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16.2 © 2006 by Prentice Hall
� Identify the major factors driving the
internationalization of business
� Compare strategies for developing global
businesses
� Demonstrate how information systems can support
different global business strategies
OBJECTIVES
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� Evaluate the issues and technical alternatives to be
considered when developing international
information systems
� Identify the challenges posed by global information
systems and management solutions
OBJECTIVES (Continued)
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Business Challenges
Information
System
Business
Solutions
Management
Organization
Technology
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THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Global Product Development and Production
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� The basic information systems required by
organizations to coordinate worldwide trade
and other activities
Developing an International Information SystemsDeveloping an International Information Systems
ArchitectureArchitecture
International information systems architecture:
THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� A force in the environment to which businesses
must respond and that influences the direction
of the business
Business driver:
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International Information Systems Architecture
Managing International Information SystemsManaging International Information Systems
THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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The Global Environment: Business Drivers and ChallengesThe Global Environment: Business Drivers and Challenges
The global business drivers can be divided into two
groups:
THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� Global communication and transportationtechnologies
� Development of global culture
General cultural factors:
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THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� Emergence of global social norms
� Political stability
� Global knowledge base
General Cultural Factors: (Continued)
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THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� Global markets
� Global production and operations
� Global coordination
� Global workforce
� Global economies of scale
Specific business factors:
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THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Business Challenges
� Cultural particularism: Regionalism, nationalism,language differences
� Social expectations: Brand-name expectations,
work hours
� Political laws: Transborder data and privacy laws,
commercial regulations
General:
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THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� Standards: Different Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI), telecommunications standards
� Reliability: Phone networks not uniformly reliable
� Speed: Different data transfer speeds, many
slower than United States
� Personnel: Shortages of skilled consultants
Specific:
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ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Three kinds of organizational structure:
� Centralized (in the home country)
� Decentralized (to local foreign units)
� Coordinated (all units participate as equals)
Global Strategies and Business Organization
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ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� Heavy centralization of corporate activities in
the home country of origin
Domestic exporter strategy:
� Centralized financial management and control
while decentralizing production, sales, andmarketing operations to units in other
countries
Multinational strategy:
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ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� The product is financed and initially produced
in the home country, but for product-specific
reasons rely on foreign personnel for further production, marketing, and human resources.
Franchisers:
� The value-adding activities are managed from a
global perspective without reference to national
borders, optimizing sources of supply and
demand wherever they appear, and taking
advantage of any local competitive advantages.
Transnational strategy:
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Global Systems to Fit the StrategyGlobal Systems to Fit the Strategy
Global Strategy and Systems Configurations
ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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1. Centralized systems: Systems development and
operation occur totally at the domestic home
base.
2. Duplicated systems: Development occurs at the
home base but operations are handed over to
autonomous units in foreign locations.
Four types of systems configuration:
ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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3. Decentralized systems: Each foreign unit
designs its own unique solutions andsystems.
4. Networked systems: Systems development
and operations occur in an integrated and
coordinated fashion across all units.
ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Four types of systems configuration: (Continued)
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ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
� Organize value-adding activities along lines of comparative advantage
� Develop and operate systems units at each level of
corporate activity ²regional, national, andinternational
� Establish at world headquarters
Reorganizing the Business
To develop a global company and information systems
support structure:
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MANAGING GLOBAL SYSTEMS
� Agreeing on common user requirements
� Introducing changes in business processes
� Coordinating applications development
� Coordinating software releases
� Encouraging local users to support global systems
Management Challenges in Developing Global Systems
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MANAGING GLOBAL SYSTEMS
� Define the core business processes: Conduct
workflow analysis, identify centers of excellence
for these processes
� Identify the core systems to coordinate centrally:
Conquer the core systems and define these
systems as truly transnational
� Choose an approach: Incremental, Grand Design,
Evolutionary
� Make the Benefits Clear
Global Systems Strategy
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Local, Regional, and Global SystemsLocal, Regional, and Global Systems
MANAGING GLOBAL SYSTEMS
Source: Adapted from Managing
Information Technology in
Multinational Corporations byEdard M. roche, copyright 1993.
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TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
Computing platforms and systems integration:
� Develop global, distributed, and integratedsystems to support digital business processes
spanning national boundaries
� Use of same hardware and operating systemdoes not guarantee integration.
� Establish data and technical standards
Technology Challenges of Global Systems
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TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
� Overcoming disparate national technical
standards, data exchange restrictions and
service levels
� User of Internet technology to create
global intranets, extranets, virtual private
networks (VPNs)
Connectivity:
Technology Challenges of Global Systems (Continued)
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Internet Population in Selected Countries
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
Sources: CIA World Factbook 2003; Computer Industry
Almanac ; and www.cia.gov,accessed November 9, 2004
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TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
� Cost of new interface designs
� Integrating new systems with old
� User interface design
� Differences in language and conventions
Software:
Unique challenges for application software:
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TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
� Outsourcing portions of new systems like
development work or maintenance of existing
systems to external vendors in another
country
Offshore software outsourcing:
Managing Global Software DevelopmentManaging Global Software Development
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TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
� Contract cost
� Vendor selection costs
� Transition management and knowledge transfer costs
� Domestic human resources costs
Major cost components of offshore software development:
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TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
� Costs of improving software development processes
� Costs of adjusting to cultural differences
� Cost of managing an offshore contract
Major cost components of offshore software development:
(Continued)
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Total Cost of Outsourcing
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
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MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND SOLUTIONS
Management Opportunities:
Ability to lower costs through global scaleeconomies by building international systems for
producing and selling goods and services in
different regions of the world
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� Finding the right global business strategy
� Difficulties of managing change in a
multicultural firm
� Difficulties of achieving global connectivity
and integration
Management Challenges:
MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND SOLUTIONS
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� Agreeing on common user requirements
� Introducing changes in business processes
� Coordinating applications development
� Coordinating software releases
� Encouraging local users to support global systems
Solution Guidelines:
MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND SOLUTIONS
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Managing International Information SystemsManaging International Information Systems
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