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American Progress – Manifest Destiny
If the painting is about Manifest Destiny – What is Manifest Destiny?
American ProgressThis painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress, is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. Here Columbia, intended as a personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing telegraph wire as she travels; she holds a school book. The different economic activities of the pioneers are highlighted and, especially, the changing forms of transportation. The Native Americans and wild animals flee.
MANIFEST DESTINY
• First used by John O’Sullivan, a newspaper editor, in 1845
• It was the idea that Americans were destined to extend across the continent – from sea to shining sea
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Understanding Manifest Destiny
"(It is) ..our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty"
-John O'Sullivan
Democrat
Editor of 'The Morning Post‘ – 1840’s
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Manifest Destiny in 1840s America
Once the concept had been given the name 'Manifest Destiny' it became widely used, appearing in newspapers, debates, paintings and advertisements. It became the leading light for westward expansion
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U.S. Territorial Expansion
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Step 1 – Original 13
States
Location• Along Atlantic Coast
Acquired In
• 1776
Acquired From
• Great Britain
Acquired Because
• Independence was declared from Great Britain (D of I)
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Step 2 – Treaty of Paris 1783
Location• East of the Mississippi
River (Ohio River Valley)
Acquired In• 1783
Acquired From• Great Britain
Acquired Because• Treaty of Paris 1783
ended the Revolution and gave U.S. control of land west of the Appalachian Mountains
U.S. Territorial Expansion
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Step 3 – Louisiana
Purchase 1803
Location
• East of the Rocky Mountains and West of the Mississippi River
Acquired In• 1803
Acquired From
• France
Acquired Because
• President Jefferson paid Napoleon $15 million for the land
U.S. Territorial Expansion
• Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million
• Control of New Orleans = Control of Mississippi River
• It DOUBLED the size of the U.S.
• Explored by Lewis & Clark with Sacajawea
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Step 4 – Louisiana Boundary
Agreement 1818
Location
• Northern U.S.; bordered by Great Lakes and Canada
Acquired In• 1818
Acquired From
• Great Britain
Acquired Because
• Establish a firm border between British Canada & U.S. at 49th parallel
U.S. Territorial Expansion
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Step 5 – Spanish Cession 1819
Location
• SE U.S.; bordered by Atlantic Ocean & Gulf of Mexico
Acquired In• 1819
Acquired From
• Spain
Acquired Because
• Avoid a war with Spain/crisis with Seminole Indians
U.S. Territorial Expansion
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Thinking Question??
Why weren’t Americans happy with the size of their country at this point in their history?
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Step 6 – Texas 1845
Location
• Southern U.S.; bordered by Gulf of Mexico
Acquired In• 1845
Acquired From
• Texas
Acquired Because
• Texas wanted to enter as a slave state; Maine wanted to enter as a free state
U.S. Territorial Expansion
The Lone Star RepublicThe Lone Star Republic
•Texas wins independence onTexas wins independence on
April 21, 1836April 21, 1836
•Not allowed to immediately join Not allowed to immediately join the U.S. (the U.S. (was a slave statewas a slave state))
•Was the Lone Star Republic for Was the Lone Star Republic for 9 9 yearsyears
• Joined the U.S. as the 28Joined the U.S. as the 28thth state state in in 18451845
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Step 7 – Oregon Country 1846
Location
• NW U.S.; bordered by Pacific Ocean
Acquired In• 1846
Acquired From
• Great Britain
Acquired Because• Americans wanted to
move there for fur trapping, fishing, logging, etc.
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Oregon CountryOregon Country• EnglandEngland and the and the U.S.U.S.
shared the entire territoryshared the entire territory
• ““Mountain Men” lived Mountain Men” lived therethere
• They hunted and sold They hunted and sold beaver pelts and animal beaver pelts and animal skins for lots of $$$skins for lots of $$$
• Eventually there were no Eventually there were no beavers left and the beavers left and the mountain men became mountain men became farmers or guidesfarmers or guides
Why did the U.S. want Why did the U.S. want Oregon?Oregon?
•Settlers began to head there in Settlers began to head there in the the 1830s1830s
•Fertile landFertile land
•New opportunitiesNew opportunities
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail
• Oregon Oregon feverfever began in began in the 1840sthe 1840s
• Mississippi valley Mississippi valley people began to form people began to form societies to societies to discussdiscuss trips to Oregontrips to Oregon
• Great Migration Great Migration – – emigrants left U.S. to emigrants left U.S. to go to Oregon, usually go to Oregon, usually in covered wagon in covered wagon trainstrains
Oregon Population GrowthOregon Population Growth
• 1840 – only 1840 – only 500500 AmericansAmericans
• 1845 – 1845 – 5,0005,000 Americans (but only 700 Americans (but only 700 British)British)
• Americans thought the U.S. should own all Americans thought the U.S. should own all of Oregon because it had more people of Oregon because it had more people living thereliving there
• ““Fifty-four, Fifty-four, fortyforty, or fight!” became the , or fight!” became the war crywar cry
• Compromise – placed boundary between Compromise – placed boundary between U.S. and British territory at the U.S. and British territory at the 4949thth parallelparallel
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Step 8 – Mexican Cession 1848
Location
• Southwest U.S.
Acquired In• 1848
Acquired From
• Mexico
Acquired Because
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, which Mexico lost
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Causes of the Mexican War
Manifest Destiny Texas Annexation by the United
States Boundary dispute between Mexico
and the U.S. over the boundary of Texas
Steps to War June 1845-
President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to take U.S. troops into disputed border region
Polk claims this action is to protect Texas from possible Mexican attack
Steps to War Meanwhile, Polk sent
diplomat John Slidell to Mexico City to negotiate the purchase California & New Mexico for $30 million
Mexican officials refused to meet with Slidell
John Slidell
Steps to War March 1846 – General Taylor’s
troops made camp at the Rio Grande in disputed territory
April 1846 – Mexican commander insisted U.S. troops must leave area and Taylor refused to move
Mexican forces crossed the Rio Grande and attacked group of 63 U.S. soldiers
11 Americans killed
Steps to War
May 11, 1846 – Polk addressed Congress
He declared that “Mexico has shed American blood upon the American soil.”
Two days later Congress declared war on Mexico
Support of the War
For many Americans the war led to greater national pride
Many people who supported the war believed it would spread republican values
Many southerners supported the war, thinking any territory won would be organized into slave states
Opposition to the War Many members of the Whig Party
thought the conflict was unjustified Northern abolitionists feared any
territory gained in the war might be organized into slave states
Illinois Congressman Abraham Lincoln wrote the “Spot Resolutions” in 1848– asking Polk to show the spot where American blood had been shed on American soil
Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoGuadalupe-Hidalgo 18481848
•Mexico Mexico losesloses – gives up HUGE territory– gives up HUGE territory
Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator
Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator
Treaty ProvisionsTreaty Provisions•Mexico gave up claims to Texas and
accepted Rio Grande as US/Mexico border
•Mexico gave the U.S. California and New Mexico Territory – this meant we gained all the area we know today as Utah, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico andand Arizona!Arizona!
•U.S. agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay debts of Mexico to U.S. citizens
Effects of Mexican-American Effects of Mexican-American WarWar
•U.S. gains control of greater southwest
•Opens southwest up to settlement
•Allows for greater debate over the expansion of slavery (would it be allowed in the new territory?)
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Step 9 – Gadsden Purchase 1853
Location
• Along SW border between U.S. and Mexico
Acquired In• 1853
Acquired From
• Mexico
Acquired Because
• U.S. needed it to build a transcontinental railroad to California
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Westward Expansion Complete!!!
Louisiana Boundary Agreement
Spanish Cession
17762 1
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6
7
8
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Treaty of Paris
How did it start?How did it start?
•James Marshall was building a James Marshall was building a sawmillsawmill for for John SutterJohn Sutter
•Saw something shinySaw something shiny•Small shiny thingsSmall shiny things•GOLDGOLD !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!•Tried to keep the secret Tried to keep the secret (like (like
that’s gonna happen!)that’s gonna happen!)
’’49ers49ers•Gold seekers began arriving Gold seekers began arriving
in California in in California in 18491849•Wanted to get Wanted to get richrich quick quick •They were farmers, They were farmers,
lawyers, priests, doctors, lawyers, priests, doctors, etc.etc.
•Americans were Americans were 80%80% of of 49ers49ers
•People came from all over People came from all over the world!the world!
California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849
•BoomtownsBoomtowns – gold communities – gold communities
•California Gold Rush California Gold Rush doubleddoubled world’s supply of goldworld’s supply of gold
•But – few miners ever got rich!!!But – few miners ever got rich!!!•Merchants made Merchants made hugehuge profits – profits –
eggs $10/dozeneggs $10/dozen•Levi Strauss started his business Levi Strauss started his business
of making of making blue jeansblue jeans!!
California becomes a California becomes a statestate
• Applied for statehood in Applied for statehood in 18501850
• Easily had Easily had 60,00060,000 to qualify to qualify (remember the Northwest (remember the Northwest Ordinance!)Ordinance!)
Mormon MigrationMormon Migration
• Brigham Young – founder of Church Brigham Young – founder of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (aka Mormons)(aka Mormons)
• 18441844 – left Illinois – left Illinois• Move near Great Salt Lake – Move near Great Salt Lake – 18461846• Migration Migration westwest began began• 12,000 Mormons start journey12,000 Mormons start journey• Largest single migration in American Largest single migration in American
historyhistory
Mormon SettlementMormon Settlement
•Planned towns carefully in desertPlanned towns carefully in desert
•Built irrigation canalsBuilt irrigation canals
•Farming & industryFarming & industry
•Learned salt extraction (Great Learned salt extraction (Great Salt Lake)Salt Lake)
•Sold supplies to 49ersSold supplies to 49ers
Overland Migration to the Overland Migration to the WestWest
•Between Between 1840 and 1840 and 1860, 1860, more than more than 250,000250,000 people people made the made the trek trek westwardwestward