Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny and a and a
Changing Changing SocietySociety
Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• Began in the 1600’s with the
Puritan belief that it was God’s plan that this new land be claimed by His “chosen people.”
• In the 1800’s it became the popular idea that Europeans were destined to inhabit the entire continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
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Sunrise over the AtlanticSunrise over the Atlantic
Sunset over the PacificSunset over the Pacific
And so we did . . .And so we did . . .
Here’s how . . .
The Louisiana The Louisiana PurchasePurchase
• 1800 – Napoleon Bonaparte of France took the Louisiana territory from Spain, but he needed money to continue his war in Europe.
• 1803 – President Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans, a port important to American farmers, instead Napoleon offered him all the land west of the Mississippi for $15 million.
• Doubled the size of the US.
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NapoleonBonaparte
Emperor of France
Signing of the Treaty
James Monroe & Napoleon
Treaty of
Cession1803
The U.S. doubles its territory
Present day states included
in the Louisiana Purchase
Lewis & Clark• Congress financed an expedition to explore the
area included in the Louisiana Purchase.
• Their expedition set out in 1804 & returned in 1806, & reached all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
• They were accompanied by a crew of men and later an Indian interpreter, Sacagawea
War of 1812 - When Indians increased their attacks against
settlers moving to their lands, most Americans believed that the British were encouraging & arming them.
- In 1814, 4,000 British troops marched to Washington D.C. & started fires that consumed the city & even gutted the White House as Madison and his wife fled.
- On Dec. 24, 1814, both sides realized war wasn’t what they wanted & so signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war.
War of 1812• Before news of the treaty reached the armies,
the British tried to capture New Orleans. • General Andrew Jackson defended the city,
racking up more than 2,000 British casualties , while the American casualties were fewer than two dozen.
• The battle allowed Americans to end the war on a positive note.
• The battle also made Jackson a war hero, possibly winning him the presidency in 1829.
War of 1812
Missouri Compromise 1820• Congress began to debate the admission
of Missouri as a slave state.
• Congress from the North were worried that another slave state would increase the power of the South in the Senate. So they reached a compromise.
• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine (Mass. territory), would be admitted as a non-slave state.
Missouri Compromise 1820
FloridaFlorida•1763 - The colonies of West
and East Florida were ceded to Britain at the end of the French and Indian War.
•1781 - Spain recaptured Florida (during the Revolutionary War).
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Spanish Floridas, 1800Spanish Floridas, 1800
• 1818 – General Andrew Jackson was sent to stop Seminole Indian attacks across the northern border into Georgia .
• 1821 - Forced Spain to give up its claim to Florida.
FloridaFlorida
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TexasTexas•1836 - Texas wins.
independence from Mexico.•Texas becomes an
independent republic.•1845 - Annexed by the U.S.•Causes war with Mexico.
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The Republi
c of Texas
1836
The State
of Texas
1845
Mexican CessionMexican Cession•1846 - U.S. wins the Mexican War.
•Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles of land in present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, and Nevada. 5
Territory gained in the Mexican Cession
Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory• 1700’s - Both Great Britain and the
U.S. had claimed Oregon.• 1818 – Both nations agreed to
occupy the land together.• 1846 – Oregon Treaty - so many
American settlers had moved there that Britain gave up the land south of the 49th parallel (line of latitude).
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Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory
California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush• 1849 – Gold discovered in California.• Population booms from 15,000 to
over 100,000 by late 1849.• Gives CA enough residents to
become a state.• San Francisco becomes a major
financial and market center on the west coast.
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Crowds of miners along the Crowds of miners along the American River, 1851American River, 1851
Advertisement for Advertisement for ship’s passageship’s passage
Miner panning for gold
Gold seekers traveled west on Gold seekers traveled west on the the Oregon Trail Oregon Trail then south then south along the along the California Trail - California Trail - a a
2000 mile trek2000 mile trek
Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase•1853•Small area of flat land south of
Arizona purchased from Mexico.
•Needed for the building of the railroad west.
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Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase
The The Native American Native American
Problem Problem
Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Hero of the Battle
of New Orleans during the War of 1812.
Elected in 1828 as 7th President of U.S.
Introduced the “Spoils System” in American politics.
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Indian Removal ActIndian Removal ActIn 1830, Jackson encouraged
Congress to pass this act so white farmers could claim the fertile lands of the South.
Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of 5 tribes.
They lost 100 million acres of rich Southern land and were given 32 million acres of dry prairie land in Oklahoma. 10
Trail of TearsTrail of Tears• In 1832 the Cherokees sued the
state of Georgia for the right to remain in their homeland.
•The Supreme Court ruled in their favor.
•Georgia ignored the ruling and President Jackson agreed.
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Trail of TearsTrail of Tears In 1838, the U.S. Army rounded
up over 15,000 Cherokee men, women, and children and forced them to march westward on foot.
The journey took 116 days. ¼ of them died. Over 4,000. They called it the “Trail of
Tears.”11
The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears
Indian RemovalIndian Removal
American
Progress
1872 painting by John Gast
Important Important Political & Political &
Social Social IssuesIssues
Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis 1832 - Northern congressmen increased
the tariff on imported goods to discourage foreign trade & encourage U.S. products.
The tariff made imported items more expensive than American-made items.
The tariff benefited the industrial North, but forced the south to pay higher prices for manufactured goods.
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South Carolina refused to pay the tariff and declared the law to be null. (nullify means to reject)
States’ Rights – the right to nullify any law that was unfair to one region of the country.
Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis
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President Jackson threatened to send in the military.
South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.
Jackson proposed a lower tariff.
Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis
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Reform Reform MovementsMovements
•Reform - to form again; to change.
•Attempts to bring about certain changes for the improvement of society.
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Temperance Temperance MovementMovement
Often led by women or religious groups.
Encouraged people to control their consumption of alcohol.
Drunkenness caused most social evils, such as violence, poverty, family abandonment .
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A woman and her innocent children
campaigning for
temperance
Temperance Literature
People were encouraged to sign a promise to abstain from
alcohol
The Columbian Magazine published
this “moral thermometer
” based on the alcoholic
content of beverages
ProhibitionProhibition A movement to make
alcohol illegal. Some states passed laws
banning alcohol, but these were soon repealed.
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SuffrageSuffrageThe right to vote.Only white male property owners had the right to vote.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton
& Lucretia Mott& Lucretia Mott Crusaders for women’s suffrage. Organized the first women’s
rights convention in American history. (Seneca Falls)
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Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls Seneca Falls ConventionConvention
1848 meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y.
Attended by 300 women and men. Issued a “Declaration of
Sentiments.” by Protested the lack of political
and legal rights for women, including suffrage.
The convention was criticized by the public. 18
AbolitionistsAbolitionists
Reformers who wanted to abolish slavery.
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William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd GarrisonRadical white abolitionistPublished The Liberator, an
antislavery newspaper in Boston.
Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.
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• William Lloyd Garrison
• Publisher of The Liberator
The Liberator,
William Lloyd Garrison, publisher
Boston, Massachusetts
1831
Frederick DouglassFrederick DouglassBorn into slavery and escaped
to the North.Published abolitionist
newspaper, The North Star.Gave powerful speeches in the
United States and Great Britain.
Wrote autobiography which sold thousands of copies.
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Frederick Frederick DouglassDouglass
Underground Underground RailroadRailroad
A network of secret escape routes that led runaway slaves from the South to freedom in the North.
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Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman•Called “the Black Moses.”•Escaped slave who was a major
“conductor” on the Underground Railroad.
•Made over 30 trips helping over 300 slaves reach freedom.
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Harriet Tubman“Black Moses”
Tubman Rescued Slaves
Harriet Beecher Harriet Beecher StoweStowe
Wrote a novel in 1852 called Uncle Tom’s Cabin which told of the horrors of slavery.
Abe Lincoln later called her “the little woman who started this great war.” (The Civil War)
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Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 California entered the Union as a
free state. New Mexico and Utah territories
would decide for themselves whether to be free or slave.
Fugitive Slave Act would require free states to help return slaves who had escaped to the North.
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Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska ActAct
1854 law which created the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
Allowed these territories to decide for themselves whether to be free or slave.
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““Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas”” Over 1,000 New Englanders were
sent to Kansas to fight against slavery.
Many Southerners crossed into Kansas to vote illegally for slavery.
By 1855 Kansas had two capitals. Topeka: (Anti-slavery, & Lecompton: pro-slavery.)
Many died in violent raids between pro and anti slavery groups.
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““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”
Dred ScottDred ScottA slave living in Missouri.Filed suit against his owner.Claimed he should be free
because he and his wife had once lived in a free territory.
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Dred Dred ScottScott
Supreme Court Justices in the Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision•1857 Supreme Court ruled
that Scott had no right to sue in
court because he was a slave and therefore not a citizen.
Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in states or territories because slaves were private property.
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John Brown
John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid White abolitionist from
Kansas. 1859 - Led an attack on the
federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia .
Intended to give guns to slaves for an armed rebellion.
Convicted of treason and hanged. 30
On his way to the
gallows to be hung,
John Brown stops to
kiss a black child