d.Where is the least expensive land?

e.What is on this land?

f. Why?

g.Do anomalies exist?

Identify how urban areas in MEDCs differ from those in

LEDCs.

Construct a table of LEDC, MEDC

Explain why it is unlikely that urban areas will ever be completely sustainable.

What is meant by ecological footprint? Why is it used and

what are it limitations?

Draw a footprint

Write the definition in the middle

Write the uses and limitations around the edge

The amount of land to

provide the resource

and disposal for people

Shows how close to carrying capacity

Allows comparisons

Lack of LEDC data

Indicates areas to target

No account of economic, cultural or

political factors of well being

Can be used on different scales

78% of earth is deemed to have

no capacity

What internal actions are most likely to contribute most to making urban areas more

sustainable.

1.Brain storm the internal actions

2.Rank them

Internal actions

Recycle waste

Provide ‘green’ infrastructure

Make a living space healthy and secure

Reuse brownfield sites

Make areas more compact

Reduce use of private car

Create a fairer society

Encourage wide participation in decision making

‘Eco-city and eco-town projects are simply showpieces that will do little to making urban areas more sustinable.’ Do you

agree? Give your reasons.

Class discussion and debate

Using examples, suggest how urban areas might ‘lead the

way to a greener world.’

Revision Websites

Be careful

No website will tell you exactly what you need to know (different exam boards)